CHAPTER 1

FIRST ORDER LINEAR

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Chapter Outlines

1.0 Overview and Learning Outcomes

1.1 Basic Concepts of Modelling
1.2 Formation of Differential Equations
1.3 Concept of Solutions and Initial Value Problem
1.4 Direction Field
1.5 Types of First Order Differential Equations and Method of Solutions
1.5.1 Separable Equations
1.5.2 Homogeneous Equations
1.5.3 Linear Equations
1.5.4 Exact Equations
1.6 Mathematical Modelling Using First Order Differential Equations
1.6.1 Newton’s Law of Cooling
1.6.2 Population Growth
1.6.3 Mixing Problems
1.6.4 Other Applications
Practice 1 (First Order Differential Equations)

1.0 OVERVIEW AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

In this chapter, we begin our course of studying ordinary differential equations

(ODEs) with the basic ODEs, called ODEs of the first order because the equation
involve only the first derivative of an unknown function, no higher derivatives.
Students will be introduced to four types of first order ODEs and it’s method of
solutions, namely separable equations, homogenous equations, linear equations and
exact equations. Finally, we will discuss some applications using first order ODEs.

It is expected that at the end of this course students will be able to:
• Identify the types of the ordinary differential equations.
• Define the methods of solutions for separable, homogeneous, linear and exact
differential equations.
• Use suitable substitution to form the differential equation.
• Develop a mathematical model from differential equations problems and find for
solution.

1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MODELLING

Mathematics is the language of engineering. We have to understand how

mathematics works instead of solving the engineering problems. A mathematical
model will be developed to represent an engineering or other physical problem. This
model contains some derivatives of an unknown function called differential
equation. There are a few model have been developed such as
1
 a. Mixing problem
b. Newton’s law of cooling
c. Population growth
d. Vibration spring
e. Simple harmonic motion
f. Electric Circuits

Several methods used to solve these models. The method of solution of these
models will depend on the order of those differential equations. In introductory
calculus, the students have dealt with the situation where given a solution y = e 5 x and
asked to verify that it satisfies the differential equation, y ′ − 5 y = 0. The basic idea
behind this chapter, we are given the differential equation, y ′ − 5 y = 0 , we are

required to determine the solution y = e 5 x . If we asked to find the solution for

y ′ − 5 y = 0 , then what solution we are trying to find? It is a function y = y ( x ) which

satisfies given differential equation. Note that x is an independent variable and y is
the dependent variable.

What is a differential equation?

A differential equation is an equation that contains one or several derivatives of an
unknown function.

Example 1.1
dy
(i) y ' = cos x (ii) y '' + 9 y = 0 (iii) = e3 x + 2 y
dx

Definition 1.1 (Standard Notation)

Let x be an independent variable and y is a function of x , then the first order

differential equation can be written as
dy
or y ' or y ' ( x ) .
dx
Similarly, the second order differential equation can be written as
d2y
2
or y '' or y '' ( x)
dx
and in general for nth order differential equation, we have
dny
or y ( n ) or y ( n ) ( x) .
dx n

2
A differential equation can be classified according to its order. The order of
differential equation is respect to the highest derivative appears in the differential
equation.

Example 1.2
Determine the order of each of the following differential equations.
dy
(i) x = y2 +1 ………………. is a first order equation
dx
d2y dy
(ii) 2
− 3 + 2 y = x2 …………..........is a second order equation
dx dx
d3y dy
(iii) 3
− y + e4 x = 0 ………………..is a third order equation
dx dx

Exercises
Determine the order of the following differential equations.
dy
(a) x2 − y sin x = 0 (b) y ''' + 2 y '' = − y '
dx
dy
(c) (1 + x) 2 = 1+ y2 (d) y '' − x = 2 y ' − y
dx
Answer
a) First order b) Third order c) Second order d) Second order

1.2 FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Differential equations may be formed in practice from a consideration of the physical

problems to which they refer. Mathematically, they can occur when arbitrary
constants are eliminated from a given function. For expression with n arbitrary
constants, it needs n times differentiation to eliminate the constants. Here are several
examples.

Example 1.3
A
Form a differential equation from the function y = x + .
x
Solution
Given
A
y = x+ .................…… (i)
x
If we differentiate equation (i) with respect to x, we obtain
dy A
= 1− 2 ........................ (ii)
dx x
1
Multiply equation (i) with   , yields
x
3
 y A
= 1+ 2 ..……………. (iii)
x x
Solve equation (ii) and (iii) simultaneously, we get
dy y dy
= 2 − or x = 2x − y .
dx x dx
Alternatively, equation (i) can also be written as A = x( y − x) . Then, substitute A into
dy
equation (ii), we get x = 2 x − y . This is the first order differential equation.
dx

Example 1.4
Form a differential equation from the function y = Ax 2 + Bx .
Solution
We have y = Ax 2 + Bx ……. (i)
dy
= 2 Ax + B ...….. (ii)
dx
d2y
= 2 A. ...…. (iii)
dx 2
Substitute equation (iii) into equation (ii), then we’ll get
dy d2y
B= −x 2 .
dx dx
Substituting for A and B in (i), we have
 1 d 2 y  2  dy d2y
y= 2  x +  − x x
 2 dx   dx dx 2 
dy x 2 d 2 y
− =x
dx 2 dx 2
and the equation of the second order has been obtained.

Exercises

Form the differential equation for:

1
(a) y = Ae Bx (b) y = Cx 4 + Dx −1 − x 2
6
(c) y = A sin x − B cos x (d) y + x = Dx 2

Answer
( y ' )2 d2y
(a) y '' = (b) x 2 y '' − 2 xy ' − 4 y = x 2 (c) +y=0 (d) xy ' − 2 y = x
y dx 2

4
1.3 CONCEPT OF SOLUTION AND INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM

If y = f ( x) is the solution of an ODE, hence a function f ( x) satisfies the given

differential equation.

Example 1.5
Show that y = e 2 x is a solution for y '' + y ' − 6 y = 0 .

Solution
Given y = e 2 x . Differentiate with respect to x, we get y ' = 2e 2 x . Differentiate again, we
have y '' = 4e2 x . Substitute these values into original equation, we finally obtain
4e 2 x + 2e 2 x − 6e 2 x = 0 . Since y = e 2 x satisfies our differential equation, we can
conclude that y = e 2 x is a solution to the differential equation y '' + y ' − 6 y = 0 .

Exercises
1. Given that y '' + 25 y = 0 . Show that
(a) y = cos 5 x and y = sin 5 x is a solution .
(b) y = C cos 5 x + D sin 5 x, C and D are constants is also a solution .
B
2. If y = Ax 2 + , prove that x 2 y '' = 2 y .
x

General and Particular Solutions

Solutions in any arbitrary constants depends on the order of the equation is said to be
general solutions. If that constant takes any specific value then that solution is a
specific solution.

Example 1.6
The velocity, v = u + at of an object is defined as
ds
v= …………… (i)
dt
where s is the displacement, u is the initial velocity and a is the acceleration, when
t = 0, s = 0 , show that
1
s = ut + at 2 .
2
Solution
Substituting the given equation v = u + at into equation (i)
ds
= u + at
dt
ds = (u + at )dt
Integrates both sides of the equation, we’ll have
∫ ds = ∫ (u + at )dt 5
 at 2
∴ s = ut + +C .
2
Substituting the given conditions t = 0, s = 0 :
0 = 0 + 0 + C , gives C = 0 .
Hence, we have
1
s = ut + at 2 .
2
1 2 ds
Notice that s = ut + at is a particular solution of = u + at because we have a
2 dt
particular value for C (=0). Generally, we can determine a value for C by using some
given conditions then the solution is called a particular solution and the conditions are
called the initial conditions or boundary conditions of the differential equation.

Note:
Initial condition: Condition specified at a given point. The number of initial
conditions depends on the order of the differential equation.

Boundary condition: Condition specified at some or different points. The number of

boundary conditions again depends on the order of the
differential equation.

Initial Value Problem (IVP)

Initial value problem (IVP) is a differential equation with initial conditions.

Example 1.7
Initial condition: y (0) = 0 and y ' (0) = 1 .

Boundary Value Problem (BVP)

Boundary value problem (BVP) is a differential equation with boundary conditions.

Example 1.8
Boundary conditions: y (2) = 1 and y ' (1) = 3 .

Exercises
1. If y = Ae− x + Be3 x is the general solution for y '' − 2 y ' − 3 y = 0 . Find the
particular solution if initial conditions y (0) = 0 and y ' (0) = −4 .
2. If y = Ax 3 + Bx −3 is the general solution for xy '' + xy ' − 9 y = 0 . Find the
particular solution if for the above equation with boundary
conditions y (2) = 1 and y ' (1) = 0 .

6
Answer
8 3
1) y = e- x − e−3 x 2) y= ( x + x −3 )
65

1.4 DIRECTION FIELDS

General form for the first-order differential equations can be written as the
following equation

dy
= f ( x, y ) (i)
dx

To solve equation (i), we simply integrate the both sides of the equations with
respect to x. So we’ll get

y ( x) = ∫ f ( x, y ( x))dx + C (ii)

However, equation (ii) does not lead to the solution of equation (i) because
there is unknown function, y(x) itself inside the integration part. This section suggests
that the solution for equation (i) can be visualized by sketching the direction fields of
that equation. Direction field was defined as a plot of short segments having a slope
passing through various points in xy-plane where the slope should satisfy the given
differential equation. We know from calculus that dy dx is the slope of the curve of
y ( x ) . For example let

dy
= 2x − y
dx (iii)

At point (1,-1), the slope of the solutions for equation (iii) is equal to 3.
However at point (1,2) the slope become zero. Hence, we can say that the slope of
solutions will be different at a certain point.

Recently, direction field was drawn by hand to get the solutions. But in this
notes, we will be using Maple 12 to plot the direction fields. Hence, Figure 1 is the
direction fields of equation (iii) and Figure 2 shows some solution curves of equation
(iii).

7
Figure 1

Figure 2

8
Example 1.9

Given
dy
= x+ y
dx

Plot the direction fields (by using Maple 12) and plot several approximate solution
curves inside the direction fields.

Solution

First of all, we have to load the differential equation package and the ODE plot
package.

Then, we plot the direction fields by using the following command. Hence, we have

The next step is to plot several solution curves. The following command gives

9
1.5 TYPES OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND
METHOD OF SOLUTION

There are four types of first order differential equations, namely

i. Separable equations
ii. Homogeneous equations
iii. Linear equations
iv. Exact equations

We need different approaches for solving these four different types of differential
equations.

Example 1.9
The following are all first order differential equations:
dy dy
a) = 2 y + sin x b) (x + 2 ) y ′ = y c) y 2 = x2 + x −1
dx dx
dy 2x + y − 1
d) cos y + e − x (sin y ) = 0 e) y ′ =
dx x + 2y +1

10
1.5.1 Separable Equation

Definition 1.2 (Separable Equation)

A separable first order differential equation is an equation which may be put into
one of the following forms:

dy f ( x ) dy g ( y ) dy
= , = or = f ( x )g ( y )
dx g ( y ) dx f ( x ) dx

Method of Solution - Steps for Solving Separable Equation

Step 1 Identify the problem as a separable equation.

dy f ( x )
= .
dx g ( y )
dy f ( x )
Step 2 Separate the equation into the form. Rearrange = to
dx g ( y )
g ( y ) dy = f ( x ) dx.

Step 3 Integrate both sides of the equation, adding one arbitrary constant, say C, to
the x side. This is done because adding an arbitrary constant to both sides
after integrating is equivalent to adding just a single arbitrary constant to one
side.

Evaluate ∫ g ( y )dy = ∫ f (x )dx + C

Step 4 If there is an initial condition, then substitute it to obtain the value of C.

Example 1.10
dy 4x
Solve the differential equation = 3.
dx 3 y

Solution
First we recognize that we have a separable differential equation, i.e. we have
dy 4x
= 3
dx 3 y
where f ( x ) = 4 x and g ( y ) = 3y 3 . We rearrange (i.e. separate) this equation to
3 y 3 dy = 4 x dx.
11
Then, integrate both sides of the equation, we get
∫ 3 y dy = ∫ 4 x dx
3

3∫ y 3 dy = 4∫ x dx
 y4   x2 
3   = 4   + C.
 4   2 
Rearranging, this equation becomes
3y 4
= 2 x2 + C
4
8 4
y 4 = x 2 + C.
3 3
Finally, the general solution is
1
8 4 4
y =  x2 + k  , k= C.
3  3

Example 1.11
dy xy 3
Solve e x + = 0.
dx 2
Solution
The given equation can be written as
dy xy 3
=− x.
dx 2e
By separating the variables we have
2 x
3
dy = − x dx.
y e
Then integrate both sides of the equation, we get
dy x
− 2 ∫ 3 = ∫ x dx
y e
− 2 ∫ y −3 dy = ∫ xe − x dx
1
2
= − xe − x + ∫ e − x dx
y
1
2
= − xe − x − e − x + C.
y
Finally, the general solution is
1
2
= C − ( x + 1) e − x .
y

Example 1.12
dy
Solve the differential equation y = tan 2 x which satisfied condition y (0 ) = 2 .
dx
Solution
The given equation can be written as
12
 dy tan 2 x
= .
dx y
By separating the variables we have
y dy = tan 2 x dx.
Then integrate both sides of the equation, we get
∫ y dy = ∫ tan 2 x dx
y2 1
= − ln (cos 2 x ) + C.
2 2
Rearranging, the general solution becomes
y 2 = − ln (cos 2 x ) + 2C.
Using the initial condition, we substitute x = 0 and y = 2 , we obtain
4 = − ln (cos 0 ) + 2C , that is C = 2.
Finally, the particular solution is
y 2 = 4 − ln (cos 2 x ).

Example 1.13
Using the substitution z = xy , convert
dy
(
x + y = 2x 1 + x 2 y 2
dx
)
to a separable equation. Hence, solve the original equation.

Solution
If z = xy , then we have
dz dy
= x + y.
dx dx
Therefore the differential equation becomes
= 2 x(1 + z 2 ) .
dz
dx
Separating the variables, we obtain
dz
= 2 x dx.
1+ z2
Integrating both sides of the equation we get
dz
∫ 1 + z 2 = ∫ 2 x dx
tan −1 z = x 2 + C
z = tan (x 2 + C ).
Substituting back z = xy into this equation, we obtain

y=
(
tan x 2 + C).
x
Exercises
Find the general solution of each of the following separable equations.
dy x 2 + 1 dy
a) = b) x(1 − y ) y '+ y (2 − x ) = 0 c) x = y2 − y
dx y dx

13
Answer
x3
a) y 2 = + x+C b) x 2 y = Ae x + y , A = e C c) y = Axy + 1 , A = e C
3

1.5.2 Homogeneous Equation

Definition 1.3 (Homogenous Equation)

dy
The first order differential equation = f ( x, y ) is denoted as the homogeneous
dx
equation if f (λx, λy ) = f (x, y ) .

Method of Solution - Steps for Solving Homogeneous Equation

dy
Step 1 Write to the general form = f (x, y ) . Make sure this equation is
dx
homogeneous. Need to show f (λx, λy ) = f ( x, y ).
dy dv
Step 2 Use substitution y = x v and = x + v , into homogeneous equation in
dx dx
Step 1.

Step 3 Separate the variables x and v in the resulting equation.

Step 4 Integrate both sides of the equation and then put only a constant, say C on the
right integration. When this equation is integrated then we obtain a
relationship between x and v.
y
Step 5 Then by substituting v = we have the required solution.
x
Step 6 If there is an initial condition, and then use it to obtain the value for C.

Example 1.14
dy x 2 + y 2
Solve the differential equation = .
dx xy

Solution
Test for homogeneity.
x2 + y2
f ( x, y ) =
xy
( λx ) 2 − ( λ y ) 2 λ 2 ( x 2 − y 2 ) x 2 + y 2
f (λx, λy ) = = = = f ( x, y )
(λx)(λy ) λ2 ( xy ) xy

14
Hence, the equation is homogeneous. By using substitution y = xv and
dy dv
= x + v , the given equation can be written as
dx dx
x 2 + ( xv )
2
dv
x +v =
dx x( xv )
x + x2 v2
2
=
x2 v
1+ v2
= .
v
Rearranging the terms, this equation becomes
dv 1 + v 2
x = −v
dx v
dv 1
x = .
dx v
Separate the variables x and v.
dx
v dv = .
x
Then integrate both sides, we obtain
dx
∫ v dv = ∫ x
v2
= ln x + C
2
v 2 = 2 ( ln x + C ).
y
Hence, by substituting v = , we get
x
y2
= 2 ( ln x + C ).
x2
Finally, the general solution is
y 2 = 2 x 2 ( ln x + C ).

Example 1.15
dy x + 3 y
Solve the differential equation = .
dx 3 x + y
Solution
Test for homogeneity.
x + 3y
f ( x, y ) =
3x + y
f (λx, λy ) =
(λx ) + 3(λy ) = λ (x + 3 y ) = x + 3 y = f (x, y ).
3(λx ) + (λy ) λ (3x + y ) 3 x + y
Hence, the equation is homogeneous.
dy dv
Substitute y = x v and = x + v , we have
dx dx
dv x + 3 xv
x +v =
dx 3 x + xv
15
 1 + 3v
=
3+v
dv 1 + 3v v (3 + v )
x = −
dx 3 + v 3+ v
dv 1 − v 2
x =
dx 3 + v
Separate the variables x and v,
3+ v dx
dv = .
1− v 2
x
Then integrate both sides, we get
3+v dx
∫ 1 − v 2 dv = ∫ x
3+v dx
∫ (1 + v )(1 − v ) dv = ∫ x
 1 2  dx
∫  1 + v + 1 − v dv = ∫ x
ln (1 + v ) − 2 ln (1 − v ) = ln x + C
1+ v
ln = ln x + C
(1 − v )2
1+ v
= Ax , A= e C .
(1 − v )2
y
Then by substituting v = , we obtain
x
y
1+
x = Ax
2
 y
 1 − 
 x
1
(x + y )
x = Ax
1
(x − y ) 2

x2
x+ y
= A.
( x − y )2
Finally, the solution is
y = A( x − y ) − x.
2

Example 1.16
dy
Solve the differential equation x 2 = y 2 − xy + x 2 , with condition y (1) = 2 .
dx

16
Solution
Firstly, make sure that the given equation is homogeneous. Test for homogeneity
dy y 2 − xy + x 2
=
dx x2
y − xy + x 2
2
f ( x, y ) =
x2

f (λx, λy ) =
( )
(λy )2 − λxλy + (λx )2 = λ2 y 2 − xy + x 2 = y 2 − xy + x 2 = f (x, y ).
(λx )2 λ2 x 2 x2
Hence, the equation is homogeneous.
dy dv
Substitute y = x v and = x + v , we have
dx dx
dv x 2v 2 − x 2v + x 2
x +v =
dx x2
= v2 − v +1
dv
x = v 2 − 2v + 1
dx
= (v − 1) .
2

Separate the variables x and v,

1 dx
dv = .
(v − 1) 2
x
Then integrate both sides, we get
1 dx
∫ (v − 1)2 dv = ∫ x
1
= − ln x − C
v −1
1
+ ln x = −C
v −1
y
By substituting v = , we obtain
x
x
+ ln x = −C.
y−x
Using the initial condition, we substitute x = 1 and y = 2 , we get
1
+ ln 1 = −C , that is C = −1 .
2 −1
Finally, the particular solution is
x
+ ln x = 1.
y−x

Example 1.17
Using the substitution x = X + 1 and y = Y − 1 , show that the equation
dy 2 x + y − 1
=
dx x + 2 y + 1
can be reduced to a homogeneous equation. Hence, solve the original equation.

17
Solution
If x = X + 1 and y = Y − 1 , then
dx = dX and dy = dY .
Substitute these results into the original equation, we obtain
dY 2 X + Y
=
dX X + 2Y
which is homogeneous equation. Next, by using the substitution Y = XV , we have
dY 2 X + XV 2 +V
X +V = =
dX X + 2 XV 1 + 2V
dY 2 +V
X = −V
dX 1 + 2V
X
dY 2 1 − V 2
=
( .
)
dX 1 + 2V

Separating the variables, we obtain

1 + 2V 2
dV = dX .
1−V 2
X

Integrating both sides of the equation, we get

1 + 2V 2
∫ 1−V 2
dV = ∫
X
dX

1  3 1  1
∫  −
2 1− V 1+ V 
dV = 2 ∫ dX
X
3 1
− ln (1 − V ) − ln (1 + V ) = 2 ln X + k
2 2
ln (1 − V ) (1 + V ) = −4 ln X − 2k
3

[ ]
ln (1 − V ) (1 + V )X 4 = −2k .
3

By taking the exponent of both sides of the equation, we get

(1 − V )3 (1 + V )X 4 = A, A = e −2 k .

Y
Substituting V = into this equation, we obtain
X

3
 Y   Y  4
1 −  1 + X = A
 X  X 
(X − Y ) (X
3
+Y)= A

Finally, substituting back X = x − 1 and Y = y + 1 , we get

(x − y − 2)3 (x + y ) = A.

18
Exercises
Verify that each of the following equations is homogeneous and then solve it.

a) 2 xy
dy
dx
= y2 − x2 b) x y ′ = y (ln y − ln x) c) (x 2
)
+ xy y ′ = xy − y 2

Answer
a) x 2 + y 2 = Ax b) y = xe Ax +1 , A = ln C c) ye y = Ax −1e x , A = e C

1.5.3 Linear Equation

Definition 1.4 (Linear Equation)

dy
+ b( x ) y = c( x ) , where a ( x ) , b( x )
The differential equation in the form of a ( x )
dx
and c(x ) are continuous functions of x or constant is called first order linear
equation.

For the purpose of finding solutions of differential of this type, first order linear
dy
equation is rearranged so that the coefficient of is 1. Then first order linear
dx
dy b( x ) c( x)
equation becomes + p( x ) y = q ( x ) , where p (x ) = and q ( x ) = .
dx a( x) a( x)

Method of Solution - Steps for Solving Linear Equation

dy
Step 1 Write to the general form: + p( x ) y = q ( x ) .
dx
Step 2 Determine p( x ) and evaluate ∫ p (x ) dx .
Step 3 Obtain the integrating factor: u ( x ) = e ∫ p ( x ) dx .
Step 4 Multiply equation in Step 1 throughout by the integrating factor u ( x ) ,
dy
u ( x ) + u ( x ) p ( x ) y = u ( x ) q( x )
dx
and we can rewrite it in the form
d
[u (x ) y ] = u (x ) q(x ) .
dx
Step 5 Integrate both side of the equation with respect to x obtained in Step 4, we
have
u ( x ) y = ∫ u ( x ) q (x ) dx + C
Step 6 If there is an initial condition then use it to obtain the value for C.

19
Example 1.18
dy
Solve the differential equation x + 2 y = 5x 3 .
dx
Solution
Write to the general form.
dy 2 y
+ = 5x 2 …........ (i)
dx x
Determine p ( x ) and evaluate ∫ p( x ) dx .
2
p (x ) =
x
2
∫ p(x ) dx = ∫ x dx = 2 ln x = ln x 2
Obtain integrating factor.
u ( x ) = e ln x = x 2
2

Multiply equation (i) throughout by the integrating factor u ( x ) = x 2 , we get

dy
x2 + 2 xy = 5 x 4
dx
and can be written as
d 2
dx
[ ]
x y = 5x 4 .
Integrate both sides,
x 2 y = ∫ 5 x 4 dx.
Hence, we obtain
x 2 y = x 5 + C.
Finally, the general solution is
C
y = x3 + 2 .
x

Example 1.19
Solve y ′ − y tan x = 8 sin 3 x .
Solution
Write to the general form.
dy
− y tan x = 8 sin 3 x ....... (i)
dx
Determine p ( x ) and evaluate ∫ p( x ) dx .
p ( x ) = − tan x
∫ p(x ) dx = ∫ − tan x dx = ln(cos x )
The integrating factor is
u ( x ) = e ln (cos x ) = cos x
Multiply equation (i) throughout by the integrating factor u ( x ) = cos x , we get
dy
cos x − y tan x cos x = 8 sin 3 x cos x
dx

20
and then write it in the form
d
[ y cos x] = 8 sin 3 x cos x
dx

Integrate both sides,

y cos x = ∫ 8 sin 3 x cos x dx
( )
y cos x = 8∫ sin 2 x (sin x cos x ) dx
= 8∫ u 3 du = 2u 4 + C
= 2 sin 4 x + C .
Finally, the general solution is
2 sin 4 x + C
y= .
cos x
Example 1.20
π 
Solve the differential equation (sin x ) y ′ − y cos x = sin 2 x , with condition y  = 2 .
2
Solution
Write to the general form.
dy cos x sin 2 x
−y =
dx sin x sin x
Determine p ( x ) and evaluate ∫ p( x ) dx .
cos x
p (x ) = −
sin x
cos x
∫ p(x ) dx = ∫ − sin x dx = − ln (sin x ).
So the integrating factor is
1
u ( x ) = e −ln (sin x ) = …………..(i)
sin x
1
Multiply equation (i) throughout by the integrating factor u ( x ) =
sin x
1 dy cos x  1  sin 2 x  1 
−y  =  
sin x dx sin x  sin x  sin x  sin x 
and then can be written it in the form
d  y  sin 2 x
=
dx  sin x  sin 2 x
Integrate both sides of the equation, we have
y sin 2 x
= ∫ 2 dx
sin x sin x
y 2 sin x cos x
=∫ dx
sin x sin 2 x
2 cos x
=∫ dx
sin x
cos x
= 2∫ dx
sin x
= 2 ln(sin x ) + C .
21
Hence, the general solution is
y = 2 sin x ln (sin x ) + C sin x
π
Using the initial condition, we substitute x = and y = 2 , we obtain
2
 π  π  π
2 = 2 sin  ln sin  + C  sin  ,
 2  2  2
2 = 2(1)ln (1) + C (1)
that is C = 2 .
Finally, the particular solution is
y = 2(sin x )[ln(sin x ) + 1].

Exercises
Find the general solution of the following linear equations.
dy dy dy 2
a) − y = e2 x b) x + 2 y = cos x c) + xy = xe x 2

dx dx dx

Answer
x sin x + cos x + C
(
a) y = e x e x + C ) b) y =
x2
1 2  2
c) y =  e x + C e − x 2

2 

1.5.4 Exact Equation

Definition 1.5 (Exact Equation)

The differential equation
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
is called an exact equation if there exist a continuous function φ ( x, y ) such that
dφ = M (x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy .

Theorem 1.1 (Condition for Exactness)

The equation
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
is an exact equation if and only if
∂M ∂N
= .
∂y ∂x

Method of Solution - Steps for Solving Exact Equation

Step 1 Express the given equation in the form
22
 M dx + N dy = 0 ,
and then test for exactness.
∂M ∂N
= .
∂y ∂x
Step 2 Write
∂φ
=M ……… (i)
∂x
and
∂φ
=N ……… (ii)
∂y

Step 3 Integrate equation (i) with respect to x while holding y constant, to obtain
φ ( x, y ) = ∫ M dx + A( y ) ……… (iii)
where A( y ) is an arbitrary function of y.

Step 4 Differentiate equations (iii) with respect to y and equating the result with
equation (ii) to determine the arbitrary function A( y ) .

Step 5 Write down the solution in the form φ ( x, y ) = B , where B is constant.

Step 6 If there is an initial condition, then substitute the condition into the solution to
obtain the value for B.

Example 1.21
( )
Find the general solution to 2 xe y dx + x 2e y + cos y dy = 0 .
Solution
Firstly, show that the given differential equation is exact. In this example,
M = 2 xe y , N = x 2e y + cos y
Then
∂M ∂N
= 2 xe y , = 2 xe y .
∂y ∂x
Since
∂M ∂N
= ,
∂y ∂x
the differential equation is exact. Now, we like to find φ ( x, y ) that satisfies
∂φ
= M = 2 xe y …….. (i)
∂x
∂φ
= N = x 2e y + cos y …….. (ii)
∂y
We can find φ ( x, y ) by integrating equation (i) with respect to x while holding y
constant.
φ ( x, y ) = ∫ M dx
= ∫ 2 xe y dx
23
 = x 2 e y + A( y ) …….. (iii)

where the arbitrary function A( y ) is the “constant” of integration. To determine A( y ) ,

differentiate equation (iii) with respect to y and equating the result obtained with
equation (ii).

∂φ
= x 2 e y + A′( y ) = N = x 2 e y + cos y
∂y

This gives
A′( y ) = cos y. …….. (iv)
Integrate equation (iv) with respect to y, gives
A( y ) = sin y + k
and substitute this result into equation (iii). Therefore equation (iii) becomes
φ ( x, y ) = x 2e y + sin y + k .
Since the general solution of an exact solution is of the form φ ( x, y ) = B , then
x 2e y + sin y + k = B
or
x 2e y + sin y = C , C = B−k

Example 1.22
( ) ( )
Solve 4 x 3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y − 3 dx + 2 x 2 y + 2 x dy = 0 .

Solution
Firstly, test for exactness. In this example,
M = 4 x 3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y − 3 , N = 2x2 y + 2x
Then
∂M ∂N
= 4 xy + 2 , = 4 xy + 2
∂y ∂x
Since
∂M ∂N
= ,
∂y ∂x
the differential equation is exact.
Now, find φ ( x, y ) that satisfies
∂φ
= M = 4 x 3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y − 3 …….. (i)
∂x
∂φ
= N = 2 x 2 y + 2 x. …….. (ii)
∂y
Find φ ( x, y ) by integrating equation (i) with respect to x while holding y constant.
φ ( x, y ) = ∫ M dx
( )
= ∫ 4 x 3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y − 3 dx
= x + x y + 2 xy − 3 x + A( y ).
4 2 2
….. (iii)
Differentiate equation (iii) to determine A( y ) and equating the result obtained with
equation (ii).
24
 ∂φ
= 2 x 2 y + 2 x + A′( y )
∂y
∂φ
= 2 x 2 y + 2 x.
∂y
This gives
A′( y ) = 0 …….. (iv)
Integrate equation (iv) with respect to y, gives
A( y ) = 0
and substitute this result into equation (iii). Therefore equation (iii) becomes
φ ( x, y ) = x 4 + x 2 y 2 + 2 xy − 3 x + 0 .
Since the general solution of an exact solution is of the form φ ( x, y ) = B , then
x 4 + x 2 y 2 + 2 xy − 3 x = B or x 4 + x 2 y 2 + 2 xy − 3 x = B.

Example 1.23
Show that the differential equation
( ) ( )
3 y 2 + 5 x 2 y dx + 3 xy + 2 x 3 dy = 0
is not exact. If µ ( x, y ) = x 2 y is its integrating factor, then find the solution.

Solution
Firstly, show that the given differential equation is not exact.
M ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 + 5 x 2 y , N ( x, y ) = 3 xy + 2 x 3 ,
∂M ∂N
= 6 y + 5x 2 , = 3 y + 6x2 ,
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ ≠ (Not exact)
∂y ∂x
Now if the equation is multiplied by the integrating factor µ (x, y ) = x 2 y , then we
have
( ) ( )
3 x 2 y 3 + 5 x 4 y 2 dx + 3 x 3 y 2 + 2 x 5 y dy = 0
Hence, we have
M = 3x 2 y 3 + 5 x 4 y 2 , N = 3x 3 y 2 + 2 x 5 y
Then
∂M ∂N
= 9 x 2 y 2 + 10 x 4 y , = 9 x 2 y 2 + 10 x 4 y
∂y ∂x
Since
∂M ∂N
= ,
∂y ∂x
hence the differential equation is exact.

Now, we like to find φ ( x, y ) that satisfies

∂φ
= M = 3x 2 y 3 + 5 x 4 y 2 …….. (i)
∂x
∂φ
= N = 3x3 y 2 + 2 x5 y …….. (ii)
∂y
We can find φ ( x, y ) by integrating equation (i) with respect to x while holding y
constant.
25
 φ ( x, y ) = ∫ M dx
( )
= ∫ 3 x 2 y 3 + 5 x 4 y 2 dx
= x 3 y 3 + x 5 y 2 + A( y ) …….. (iii)
To determine A( y ) , differentiate equation (iii) and equating the result obtained with
equation (ii).
∂φ
= 3 x 3 y 2 + 2 x 5 y + A′( y )
∂y
∂φ
= N = 3x 3 y 2 + 2 x 5 y. …….. (ii)
∂y
This gives
A′( y ) = 0. …….. (iv)
Integrate equation (iv) with respect to y, we get
A( y ) = 0
and substitute this result into equation (iii). Therefore equation (iii) becomes
φ ( x, y ) = x 3 y 3 + x 5 y 2 .
Since the general solution of an exact solution is of the form φ ( x, y ) = B , then
x3 y3 + x5 y 2 = B
or
( )
x 3 y 2 y + x 2 = B.

Exercises
Solve the given differential equations.

a) (y 2
)
+ cos x dx + (2 xy + sin y ) dy = 0 ( )
b) 4e 2 x + 2 xy − y 2 dx + ( x − y ) dy = 0
2

1 y  x
c)  − 2  dx + 2
2 
dy = 0
x x +y  x + y2

Answer
 y
a) xy 2 − cos y + sin x = C b) 6e 2 x + 3 x 2 y − 3 xy 2 + y 3 = C c) tan −1   + ln x = C
x

1.6 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING USING FIRST ORDER

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Differential equations are of basic importance in engineering mathematics

because many physical laws and relations appear mathematically in the form of a
differential equation. In this part, we consider various physical problems that lead to
differential equations, with emphasis on modelling, that is, the transition from the
physical situation to a “mathematical model”. We focus our attention on Newton’s
Law of Cooling, Population Growth and Mixing Problems, which involve application
of first order differential equations.

26
1.6.1 Newton’s Law of Cooling

First order linear differential equations can be used to solve a variety of

problems that involve temperature. For example, a medical examiner can find the time
of death in a homicide case and an engineer can design the cooling and heating
system of a manufacturing facility. Although distinct, each of these problems depends
on a basic principle, Newton’s law of cooling.

Newton’s law of cooling can be stated as the rate at which the temperature T(t)
changes in a cooling body is proportional to the difference between the temperature of
the body and the constant temperature Ts of the surrounding medium.

This situation is represented as the first order initial value problem

dT
= − k (T − Ts ), T (0) = T0 , (1.1)
dt

where T0 is the initial temperature of the body and k is the constant of

proportionality. In order to obtain the equation (1.1) to something that we can use, we
must solve the differential equation. Equation (1.1) is a separable, and separating
variables gives us
dT
= − k dt (1.2)
T − Ts
Then, integrate both sides of equation (1.2), yields

dT
∫ T − T = ∫ −k dt
s

ln T − Ts = − kt + C (1.3)
Using the properties of natural logarithms and simplifying, yields
T = Ts + Ae − kt , A = eC (1.4)

Example 1.24
A pie is removed from an oven with temperature of 350° F and placed to cool in a
room with temperature 75° F . In 15 minutes, the pie has a temperature of 150° F .
Determine the time required to cool the pie to a temperature of 80° F .

Solution
Information given, T0 = 350, T15 = 150 and Ts = 75 .
Substituting these values into T (t ) = Ts + Ae − kt ,
350 = 75 + Ae − k (0)
A = 275.
Then, our equation can be written as T (t ) = 75 + 275e − kt . To solve the problem we
must find k .
At t = 15 , T = 150 . Therefore,

150 = 75 + 275e− k (15)

k ≈ 0.08662.
27
So, at T = 80 , we can determine t .
80 = 75 + 275e −0.08662t
t ≈ 46.26334.
Thus, the pie will reach a temperature of 80° F after about 46 minutes.

Example 1.25
The temperature of a dead body when it was found at 3 o’clock in the morning
is 85° F . The surrounding temperature at that time was 68° F . After two hours, the
temperature of the dead body decreased to 74° F . Assuming that the normal body
temperature is 98.6° F , determine the time of murdered.

Solution
Let T (t ) denote the temperature of the body of time t , T (0) represents the temperature
of the body when it is discovered and T (2) represents the temperature of the body two
hours after it is discovered.
Substituting these values into T (t ) = Ts + Ae − kt , at t = 0, T = 85° F .
85 = 68 + Ae − k (0)
A = 17.
Thus, our equation now can be written as
T = 68 + 17e − kt ………… (i)
At t = 2, T = 74° F . Substitute these values into equation (i), we can find the value of
k
74 = 68 + 17e − k (2)
k ≈ 0.5207.

Therefore, we obtain T = 68 + 17e −0.5207 t ………… (ii)

We can obtain t by substituting T = 98.6° F into equation (ii).

98.6 = 68 + 17e−0.5207 t
t ≈ −1.1288.

From the result that we have obtained, we can say that the time of death is 1.1288
hours before it was discovered. Therefore, the time of death is (0300-1 hour 7
minutes) at 1.53 o’clock in the morning.

1.6.2 Population Growth

General population models can always be written in the form of a standard balance
equation,
[ rate of change of quantity ] = [ production rate of quantity] − [loss rate of quantity]
(1.5)

where for this application, the quantity of interest relates to the number of members of
28
a given population. For many studies, the production and loss rates are simply the
birth and death rates associated with a given population.

By using this terminology and P(t) representing the amount of species of interest
present at time t, equation (1.5) can be written as

dP(t )
= birth rate-death rate
dt
= BP - DP
= (B-D)P
Assuming that B and D are constants, then we have
dP
= kP (1.6)
dt
Note that k can be positive or negative.
Consider the equation (1.6), we can separate the variables, then we have
dP
= k dt (1.7)
P
Integrate both sides of equation (7), we get
ln P = kt + C (1.8)
By taking exponent at both sides of equation (8), we will have
P = Ae kt , A = eC (1.9)
We note that at t = 0 , P = P0 . Therefore,
P = P0 e kt (1.10)
Thus, we can say that the solution represents a growth model when k > 0 and a decay
model when k < 0 .

Example 1.26
The population of a country is growing at a rate that is proportional to the population
of the country. The population in 1990 was 20 million and in 2000, the population
was 22 million. Estimate the population in 2020.

Solution
Initially, in 1990, P (0) = 20m and in 2000, P (10) = 22m . We are going to find the
population in 2020, i.e. P (30) = ? .
By considering equation (1.6) to (1.9),

P = Ae kt , A = eC
20 = Ae0 k = A
P = 20e kt
Using second condition, P (10) = 22m
22 = 20e10 k .
Solving the equation, we obtain k ≈ 0.009531 .
Then, P = 20e0.009531t .

Thus, in 2020,
P (30) = 20e0.009531(30)
29
 ≈ 26.62 million people.

Example 1.27
Suppose that the number of cells in a bacteria culture doubles after 3 days. Determine
the number of days required for the initial population to triple.

Solution
In this case, P (0) = P0 . So, the population is given by
P = P0 e kt and P (3) = 2 P0 ,
because the population doubles after 3 days. Substituting this value into P = P0 e kt , we
have

P(3) = P0 e3 k = 2 P0
P0 e3 k = 2 P0
e3k = 2
e k = 21/ 3 .
Substitution into P = P0 e kt , then yields
P (t ) = P0 (21/ 3 )t .

We find when the population triples by solving P(t ) = P0 (2t / 3 ) = 3P0 .

This yield
2t / 3 = 3
t
ln 2 = ln 3
3
t ≈ 4.755 days

1.6.3 Mixing Problem

In this problem, we will start with a substance that is dissolved in a liquid.

Liquid will be entering and leaving a holding tank. The liquid entering the tank might
or might not contain more of the substance dissolved in it. Liquid leaving the tank will
of course contain the substance dissolved in it.

If y (t ) gives the amount of the substance dissolved in the liquid in the tank at any
time t we want to develop a differential equation that, and when we solve, we will
have an expression for y (t ) . We assume that the concentration of the substance in the
liquids uniform throughout the tank.
30
The main equations involved in this model are

dy y (t )
= ci (t )ri (t ) − r0 (t ), y (0 ) = y0
dt V (t )
dV
= ri (t ) − r0 (t )
dt
and
t
V (t ) = V0 + ∫ [ri (s ) − r0 (s )]ds.
0

where
1. y = y (t ) denote the amount of substance at time t.
2. Initial amount of substance, y0 .
3. The differential equation involved here:
dy
= input rate − output rate
dt

4. Tank initially containing a volume V0 of mixture (subtance+liquid).

5. A concentration of substance, ci (t ) (example: 6kg/liter) flow into the tank at
the volume rate ri (t ) (example: 10 liters/min). The substance is entering the
tank at the rate ci (t )ri .
6. Suppose that the well mixed solution is pumped out of the tank at the volume
rate r0 (t ) .
y (t )
7. The concentration of substance (out flow) is where V (t ) is the current
V (t )
volume in the tank.

[ rate of change of y (t )] = [ rate at which y(t ) enters the tank ] − [ rate at which y(t ) leaves the tank ]

where
dy (t )
rate of change of y (t ) =
dt
'
= y (t )

rate at which y (t ) enters the tank = (flow rate of liquid entering) x

(concentration of substance in liquid entering)

rate at which y (t ) leaves the tank = (flow rate of liquid leaving) x

(concentration of substance in liquid leaving)

31
Example 1.28

Consider a tank with volume 100 litres containing a salt solution. Suppose a solution
with 2kg/liter of salt flows into the tank at the rate of 5liters/min. The solution in the
tank is well mixed. Solution flows out of the tank at a rate 5liters/min. If initially there
is 20kg of salt in the tank, how much salt will be in the tank as function of time?

Solution

Initial volume (tank) = V0 =100 liters

IN OUT
Rate in= ri (t ) = 5 litres/min Rate out= r0 (t ) = 5 litres/min
Concentration= ci (t ) =2 kg/litres

t t
V (t ) = V0 + ∫ [ri (s ) − r0 (s )]ds ⇒ V (t ) = V0 + ∫ [5 − 5]ds = 100
0 0

Thus V (t ) = 100.

y (t ) y (t )
Concentration(OUT) = =
V (t ) 100

dy y (t )
= ci (t )ri (t ) − r0 (t ) = [concentration(in).rate(in) − concentration(out ).rate(out )]
dt V (t )
dy y
= 2(5) − (5)
dt 100
dy y
= 10 − , y (0) = 20
dt 20
Solve using integrating factor method,

The amount of salt at time t, y = 200 − Ce −0.05t .

Initial amount salt, y0 =20kg.

20 = 200 − Ce −0.05(0 ) ⇒ C = 180 .

The amount of salt at time t , y = 200 − 180e −0.05t .

32
Example 1.29
A 1500 litres tank initially contains 600 litres of water with 5kg of salt dissolved in it.
Water enters the tank at a rate of 9 litres/hour and the water entering the tank has a
1
salt concentration of (1 + cos(t ) ) kg/litre. If a well mixed solution leaves the tank at a
5
rate of 6 litres/hour, how much salt is in the tank when it overflows (t = 300 hours) .

Solution
Firstly, we notice that “well mixed solution” holds our assumption that was
mentioned earlier.
We need to set up the IVP in order to solve this problem, i.e. to obtain y (t ) . We
already got flow rate of water entering, the concentration of salt in the water entering
and the flow rate the water leaving. We have to find out what is the concentration of
the salt in the water exiting because it is not given in the problem.

Amount of salt in the tank at any time, t

Concentration= .
Volume of water in the tank at any time, t

The amount of salt in the tank at any time t is y (t ) .

What about volume?

Initially we have 600 litres, then every hour, 9 litres enter and 6 litres leave. If we use
t in hours, every 3 litres enters the tank, or at any time t , there is 600 + 3t of water in
the tank.

Therefore, IVP for this situation is,

1   y (t ) 
y ' (t ) = 9  (1 + cos(t )  − 6  , y (0) = 5
5   600 + 3t 
9 2 y (t )
y ' (t ) = (1 + cos(t )) − , y (0) = 5
5 200 + t

By rearranging the equation, we will get the equation is in the form of linear DE, i.e.

2 9
y ' (t ) + y (t ) = (1 + cos(t )) .
200 + t 5

Therefore, we already have p(t) and q(t). By determining its integrating factor, then
we are able to solve this linear DE. The general solution is

9 1 2 cos(t ) 2 sin(t )  C
y (t ) = (200 + t ) + sin(t ) + − 2
+
5 3 200 + t (200 + t )  (200 + t ) 2
Now, apply the initial condition y (0) = 5 , we will obtain the value of the constant, C.

33
Thus, the amount of salt in the tank at any time t is

9 1 2 cos(t ) 2 sin(t )  4600720

y (t ) =  (200 + t ) + sin(t ) + − + .
5 3 200 + t (200 + t ) 2  (200 + t ) 2

The tank will overflow at t = 300 hours. Therefore, the amount of salt in the tank at
that time is

y (300) = 279.797 kg .

Example 1.30
A tank contains of 70 litres of liquid with composition 80% of water and 20% alcohol.
The second liquid with composition 50% of water and 50% of alcohol is then inserted
into the tank at the rate of 4 litres/minute. When the second liquid enters the tank, the
liquid inside the tank leaves at the rate of 5 litres/min. Assuming that it is a well-
mixed solution, how much alcohol in the tank after ten minutes?

Solution
Let y be the amount of alcohol inside the tank at any time t . We know that y = 14
when t = 0 . Thus, the amount of liquid inside the tank at any time t is 70 − t and the
tank loses 5 litres of liquid per minute.

So that, the total amount lose of alcohol is

 14 
 y.
 70 − t 
Next, because of the tank accept additional 2 litres of alcohol (excess) per minute, the
rate of change of the alcohol inside the tank is given by
dy  14 
= 2− y
dt  70 − t 
dy  14 
+ y=2
dt  70 − t 
We can see that the above equation is in a linear first order differential form. By
determining its integrating factor, and solve it, we will obtain
2
y = (70 − t ) + C (70 − t )14 as our general solution.
13
Substitute our initial condition, i.e. y = 14 at t = 0 , we have C = 4.7636−26 . Substitute
C into our general solution, we now have our particular solution.

34
1.6.4 Other applications

Almost all the differential equations that we will use in our job are there, because
somebody at the some time modelled a situation to come up with an equation that we
are using. Apart from three applications that we have discussed, there are many other
applications that can be modelled as first order differential equation, such as
radioactive decay and carbon dating, series of circuits, survivability with AIDS, drug
distribution in human body, harvesting of renewable natural resources, economics and
finance and so on.

35
Practice 1
1. Find the general solution of the following separable equations. If initial
condition is given, find the corresponding particular solution.

a) (1 + x )2 dy + y 2 = 1 b) y ′e x + xy 2 = 0
dx

c) (2 xy + 6 x )dx + (x 2 − 1)dy = 0 d) x 2 y ′ = y ( y − 1)

dy π
e) cos y + (1 + e − x ) sin y =0, y (0 ) =
dx 4

f)
dy
dx
(
= 2x 1 + y 2 , ) y (0 ) = 0

2. By using the given substitution, solve the following differential equations.

a) y' = ( x + 4 y) 2 , z = x + 4y

dy x+ y
b) = , z = x+ y
dx 1 + x + y

3. Verify that each of the following equations is homogeneous and then solve it.

dy
a) 2 x 2 = x2 + y2 b) x y ' = y + x 2 + y 2
dx

(
c) x 2 + y 2 ) dy
dx
= xy d) (x − y )
dy
dx
= x+ y

dy
e) x − y = x2 − y2 , y (1) = 1
dx

dy 2 x − y
f) = , y (1) = 1
dx x + 4 y

4. By using the given substitution, solve the following differential equations.

dy 2( x − 4)
a) = , x = X + 4, y =Y −2
dx y − x + 6

dy x + y + 3
b) = , x = X + 1, y =Y −4
dx x − y − 5

5. Find the general solution of the following linear equations. If initial condition
is given, find the corresponding particular solution.

dy
a) −y=x b) y′ cos x + y sin x = x sin 2 x + x 2
dx

dy dy 4
c) + 5 y = e 2x d) ( 2 x − 1) +8 y =
dx dx ( 2 x − 1) 2

36
 dy
e) x y′ + y = x 3 f) + y cot x = cos x
dx

dy 2 y
g) + = 4x , y (1) = 2
dx x

h) y ′ + y tan x = cos x , y (0 ) = 1

6. Determine whether each of the following differential equations are exact

equations or not. If there are exact equations, find their solutions.

a) (2 x + 3) + (2 y − 2 ) y ′ = 0 b) (2 x + 4 y ) dx + (2 x − 2 y ) dy = 0

ax + by
( )
c) 9 x 2 + y − 1 − (4 y − x ) y ′ = 0 d)
dy
dx
=−
bx + cy

(
e) (sin xy + xy cos xy + 2 x ) dx + x 2 cos xy + 2 y dy = 0 )
f) (
ye xy dx + 2 y − xe xy dy = 0 ) g) ( y cos xy − sin x ) dx + ( x cos xy ) dy = 0

h) (3x 2
)
ln x + x 2 − y dx − xdy = 0 , y (1) = 5

π 
i) (ye xy
)
+ cos x dx + xe xy dy = 0 , y  = 0
2

7. Show for each of the following differential equation that they are not exact,
but they become exact when multiplied with the integrating factors given.
Hence, solve them.

1
a) x 2 y 3 + x(1 + y 2 ) y ' = 0 ; ρ ( x, y ) =
xy 3

 sin y   cos y + 2e − x cos x 

b)  − 2e − xsin x  dx +   dy = 0 ; ρ ( x, y ) = ye x
 y   y 

8. A can of orange soda is removed from a refrigerator having temperature 40° F .

If the can is at 50° F after 5 minutes, how long does it take for the can to reach a
temperature of the surrounding temperature is 75° F ?

9. Determine the time of death if a corpse is at 79° F when discovered at 3 p.m.

and 68° F 3 hours later. Assume that the temperature of the surroundings
is 60° F . (Normal body temperature is 98.6° F ).

37
 10. A tank contains 200 gal of a brine solution in which 10 lb of salt is initially
dissolved. A brine solution with concentration 2 lb/gal is then allowed to flow
into the tank at a rate of 4 gal/min and the well-stirred mixture flows out of the
tank at a rate of 3 gal/min. Determine the amount of salt y(t) at any time t. if the
tank can hold a maximum of 400 gal, what is the concentration of the brine
solution in the tank when volume reaches this maximum?

11. Single tank:

A tank contains 1000liters of water in which initially 100liters of salt is
dissolved. Brine runs in at a rate of 10 liters/min, and each liter contains 5 liters
of dissolved salt. The mixture in the tank is kept uniform by stirring. Brine runs
out at 10 liters/min. find the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.

12. Suppose that a culture of bacteria has initial population of n = 100. if the
population doubles every three days, determine the number of bacteria present
after 30 days. How much time is required for the population to reach 4250 in
number?
13. The population of a community is known to increase at a rate proportional to
the number of people present at a time t. If the population has doubled in 6
years, how long it will take to triple ?

Answer

1 + y  2 1
1. a). ln   + =C b). = A − (x + 1) e − x
1 − y  1 + x y
1
A −
c). y= −3 d). y = Aye x
+ 1, A = eC
x −1
2

ex +1
e). cos y = f). y = tan x 2
2 2

1
2. a) x + 4 y = tan(2 x + A) , A = 2C b) ln (2 x + 2 y + 1) = 2 x − 2 y + A
2

2x
3. a) y = x− b) y = x sinh (ln x + C )
ln x + C

c)
2 2
ye 2 y = Ae x , A = e − C d) x 2 + y 2 = Ae
2 tan −1 ( ) , A = e −2 C
y
x

e) y = x sin (ln x + π2 ) f) 2 y 2 + xy − x 2 = 2

4. a) (x + y − 2)2 (2 x − y − 10) = B , B = −C 3

b) y = (x − 1) tan[ ln ( ( y + 4)2 + (x − 1)2 + C )] − 4

38
5. a) y = Ce x − x − 1 b) y = x 2 sin x + A cos x

e2x 4( x 2 − 1) + C
c) y = + Ce −5 x d) y =
7 (2 x − 1)4
x2 C sin x
e) y = + f) y = + C csc x
4 x 2

x4 +1
g) y= h) y = ( x + 1) cos x
x2

6. a) x 2 + 3 x + y 2 − 2 y = C b) Not exact

ax 2 cy 2
c) 3 x 3 + xy − x − 2 y 2 = C d) + bxy + =C
2 2

e) x sin xy + x 2 + y 2 = C f) Not exact

x 3 ln x + 5
g) sin xy + cos x = C h) y =
x

ln (2 − sin x )
i) y=
x

x2 1
7. a) − 2 + ln y = C b) e x sin y + 2 y cos x = C
2 2y

8. 12.59 minutes
9. 12.33 p.m
R1 = 4gal/min
10. R2 = 3gal/min
y = 2t + 400 − 390.2003 (t + 200)−3
11. y (t ) = 5000 − 4900e −0.01t
12. 102400, t = 16.23 days
13. t ≈ 9 years 6 months

39