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(Theory and conceptual models) 2. It is a very useful way to organize facts and
ideas, and also provide quick answers at low cost.
(Long term studies) 3. They are good in providing insight into slow processes.
(Stable isotope/s) 8. An isotope that has a balance proton and neutron ratio and are
available for many elements of ecological interest.
(Ecosystem) 12. The interacting system made up of all the living and non-living objects
in a specified volume of space.
(Biome) 13. A set of ecosystems sharing similar characteristics with their abiotic
factors adapted to their environments.
(Mass Balance) 14. A convenient quantitative tool for measuring the integrated activity
of entire, complicated systems without having to measure the properties and
interactions of each of its parts.
(Biosphere )15. The sum of all the ecosystems established on planet Earth.
(Mutualism) 19. Interaction in the ecosystem in which both organisms benefit from
their interactions.
1. Process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter.
DECOMPOSITION
2. It is part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies
physical space in the biosphere. DECOMPOSITION
3. The science which studies decomposition. TAPHONOMY
4.Taphonomy comes from the Greek word taphos which means? TOMB
5.Physical breakup or fragmentation of the plant material into smaller bits. PLANT
DECOMPOSITION
6-7. In the decomposition of large dead plants, what life-forms play a major breakdown role in
the decomposition process? INSECTS & FUNGI
8-9. Two odor that was released through the decomposition process. CADAVERINE &
PUTRESCINE
10. The breaking down of tissues by the body’s own internal chemicals and enzymes.
AUTOLYSIS
11. The breakdown of tissues by bacteria. PUTREFACTION
12-17. Give 6 factors affecting decomposition of bodies. TEMPERATURE, AVAILABILILTY OF
OXYGEN, CAUSE OF DEATH, BURIAL, HUMIDITY & ACCESS BY SCAVENGERS
18-22. Enumerate the five stages of death. PALLOR MORTIS, ALGOR MORTIS, RIGOR MORTIS,
LIVOR MORTIS & PUTREFACTION
23. The decomposition rate is__ under very wet or very dry conditions. LOW
24. The decomposition rate is __ in damp, moist conditions with adequate levels of oxygen.
HIGH
25. Autolysis and Putrefaction happens in ____ decomposition. ANIMAL
26-30. Give the five stages of decomposition. FRESH, BLOAT, ACTIVE DECAY, ADVANCE DECAY
& DRY/REMAINS
31-35 Give the five signs of death. PALLOR MORTIS, ALGOR MORTIS, RIGOR MORTIS, LIVOR
MORTIS & PUTREFACTION
36-38. Give the different types of decomposers. ANIMALS, FUNGI, BACTERIA
39. Fungi reproduce via? SPORES
40. What is the domain of bacteria? BACTERIA
41-42. What are the 2 types of animal decomposers? VERTEBRATE & INVERTEBRATE
43-46. Give 4 examples of detritivores. EARTHWORM, SNAIL, SLUG, BEETLE, FLIES, CRAB,
LOBSTERS
47-50. Give 4 examples of scavengers. HYENA, VULTURE, BEAR, LEOPARD, MUDFISH
ELEMENT CYCLING
1. It is the length of time an element spends in a system. RESIDENCE TIME
2. It is a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions. CHELATES
3. It is a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other
materials, with an overall release of energy. REACTIVITY
4. It is the transport and transformation of chemicals within the ecosystem. ELEMENT
CYCLING
5. A number that is assigned to an element in a chemical combination. OXIDATION STATE
6. It is the group where the most stable elements are located. GROUP 18
7. A chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of
electrons towards itself. ELECTRONEGATIVITY
8. The time required for the activity to decrease to half its value by that process. HALF LIFE
9. Accepting or gaining of electrons. REDUCTION
10. The degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals. TOXICITY
11. The release or loss of electron. OXIDATION
12. Produces more protons than electrons. CATION
13. What is the family name for the group 2? ALKALINE EARTH METALS
14. Shapes the ecosystem. BIOTIC FACTORS
15. Reactions of elements are controlled largely by their chemical properties that can be
generalized in part from an element’s position within the __________. PERIODIC TABLE
16. It allows the biotic factors to exist. ABIOTIC FACTOR
17. The concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals
in which the toxins are more widely disbursed. BIOMAGNIFICATION
18. It is the family name of group 17. HALOGENS
19. The building block of life. CARBON
20. It is the group with 1 valence electron. GROUP 1
21. It links the living and non living parts of ecosystem. ELEMENT CYCLE
22. When an element is temporarily held in place somewhere within an ecosystem. STICK
23. Occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the
substance is lost by catabolism and excretion. BIOACCUMULATION
24. What is the family name for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr? ALKALI METALS
25. It is considered as an electron acceptor during the redox process. OXYGEN
26. Produces more electrons than protons. ANION
27. It is an important subset of elemental cycles. NUTRIENT CYCLE
28. The transfer of material within and between ecosystems. MOVE
29. What is the group of elements with 7 valence electrons? GROUP 17
30. It is required by all life. ELEMENTS
31. It is the family name for group 18. NOBLE GASES
32. Transformations in materials from one chemical state or form to another. CHANGE
33. It is the movement and transformation of biotic and abiotic forms of elements particularly
the elements that are essential to life as they make their way through ecosystems.
ELEMENT CYCLE
34. A material quality which describes how readily a substance vaporizes. VOLATILITY
35. It is a chemical process in which a substance is used to bind metals or minerals so they can
be excreted from the body. CHELATION
36. It is the family of elements that are poor conductors of electricity. NON-METALS
37. May occur on time scales ranging from fractions of seconds to millenia or more. RETENTION
38-40. Three essential nutrients for organisms. N, C, S
Identify the following situations of move, stick, and change whether it is driven by physical,
chemical, or biological vectors.
MOVE
1. PHYSICAL - Insect frass falling out of trees onto soil
2. CHEMICAL - Diffusion of carbon dioxide away from areas of respiration in the soil.
3. BIOLOGICAL - Migrating salmon carry large amounts of nutrients upstream, against the
current.
4. BIOLOGICAL - Bioaccumulation of concentration of mercury in small fish and its transfer to
predatory fish or birds.
STICK
1. PHYSICAL - Sedimentation of organic material in a lake.
2. BIOLOGICAL - Retention of allochtonous carbon from a watershed through consumption by
in-lake bacteria that are themselves consumed and eventually become part of fish biomass.
3. CHEMICAL - Precipitation of iron and sulfur as iron sulfide at the bottom of a lake.
CHANGE
1. CHEMICAL - Whether iron is bound with phosphate or is free in solution at the sediment-
water interface at the bottom of a lake.
2. CHEMICAL - When sulfate is reduced to hydrogen sulfide by microbes using sulfur as electron
acceptor in metabolic processes.
3. CHEMICAL - When potassium is released from plant roots and binds on the soil exchange
complex.
THE CARBON CYCLE
CARBON 1. What is the most important element on earth that makes up fossil fuels, the
principle building block for the organic compounds that make up life.
DIAMOND,
GRAPHITE,
NANOTUBE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 7. Compounds that contains carbon and composes living things.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 11. Compounds that do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 12. Plants turn CO2 obtained from the atmosphere into sugar, tissues, etc. via
this process
Cellular respiration 13. Autotrophs/ heterotrophs breaks organic molecule, returning CO2 to the
atmosphere via this process.
Limestones 14. An inactive reservoir and the largest reservoir of carbon on earth.
Atmosphere
Biomass in land
Ocean
CARBON CYCLE 19. The element cycle that involves conversion of inorganic CO2 into organic
compounds and its subsequent remineralization to CO2
Organic carbon 21. Photosynthesized carbon that passes through food chain via heterotrophs
Biological carbon cycle 22. A type of carbon cycle that happens in the biosphere.
Geological carbon cycle 23. The geological pathway of carbon cycle that takes place much longer than
the biological carbon cycle.
CO2 in acid form 24. The form of CO2 when dissolved in water.
Calcium carbonate 25. A key component of the shells of marine organisms.
Fossil fuels 27. Hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead plants and animals
High pressure 28-29. Factors that leads to formation of coal, oil, and natural gas.
Increased temperature
Subduction 31. The carbon-containing sediments in the ocean floor are taken deep within
the earth forming CO2 in the process
Volcanic eruptions 32. Natural phenomena that releases CO2, calcium carbonate, water vapor and
silica from the subduction zone to the atmosphere.
Short term fluctuations 33. The sub cycle of carbon cycle that involves rapid carbon exchange among
organism
Long term cycling 34. The sub cycle of carbon cycle that occurs when organic matter is buried and
forms sedimentary rocks.
Anthropogenic emissions35. The increase of CO2,methane, nitrous oxide is caused by what kind of
emission?
Greenhouse gases 36. Referring to the gases that contribute to warming the earth’s surface is
called?
Greenhouse effect 37. The term used to address the effect of minor gases in the temperature of
the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide 38. An influential greenhouse gas that is produced when carbon atom is burned.
Methane 39. A greenhouse gas that is produced when organic matter decomposes in low
oxygen environments.
Sulfur hexafluoride 41. A greenhouse gas that is extremely potent and often used in electric power
industry
Clouds/ earth’s surface 43. Reflects some incoming solar radiation back to space.
Sinks 48. Processes which removes CO2 from the atmosphere are called?
Soil respiration 49. Refers to the production of CO2 when soil organisms respire.
Atmosphere 50. The collective mass of gases that surrounds earth or another planet.
NITROGEN CYCLE
1. Named after the Greek word nitron meaning “native soda” and genes for “forming” (Nitrogen)
2. Nitrogen gas constitutes how many percent of the Earth’s air? (78%)
3. Atomic number of Nitrogen (7)
4. The dinitrogen gas in the air is subjected to what bond? (triple bond)
5. How many percent does nitrogen contribute to the animal body? (3%)
6. Chemical form of Nitrate (NO3-)
7. Chemical form of Nitrite (NO2-)
8. Chemical form of Ammonia (NH3)
9. Process of converting dinitrogen gas into ammonia (Nitrogen Fixation)
10. Process of converting ammonia into nitrites and nitrates (Nitrification)
11. Nitrification has how many steps? (2 steps)
12. Nitrogen is important for the buildup of? (DNA/RNA/AMINO ACIDS/PROTEINS)
13. Used in agriculture as fertilizer, as refrigerant gas, for purification of water supplies etc.
(Ammonia)
14. What are able to carry our nitrogen fixation? (Prokaryotes)
15. Type of nitrogen fixing organism that needs a host to carry out process. (Symbiotic)
16. Enzyme found in nitrogen fixing organisms (Nitrogenase)
17. Catalyzes reduction of dinitrogen gas into ammonia (Nitrogenase)
18. Frequently added to processed meats to function as preservatives that prevent bacteria growth
(Nitrates and Nitrites)
19. Process that mostly occur aerobically (with oxygen) carried out by prokaryotes (Nitrification)
20. Microbes that carry out first step of nitrification are known as? (Ammonia oxidizers)
21. Prokaryotes that carry out second step of nitrification are called? (Nitrate oxidizing bacteria)
22. Process carried out by prokaryotes that oxidize ammonia to produce gaseous nitrogen.
(Ammonification)
23. Process that converts nitrate to nitrogen gas. (Anaerobic ammonium oxidation/ANAMMOX)
24. It is when various organisms and prokaryotes decompose tissue of dead organisms and release
it back to ecosystem as ammonia. (Denitrification)
25. Nitrogen is composed of how many percent on Earth? (78%)
26. Ammonia can also be found in? (Dead plants, dead animals and animal waste)
27. The process in which Nitrogen is converted into Nitrogenous Compounds? (Nitrogen Fixation)
28. Where does the conversion of Nitrogen to Ammonia happens? (Root nodules of a plant)
29. What do you call the component that concerts nitrogen to ammonia? (Rhizobium Bacterium)
30. What do you call the component that converts ammonia to nitrates? (Nitrifying Bacteria)
31. What is another way to break down nitrogen into nitrogenous component. (Lightning Strikes)
32. Plants use nitrates to make ____. (Protein)
33. What happens to the ammonia that does not get into the plant? (It will be converted to
Nitrogen)
34. What do you call the component that converts Nitrates back to Nitrogen? (Denitrifying
Bacteria)
35. Where does the Nitrogen go after it has been converted back to itself again? ( in to the
atmosphere)
36. The percentage of Nitrogen in the atmosphere remains ____? (Constant)
37. Species of microscopic plants in the ocean that taken up ammonium. (phytoplankton)
38. They are more likely to decompose dead organisms in the ocean for continued use in the cycle.
(Bacteria)
39. Process in which oxygen will undergo when extra nitrogen overwhelms the nitrogen cycling in
the ocean? (Depletion)
40. Example of practices where humans will add up nitrous oxides in the atmosphere. (Emissions
from automobiles, home furnace factories, powerplants)
41. They are more likely to break the triple bond and nitrogen gas in the ocean. (Bacteria)
42. Ways to reduce or minimize the impact of releasing a large amount of nitrous oxide in the
atmosphere. (Better farming practices, save electricity, finding alternative methods of
transport and energy use)
43. Comparison between nitrogen intake and nitrogen loss from the body. (NITROGEN BALANCE)
44. Sole source of nitrogen in the body. (PROTEINS)
45. Nitrogen intake is greater than loss. (POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE)
46. Nitrogen loss is greater than intake. (NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE)
47. Percentage of nitrogen composition in a human body. - (3-4%)
48. Percentage of nitrogen composition in plants. - (3%)
49. 7. Nitrogen is excreted/lost in the form of __________ (NPN SUBSTANCES)
50. 8. A positive nitrogen balance occurs when urinary losses are less than intake. It may occur in:
_______________ (ACTIVE GROWTH)
51. 9. A negative nitrogen balance occurs when urinary nitrogen losses are greater than oral
nitrogen intake. It may occur in: _________ (MALNUTRITION)
Group 9
1. In ecosystem research, this is the allocation of resources in a certain ecosystem –
BUDGET
2. By defining _______, an ecosystem is established – BOUNDARIES
3. Important feature of ecosystem concept where it includes and covers all of its
components – INCLUSIVENESS
4. Important feature of ecosystem concept where it can be easily changed or modified
according to the situation – FLEXIBILITY
5. An approach that is commonly used in ecosystem research – MASS BALANCE
6. An ecosystem is ______, it has no definite size – SCALE INDEPENDENT
7. What is the status of the ecosystem if INPUT = OUTPUT – STEADY STATE
8. What is the status of the ecosystem if ecosystem is positive – INPUTS ARE
ACCUMULATING
9. What is the status of the ecosystem if ecosystem is negative – NET LOSS
10. Give the equation for the diagram – INPUT = ECOS + OUTPUT
11. One of the principal goals of science – ACHIEVE GENERALIZATION
12. An approach in obtaining generality through processes such as experiments –
SYNTHETIC APPROACH
13. An approach in obtaining generality through the elimination of ideas – DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
14. – 16. Enumerate 3 key features of ecosystem research – BUDGETS & BOUNDARIES,
INCLUSIVENESS & FLEXIBILITY, GENERALITY & PREDICTION
17. Ecosystem can be considered as a _____. – BLACKBOX
18. - 19. Considered components in conduction ecosystem research depends on the ____
of the research. – GOAL AND QUESTION
20. Boundaries are commonly based on_______. – CONVENIENCE/EASILY IDENTIFIED
LOCATION
I. Identification
8. are porous and all ecosystems are open systems that exchange matter,
energy, information, and organisms with their surroundings. Ecosystem boundaries
9. This openness means that ecosystems are spatially separate and in fact interconnected parts
of a . Larger Landscape
10. A three-dimensional patchiness or gradients such that different places are different from one
another. Spatial Heterogeneity
11 & 12. Large patches have more and greater . habitat
diversity, population diversity
13. Have higher population and less likely to go extinct over time. Large patches
14. closed to a larger patch is more likely to maintain their populations; farther
patches risk extinction. Patches
15. Large patches have more . Core
16. Dividing a patch creates more . Edge
17.The structure, composition, or processes underway at each place differ. Spatial
Heterogeneity
18&19. Ways to achieve a successful conservation. Understanding how a patch changes,
Predicting how patch will be affected by external forces
20-21. Enumerate 5 external forces that affects the conservation efforts (in any order). Land,
Disturbance, Restoration, Succession, Human activities
For 22-31. Determine what kind of External forces each of the following belongs:
22. Rehabilitation of a portion of Johnson Creek, to restore bioswale and flood control functions
of the land which had long been converted to pasture for cow grazing. Restoration
23. Habitat fragmentation caused by numerous roads near the Indiana Dunes National
Lakeshore. Land Use
24. Wildfires in Amazon. Disturbance
25. A landscape turns into a farmland. Land Use
26. Regeneration of plants after wildfires. Succession
27. Clearcutting in the mountains of Batangas. Human Activities
28. Rehabilitation of Boracay. Restoration
29. An overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. Disturbance
30. Volcanic eruptions Disturbance
31. Harmful Chemicals flows from mining site all the way to a body of water. Human Activities
32. Construction of Real Estates. Land Use
33. Insect outbreaks in an agricultural land. Disturbance
34. Soil treatment or soil fertility. Restoration
For 35-40. Determine the following Principles for Assessing Heterogeneity:
35. Maintaining habitat is fundamental to conservation. PRINCIPLE 2
36. Climate influences terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems.PRINCIPLE 6
37. All things are connected but the nature and strength of those connections vary.PRINCIPLE
4
38. Protection of species and species’ subdivisions will conserve genetic diversity.PRINCIPLE 1
39. Disturbances shape the characteristics of populations, communities, and ecosystems.
PRINCIPLE 5
40. Large areas usually contain more species than smaller areas with similar habitat.
PRINCIPLE 3
GROUP 11