Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person one.

This fallacy is also referred as

Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing (Logic and
Fallacies)
Deductive Reasoning is the process of making a
logical argument by applying known facts,
definitions, properties and the laws of logic.
If then statements are typically used in
deductive reasoning.
 If something is true something else
must be true.
 The “If” part of the statement is the
hypothesis.
 The “then” part is the conclusion.
Inductive Reasoning – is a method of reasoning
in which the premises are viewed as supplying
some evidence for the truth of conclusion; it is
based from observations in order to make
generalizations.
coincidental correlation or correlation
not causation
 Slippery Slope – once event occurs,
other related events will follow, and
this will eventually lead to undesirable
consequences.
Key questions:
1. Claimed effects really that bad?
2. Claimed effects likely to follow?
3. Costs outweigh the benefits?
 Red Herring Fallacy – Occurs when
something is introduced to an argument
that misleads or distracts from the
relevant issue.
 Hasty Generalization

Fallacy – is a defect in an argument other than

it having false premises.

 Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad

Misericordiam) a specific kind of appeal
to emotion in which someone tries to
win support for an argument or idea by
exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings
of pity or guilty.
 Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad
Ignorantium) Whatever has not been
proved false must be true, and vice
versa.
 Composition – This infers that
something is true of the whole from the
fact that it is true of some part of the
whole.
 Division – One reasons logically that
something true of a thing must also be
true of all or some of its part.
 Against the Person (Argumentum ad
Hominem) this fallacy attempts to link
the validity of a premise to a
characteristic or belief of the person
advocating the premise.
 Appeal to force (Argumentum ad
Baculum) an argument where force,
coercion, or the threat of force is given
as a justification for a conclusion.
 False Cause (Post hoc ergo propter hoc)
since that event followed this one, the
event must have been caused by this