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By
Palaniyappan Kailasam
Introduction
GD&T Mini has been created to be a quick reference guide for anyone learning or applying
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) in accordance with the ASME Y14.5 –
2009 and ASME Y14.5 – 2018 standards.
The information contained in this book is intended to be reference for interpretation of
dimensioning and tolerancing in engineering drawings produced in accordance with the
standard.
The drawings included in this book are intentionally incomplete and should not be used
as basis for design criteria or part acceptance.
This mini guide covers important topics from ASME Y14.5 – 2009 and ASME Y14.5 – 2018
standards, and it is not a replacement for the standard.
QR codes and links in appropriate sessions are available for videos that provide additional
information on the topic for better understanding.
To enhance your GD&T skills, please contact Prolotek Technologies for available training
options. We provide the most comprehensive GD&T Training in India.
Disclaimer: Prolotek Technologies and the Author assumes no responsibility for any
changes, errors or ommissions in this book. We sprcifically disclaim any liability
whatsoever, including any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or exemplary
damages resulting in whole or in part, from the reader’s use or reliance upon the
information, instructions, procedures, warnings, cautions, applications, or other matter
contained in this book. We assume no responsibility for the activities of the reader.
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Contents
Sl. No. Description Page No.
1 Dimension Units………………………………………………………………………………….. 01
2 Fundamental Rules……………………………………………………………………………… 03
3 CO-Ordinate Tolerancing System…………………………………………………………….. 06
3.1 Square or Rectangular Tolerance Zone…………………………………………………….. 06
3.2 Fixed Size Tolerance Zone……………………………………………………………………… 07
3.3 Ambiguous Instruction for Inspection……………………………………………………… 08
4 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing………………………………………………... 09
5 Comparison Between Co-Ordinate Tolerance and GD&T………………………………. 10
6 GD&T Benefits…………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
7 GD&T Standards……………………………………………………..……………………………. 11
8 GD&T Characteristic Symbols………………………………………………………………….. 12
9 Tolerance Zones of Geometric Characteristic Symbols………………………………… 13
10 Modifying Symbols……………………………………………………………………………… 14
11 Application of Modifiers……………………………………………………………………….. 15
12 Application of Datums and Datum Modifiers…………………………………………….. 16
13 Symbols Related to Datum……………………………………………………………………. 17
14 Dimensioning Symbols…………………………………………………………………………. 18
15 Useful ASME Standards…………………………………………………………………………. 19
16 General Terms…………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
16.1 Dimension…………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
16.2 Tolerance…………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
16.3 Nominal Size………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
16.4 Limit Tolerance Dimensioning………………………………………………………………... 21
16.5 Directly Toleranced Dimension………………………………………………………………. 21
16.6 Bilateral Tolerance………………………………………………………………………………. 21
16.7 Equal Bilateral Tolerance………………………………………………………………………. 21
16.8 Unequal Bilateral Tolerance…………………………………………………………………... 21
16.9 Unilateral Tolerance…………………………………………………………………………….. 21
16.10 Basic Dimension………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
Dimension Units (In accordance with ASME Y14.5 – 2009 & 2018)
The millimeter is the common unit of measurement used on engineering drawings
made to the metric system. The conventions used when specifying dimensions in metric
units are discussed below.
1. When a metric dimension is a whole number the decimal point and zero are
omitted.
(eg.) “12”
2. When a metric dimension is less than one millimeter, a zero precedes the decimal
point.
(eg.) “0.3”
4. Where unilateral tolerancing is used and either the plus or minus value is ‘0’, a
single ‘0’ shall be shown without a ‘+’ or ‘-‘sign for the zero part of the value.
(eg.)
5. Where bilateral tolerancing is used, both the plus and minus values have the same
number of decimal places, using zeros where necessary.
(eg.)
6. Where limit dimensioning is used and either the maximum or minimum value has
digits following a decimal point, the other value has zeros added for uniformity.
(eg.)
8. Where a dimension is less than one degree, a zero precedes the decimal point
(eg.) 0.50
9. Where only minutes or seconds are specified, a zero precedes the minutes and
seconds.
(eg.) 00 15’ 30”
10. Where only whole number angle degree is specified, the value is followed by a
degree symbol. A zero or decimal point is not shown after the degrees.
(eg.) 300
In industry a general note would be given on the engineering drawing to invoke the
metric system. (eg.) “UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN
MILLIMETERS”
4. Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating
relationship of a part and shall not be subject to more than one
interpretation.
allowance, and other requirements, provided the final dimensions are given
on the drawing.
9. Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and other materials manufactured to gage or code
numbers shall be specified by linear dimensions indicating the diameter or
thickness. Gage or code numbers may be shown in parentheses following the
dimension.
10. An implied 90° angle shall apply where center lines and lines depicting
features are shown on orthographic views at right angles and no angle is
specified. For information on applicable tolerances for implied 90° angles.
11. An implied 90° basic angle shall apply where center lines of features or
surfaces shown at right angles on an orthographic view are located or
defined by basic dimensions and no angle is specified. For information on
applicable tolerances for implied 90° basic angles.
12. A zero basic dimension shall apply where axes, center planes, or surfaces are
shown coincident on ortho-graphic views and geometric tolerances establish
the relationship between the features. On CAD models, the distance is basic
when queried model distances are zero and geometric tolerances establish
the relationship between the features. For information on applicable
tolerances for zero basic dimensions.
13. Unless otherwise specified (UOS), all dimensions and tolerances are
applicable at 20°C (68°F) in accordance with ASME B89.6.2. Compensation
may be made for measurements made at other temperatures.
14. Unless otherwise specified (UOS), all dimensions and tolerances apply in a
free state condition.
15. Unless otherwise specified (UOS), all tolerances and datum features apply for
full depth, length, and width of the feature.
16. Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing level where they are
specified. A dimension specified for a given feature on one level of drawing
(e.g., a detail drawing) is not mandatory for that feature at any other level
(e.g., an assembly drawing).
functional approach is to allow the same tolerance for a hole location in all directions,
creating a cylindrical tolerance zone.
GD&T is an exact language that enables design engineers to "say what they mean" on a
drawing, thus improving product designs and lowering cost. Process engineers and
manufacturers use the language to interpret the design intent and to determine the best
manufacturing approach. Quality control and inspection use the GD&T language to
determine proper set-up and part verification.
GD&T BENEFITS
1. Improves Communication: GD&T can provide uniformity in drawing specifications
and interpretation, thereby reducing controversy, guesswork and assumptions.
2. Provides Better Product Design: The use of GD&T can improve your product designs
by providing designers with the tools to “say what they mean”.
3. Increases Production Tolerances: There are two ways tolerances are increased by
the use of GD&T. First, under certain conditions GD&T provides” bonus” – or extra -
tolerance for manufacturing. Second, by the use functional dimensioning, the
tolerances are assigned to the part based upon its functional requirements. This
often results in a larger tolerance for manufacturing.
4. Lowers Cost: The result common to each of the three benefits listed above is lower
costs for manufacturing and inspection of the part.
GD&T Standards
GD&T standards are based on ASME Y14.5-2009. This standard is considered as the
national standard for dimensioning and tolerancing in the United States. ISO
(International Organization of Standards) also has published geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing standards called GPS 1101 which is 90% similar to ASME Y14.-2009 standard.
This text is based on ASME Y14.5-2009 and ASME Y14.5-2018 and hence forth will be
referred to as Y14.5.
ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineer
Y14.5 – Standard number for Dimensioning and Tolerancing
2009 – Year in which the standard was published
2018 – Year in which the standard was published
GPS – Geometric Product Specification
1101 – ISO Standard number for GPS
General Application tolerance zones are listed in the above chart. However, tolerance
zones may vary depending upon the specific application for few of the geometric
characteristic symbols.
Modifying Symbols
Application of Modifiers
Dimensioning Symbols
Single Limit Toleranced Dimension [5.5]: MIN or MAX shall be placed after a dimension
when other elements of the design determine the other specified limit.
Where MIN is Specified, the upper limit of the dimension may approach infinity.
Where MAX is specified, the lower limit of the dimension is zero or defined by other
dimensions.
Examples of where single limit tolerance dimensions may be used include depths of holes,
lengths of threads, corner radii and chamfers.
Directly Toleranced Radius [5.16.1]: When a radius symbol R is specified, a tolerance zone
bounded by two arcs is created (minimum and maximum radii). The part surface shall be
within this zone.
When the center of the radius is located via dimensions, the arcs are concentric.
When the center of the radius is not located via dimensions, the arcs are tangent to the
adjacent surfaces and create a crescent shaped tolerance zone.
A feature of size (FOS) is a general term that is used to refer to either a regular feature of
size or an irregular feature of a size.
A regular feature of size is one cylindrical or spherical surface, a circular element, or a set
of two opposed parallel elements, or opposed parallel surfaces, each of which is
associated with a directly toleranced size dimension.
1. Cylindrical
2. Opposed Parallel Lines
3. Opposed Parallel Surfaces
4. Circular Element
Actual local size is the value of any individual distance at any cross section of a FOS. The
actual local size is checked at a point along the cross section of the part. A part FOS may
have several different values of actual local size.
Actual Mating Envelope is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest size that
can be contracted about an external feature or largest size that can be expanded within
an internal feature so that it coincides with the surface at the highest points.
Unrelated Actual Mating Envelope is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest
size that can be contracted about an external feature or largest size that can be expanded
within an internal feature and not constrained to any datum(s).
Related Actual Mating Envelope is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest
size that can be contracted about an external feature or largest size that can be expanded
within an internal feature while constrained to either in orientation or location or both to
the applicable datum(s).
Actual Minimum Material Envelope is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the largest
size that can be expanded within an external feature or smallest size that can be
contracted about an internal feature so that it coincides with the surface at the lowest
points.
Related Actual Minimum Material Envelope is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the
largest size that can be expanded within an external feature or smallest size that can be
contracted about an internal feature so that it coincides with the surface at the lowest
points while constrained in either orientation or location or both to the applicable
datums.
Axis of a feature is the axis of an unrelated actual mating envelope or actual minimum
material envelope of a feature.
Center Plane of a Feature is the center plane of an unrelated actual mating envelope or
actual minimum material envelope of a feature.
Derived Median Line is an imperfect line that passes through the center points of all cross
sections of the feature. These cross sections are normal to the center plane of the
unrelated actual mating envelope.
Derived Median Plane is an imperfect plane formed by the center points of all line
segments bounded by the feature. These line segments are normal to the center plane of
the unrelated actual mating envelope.
Modifiers communicate the additional information about the drawing or tolerancing of a
part.
Maximum Material Condition (MMC): Maximum material condition is the condition in
which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material everywhere within the
stated limits of size- for example, the largest shaft diameter or smallest hole diameter.
In simple Words, maximum material condition adds material to the part, increases the
weight of the part.
Maximum Material Boundary (MMB): Maximum material boundary is the limit defined by
a tolerance or combination of tolerances that exists on or outside the material of a
feature(s)
Least Material Condition (LMC): Least Material Condition is the condition in which a feature
of size contains the least amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size-
for example, the smallest shaft diameter or the largest hole diameter.
In simple Words, least material condition removes material from the part, decreases the
weight of the part.
Least Material Boundary (LMB): Least material boundary is the limit defined by a tolerance
or combination of tolerances that exists on or inside the material of a feature(s)
Regardless of feature size (RFS) is the term that indicates a geometric tolerance applies at
any increment of size of the feature within its size tolerance. An-other way to visualize
RFS is that the geometric tolerance applies at whatever size the part is produced. Every
feature of size has a maximum and least material condition. Limit directions directly
specify the maximum and least material condition of feature of size.
Regardless of Material Boundary (RMB) is a condition in which a movable or variable true
geometric counterpart progresses from MMB towards LMB until it makes maximum
allowable contact with the extremities of a datum feature(s) to establish a datum.
The Projected Tolerance Zone modifier changes the location of the tolerance zone on the
part. It projects the tolerance so that it exists above the part. The projected tolerance zone
modifier is used to assure that there will not be interference between a screw, stud, dowl
pin, etc. and the mating part containing a clearance hole.
The Tangent Plane modifier denotes that only the tangent plane of the toleranced
surfaces needs to be within this tolerance zone. It means that the tolerance applies to a
plane established by the high points of the surface. The flatness error in that surface will
be ignored during inspection.
Free State is the condition of a part free of applied forces. Dimensions and tolerances
apply where parts are in the free state condition unless otherwise stated in the note. This
means that a part should not have any forces applied to it for inspection unless a restraint
note is shown. Where a restraint note is specified on drawing, the free state symbol may
be used in the geometric tolerance to unlock the part from the restraint requirement.
Continuous Feature Modifier symbol or the note “Continous Feature” indicates that a
group of two or more features or feature of sizes are to be treated geometrically as a
single feature or a feature of size.
The continuous feature symbol can be used to indicate that an interrupted feature or
feature of size.
A Feature Control Frame is a rectangular box that is divided into compartments within
which geometric characteristic symbol, tolerance value, modifiers, and datum references
are placed. The compartments of a feature control are shown in figure below.
The first compartment of the feature control frame is called the geometric characteristic
portion. It contains one of the fourteen characteristic symbols.
The second compartment of the feature control frame is referred to as the tolerance
portion. This portion may contain several bits of an information. For example, if the
tolerance value is preceded by a diameter symbol, the shape of the tolerance zone is a
cylinder. If a diameter symbol is not shown in front of the tolerance value, the shape of
the tolerance zone is parallel planes, parallel lines or a uniform boundary in the case of
profile. The tolerance value specified is always a total value.
When specifying a non-datum related control, the feature control frame will have two
compartments. When specifying a datum related control, the feature control frame may
have up to five compartments: the first for a geometric characteristic symbol, one for
tolerance information, and up to three additional compartments for datum references.
The third, fourth and fifth compartments of the feature control frame are referred to as
the datum reference portion of the feature control frame.
Composite Feature Control Frame is where the feature control frame has one symbol
flowed by multiple segments. The lower segment is the refinement of the control
provided by the upper segment.
Composite feature control frame is commonly used with position and profile tolerancing.
Pattern Locating Tolerance Zone Framework (PLTZF) is the tolerance zone framework that
controls the basic relationship between the features in a pattern with that framework
constrained in translational and rotational degrees of freedom relative to the referenced
datum feature.
Feature Relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF) is the tolerance zone framework that
controls the basic relationship between the features in a pattern with that framework
constrained in rotational degrees of freedom relative to any referenced datum features.
Worst Case Boundary is a general term used to refer to an inner boundary, outer
boundary, or virtual condition.
Inner Boundary is the worst case boundary generated by the smallest feature (MMC of
hole and LMC of shaft) minus the stated geometric tolerance and any additional (if
applicable) resulting from the feature’s departure from its specified material condition.
Inner boundary of an internal feature of size is a worst case boundary generated by the
smallest feature of size (MMC) minus the effects of applicable geometric tolerance and
applicable bonus if any.
Inner boundary of an external feature of size is a worst case boundary generated by the
smallest feature of size (LMC) minus the effects of applicable geometric tolerance and
applicable bonus if any.
Outer Boundary is the worst case boundary generated by the largest feature (LMC of hole
and MMC of shaft) plus the stated geometric tolerance and any additional (if applicable)
resulting from the feature’s departure from its specified material condition.
Outer boundary of an external feature of size is a worst case boundary generated by the
largest feature of size (MMC) plus the effects of applicable geometric tolerance.
Outer boundary of an internal feature of size is a worst case boundary generated by the
largest feature of size (LMC) plus the effects of applicable geometric tolerance and
applicable bonus if any.
Virtual Condition is a fixed-size boundary generated by the collective effects of a
considered feature of size’s specified MMC or LMC and the geometric tolerance for that
material condition.
Virtual Condition boundaries are often used as the acceptance boundaries for verifying
geometric tolerance.
The Virtual Condition Boundary concept is required for:
1. Establishing boundaries to ensure assembly
2. Allowing Bonus Tolerance
3. Establish size requirements for functional gauges
4. Establish acceptable boundaries for inspection.
Resultant Condition is a single worst case boundary generated by the collective effects of
a feature of size’s specified MMC or LMC, the geometric tolerance for that material
condition, the size tolerance, and the additional geometric tolerance derived from the
feature’s departure from its specified material condition.
Screw Threads: Unless Otherwise Specified, each tolerance of orientation or position and
each datum reference specified for a screw thread applies to the pitch cylinder axis. When
an exception to this practice is necessary, the specific feature of the screw thread (such as
"MAJOR DIA" or "MINOR DIA") shall be stated beneath or adjacent to the feature control
frame or beneath or adjacent to the datum feature symbol, as applicable.
Gears and Splines: Each tolerance of orientation or position and each datum reference
specified for features other than screw threads, such as gears and splines, shall designate
the specific feature of the gear or spline to which each applies (such as "MAJOR DIA," "PITCH
DIA," or "MINOR DIA"). This information should be stated beneath the feature control frame
or beneath or adjacent to the datum feature symbol, as applicable.
General Rules
Rule # 1 (Individual Feature of Size or Envelope Rule)
Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature
prescribe the extent to which variations in its form as well as in its size are allowed.
In industry this rule is often referred to as “Perfect form at MMC”.
In Rule #1, the word “perfect form” means perfect flatness, straightness, circularity and
cylindricity. If a FOS is produced at MMC, it is required to have perfect form. If a FOS is not
at MMC and departs to LMC, then a form error is allowed to the extend of such departure.
The Part can have maximum form error when it is produced at LMC limit.This is explained
in figure below.
Rule #1 applies to size only and does not affect the interrelationship between regular
feature of size, hence it is also called as Individual Feature of Size Rule.
As the surfaces of the regular features of size must be within a boundary of MMC, it is also
called Envelope Rule or Envelope Prinicple.
Simulated datum is the plane or axis established by the datum feature simulator. For
practical purposes in industry, a simulated datum is used as a datum.
The symbol used to specify a datum feature on a drawing is shown in below figure. It is
called the datum feature symbol.
Degrees of Freedom (DOF): is the movement of a part in space. A rigid part has six degrees
of freedom. Three translational and three rotational degrees of freedom.
Constraint is a limit of one or more degrees of freedom. Constraint is essential to define a
relationship between the part, datum reference frame and the geometric tolerance zone.
Implied Datum is an assumed plane, axis, or point from which dimensional measurement
is made. Implied datum do not clearly communicate which surface should contact the
inspection aquipment first. The use of implies datums may result in accepting the rejected
part or rejecting the acceptable parts.
Datum Precedance: Datum Features are selected on the basis of the part function and
assembly requirements. The datum features are often the features that orient (stabilize)
and locate the part in its assembly.
Referencing Datum in FCF is very important. When feature control frames reference
datums, they also specify the sequence for contacting the part to the datums referenced.
The below example shows how to interpret the datum sequence in a feature control
frame.
Datum Reference Frame (DRF): One of the purposes of the datum system is to limit the
movement of a part so that repeatable measurements can be made during inspection. In
order to restrict the six degrees of freedom on a part with planar datums, it takes the help
of three datum planes as shown in the figure below. When three datums are used, they
are considered to be a datum reference plane. The datum reference frame provides
direction as well as an origin for dimensional measurements.
The 3 – 2 – 1 Rule
The 3-2-1 rule defines the minimum number of points of contact required for a part datum
feature with its primary, secondary and tertiary datum planes. The primary datum feature
has at least three points of contact with its datum plane. The secondary datum feature
has at least two points of contact with its datum plane. The tertiary datum feature has at
least one point of contact with its datum plane. This rule applies to planer datum features
only.
Datum Shift: When a feature of size is reference as a datum feature at Maximum Material
Boundary (MMB), the daum deature simulator is a fixed size. When the datum feature on
the actual part departs from its MMB, there will be clearance between the part and the
datum feature simulator. This clearance is called datum shift.
Datum Targets
Datum targets are symbols that describe the shape, size and location of the gage
elements that are used to establish datum planes or axes. Datum targets are specified on
parts where it is not practically possible to use the entire planar surface as a datum
feature.
Castings, forgings, irregularly shaped parts, plastics parts and weldments often do not
have a planar datum feature or the datum feature is likely to be wrapped or bowed these
results in an unsuitable contact with a full datum plane. Often the parts will rock, wobble
or not rest in the same position on a full datum plane. In such case datum targets must
be used.
The datum target identification symbol is divided into two parts with a horizontal line.
The bottom half denotes the datum reference letter and the target number associated
with that datum. The top half contains the datum feature simulator size information
where ever applicable.
A datum target point is indicated by the target point symbol, dimensionally located on a
direct view of the surface. Where there is no direct view, the point location is dimensioned
on two adjacent views.
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A datum target line is indicated by the target point symbol on an edge view of the surface,
a phantom line on the direct view, or both. Where the length of the datum target line must
be controlled, its length and location are dimensioned.
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Form Controls
Straightness (Applied to a Surface)
Form Controls
Straightness (Applied to a Feature of Size)
Form Controls
Flatness (Applied to a Surface)
Form Controls
Flatness (Applied to a Feature of Size)
Form Controls
Circularity (Applied to a Feature of Size)
Form Controls
Cylindricity (Applied to a Feature of Size)
Orientation Controls
Angularity (Applied to a Surface)
Orientation Controls
Angularity (Applied to a Feature of Size)
Orientation Controls
Angularity (Alternate Practice)
Orientation Controls
Perpendicularity (Applied to a Surface)
Orientation Controls
Perpendicularity (Applied to a Feature of Size)
Orientation Controls
Parallelism (Applied to a Surface)
Orientation Controls
Parallelism (Applied to a Feature of Size)
Location Controls
Position (Applied to a Hole)
Location Controls
Position (Applied to Elongated Holes)
Location Controls
Concentricity (In accordance with ASME Y14.5 - 2009)
Location Controls
Symmetry (In accordance with ASME Y14.5 - 2009)
Runout Controls
Circular Runout
Runout Controls
Total Runout
Profile Controls
Profile of a Line
Profile Controls
Profile of a Surface
Further Reading
1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dimensioning and Tolerancing: ASME
Y14.5-2009
2. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dimensioning and Tolerancing: ASME
Y14.5-2018
3. Krulikowski, Alex. Fundamentals of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Based on ASME Y14.5-1994. Westland, MI: Effective Training.
4. Don Day, The GD&T Hierarchy Y14.5 – 2018, Tec-Ease, Inc.
5. Krulikowski, Alex. Advance Concepts of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Based on ASME Y14.5-2009. Westland, MI: Effective Training.
6. Scott Neumann & Al Neumann, GeoTol Pro, A practical guide to geometric
tolerancing per ASME Y14.5-2009, Technical Consultants Inc.
7. Meadows, James D. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Applications,
Analysis & Measurement [per ASME Y14.5-2009]. James D. Meadows & Associates,
Inc.,
8. David A. Madsen, Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing. The Goodheart
Willcox Company, Inc.
9. Henzold, G. Handbook of Geometric Tolerancing: Design, Manufacturing and
Inspection. England: Wiley & Sons.