XI CBSE- MATHEMATICS

TOPICS
1. Sets
2. Relations and Functions
3. Trigonometric Functions
4. Principle of Mathematical Induction
5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

1
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 1. Sets
A set is a well-defined collection of objects. The objects are called the
elements of the set. The elements of a set are enclosed within brackets .
If a is an element of a set A, we say that a belongs to and write it as .

Empty set:
A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the
null set or the void set. It is denoted by

Singleton set:
A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Finite set:
A set which consists of a definite number of elements is called a finite set,
otherwise it is called an infinite set.
The number of elements in a set is called its cardinal number or order,
and is denoted by
Subsets:
A set is said to be a subset of a set if every element of is also an
element of and is written as

Note:
(i) Every set is a subset of itself.
(ii) The empty set is a subset of every set.

Intervals:
Let (set of real numbers). Then the set of real numbers
is called an open interval and is denoted by
The set of real numbers which contains the end points
and also is called a closed interval and is denoted by
The intervals are subsets of

Power Set:
The collection of all subsets of set is called the power set of and is
denoted by
If set contains elements then the power set contains elements.
i.e if then .

Universal set:
A basic set which contains all the sets in a given context is called the universal
set and is denoted by

3
Equality of sets:
Two Sets and are said to be equal if they have the same elements
i.e every element of is an element of and every element of is an
element of

Equivalent sets:
Two finite sets and are said to be equivalent if their cardinal numbers are
same i.e

Operations on sets:
(i) Union of sets:
The union of two sets and is the set of all those elements which
are either in or in or in both and is denoted by
Important results:
(i) (Commutative law)
(ii) (Associative law)
(iii) ( is the identity of )
(iv)
(v)

(ii) Intersection of sets:

The intersection of two sets and is the set of all elements which
belong to both and and is denoted by
Important results:
(i) (Commutative law)
(ii) (associative law)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) (distributive law)

(iii) Difference of sets:

The difference of two sets and in this order is the set of elements
which belong to and not to and is denoted by

(iv) Complement of a set:

Let be the universal set and subset of . Then the complement
of is the set of all elements of which are not the elements of
It is denoted by

Important properties:
(i)
(ii)
4
 (iii) De Morgan’s law:
and
(iv)
(v) and
If and are finite sets such that then

If then

Venn Diagram:
Diagrams which represent most of the relationships between sets are known
as Venn diagrams
The universal set is represented by a rectangle and its subsets by circles.

Worksheet:-

1. Write the solution set of the equation in roster form.

2. Write the set in the roster form.
3. Write the set B in the roster form.
4. Write the set C in the roster form.
5. Write the set D in the
roster form.
6. Write the set E in the set-builder form.
7. Write the set F in the set-builder form.
8. Write the set G in the set-builder form.
9. Write the set H in the set-builder form.
10. Write the set K in the set-builder form.
11. Write the set X in the set-builder form.
12. Write the set Y in the set-builder form.
13. Write the set Z in the set-builder form.
14. State whether “ The set of lines which are parallel to the y-axis ”is finite or
infinite.
15. State whether “ The set of positive integers < 100 ”is finite or infinite.
16.

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17. State whether A = B or A = C:

, C
18. State whether A = B or not:
,
19. If then find Also find
20. Write down all the subsets of the following sets
(i)A (ii)
21. Write the following intervals in set-builder form :
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
22. Write the following set in roster form and interval form

23. Write the following as intervals:

24. If , ,find and Show it in Venn

Diagram
25. If , prove that
Is
26. If then which is correct? (i) (ii) (iii)
27. , ,
28. If , ,find and .
29. If , ,find and .
30. If ,find and
31. Prove for any three non-empty sets A,B,C :
32. Prove for any three non-empty sets A,B,C :
33. In the adjoining fig., show the portions , and .
U
Hence prove that
(i)
(ii)

A B

34. If R is the set of real numbers and Q is the set of rational numbers, then what is

35. If , , ,find
(i ) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
36. If , ,
then prove that and

37. Prove that for any three sets A,B,C :(i) .

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 (ii)
(Take any three sets.)
38. For any three sets A,B,C , check that if B A
39. For any three sets A,B,C , check that if
40. If ,
then find (i) (ii)
41. Prove that for any sets and , .(analytical proof)
42. Prove that for any sets and , .(analytical proof)
43. Prove that for any sets and ,
44. In a class of 70 students, each students study at least one of the subjects Maths
or Biology. If 50 students study Maths, 10 students study Maths and Biology
both. Find the number of students who study Biology.
45. In an Auditorium, 80 students are sitting to see either Tennis or Badminton
Matches. If 55 students are watching Tennis, 40 watching Badminton, find the
number of students watching both Tennis and Badminton. Find the number of
students who is neither watching Tennis nor Badminton.
46.

47. Give an example of a null set.

48. Write down the cardinal number of set Also
how many subsets can be formed from set ?
49. Write the following intervals in set builder form:
50. If

51. Let
State & prove Demorgan's laws using this.
52. Draw Venn diagrams for the following:

53.

54. is the no of subset of set A, & If A is empty set find

55. Show that need not imply
56. In a survey of 25 students it was found that 15 had taken maths, 12 took physics,
11 took chemistry, 5 took maths & chemistry, 9 had taken maths & physics, 4
taken physics & chemistry & 3 took all 3 subject. Find no of student who took (1)
Only chemistry (2) Only maths (3) Only physics (4) Physics & chemistry but not
maths (5) Maths & physics but not Chemistry (6) Atleast one of the 3 subject (7)
more than1 subject.
57.

58. For any two sets and show that the following statements are equivalent:

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59. If and are sets, then prove that: are pair wise
disjoint.
60. Using properties of sets, show that for any two sets and

61. A survey of television viewers produced the following information;

watch football, watch hockey, watch basketball, watch football and
basketball, watch football and hockey, watch hockey and basketball, do
not watch any of the three games. How many watch all the three games? How
many watch exactly one of the three games? How many watch at most 2 games?
62. In a survey of persons it was found that 28 read magazine read
magazine read magazine read magazines and read magazines
and read magazines and and read all the three magazines. Find :
(i) How many read none of three magazines?
(ii) How many read magazines only?
63. In a survey of students, the number of students studying the various
languages were found to be: English only English but not Hindi English
and Sanskrit English Sanskrit Sanskrit and Hindi no language Find:
(i) How many students were studying Hindi?
(ii) How many students were studying English and Hindi?
64. In a group of people, each drink tea or coffee, 16 drink only tea & drink
tea.
1) How many drink only coffee
2) How many drink both tea & coffee
65. If A & B are 2 sets containing 3 & 6 distinct elements respectively,
1) What is the minimum no of elements in
2) Max no of elements in
66. In a group of children, 45 play football out of which 30 play football only; 28 play
hockey; 25 play cricket out of which 11 play cricket only. Further, 7 play cricket &
football but not hockey; 5 play football & hockey only.
1) How many play all 3 games
2) How many play only hockey
3) How many children are there in the group
4) How many play at least 2 games
5) How many play only cricket & hockey
6) What % of students play only one game

8
 2. Relations and Functions

Cartesian product of sets:

Given two non – empty sets and the Cartesian product is the set
of all ordered pair of elements from and
i.e
In particular
and
Note:
(i) Two ordered pairs and are equal if and only if

(ii) If then
(iii)
(iv) In general,

Important Results:
For any three sets and

Relation:
A relation from a set to a set is a subset of obtained by
describing a relationship between the first element and the second
element of The second element is called the image of the first
element.
Domain:
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation from a set
to a set is called the domain of the relation

Range:
The set of all second elements, of the ordered pairs in a relation from a set
to a set is called the range of the relation

The whole set is called the codomain of the relation

Range codomain

A relation may be represented

(i) algebraically either by roster method or set-builder method\
or (ii) by an arrow diagram

Note:
The total number of relations that can be defined from a set to a set
is where and

Functions:
A relation from a non-empty set to a nonempty set is said to be a

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 a function if every element of set has one and only one image in set
The function from to is denoted by

Note:
Every function is a relation but every relation is not a function.

The set is called the domain of and the codomain of

The set of all images of elements of is known as the range of
Thus if
and
is called the image of and is called the preimage of under
Range
Range
Real valued Function:

A function which has either or one of its subsets as its range is called a
real valued function.

Equal functions:

Two functions and are said to be equal if and only if

(i) domain of domain of
(ii) codomain of codomain of
(iii) for all belonging to the common domain.

In this case, we write

Some functions and their graphs.

Let be the set of real numbers
(i) Identity function

The function defined by for each is called

the identity function. Here the domain and range of are

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(ii) Constant function:

The function defined by and is a

constant is called the constant function.

Here the domain is and range is

(iii) Polynomial function:

A function is said to be a polynomial function if for each

where is a non-negative
integer and …,

(iv) Rational functions:

Functions of the type where and are polynomial
functions of and are called rational functions.

11
(v) Modulus function:

The function defined by for each is called

modulus function

The domain is the ser R of all real numbers and the range is the set of
all nonnegative real numbers.

(vi) Signum function:

The function defined by

The domain is the set of all real numbers and the range is the set

(vii) Greatest integer function:

The function defined by where

denotes the greatest integer less than equal to is called the greatest
integer function.

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 (viii) Reciprocal function:

The function defined by in

called the reciprocal function.
The domain is and the range is also

Algebra of real functions:

(i) Addition of two real function

Let and be any two functions, where
Then the function is defined by
for all .

(ii) Subtraction of a real function from another

Let and be any two real functions, where
Then the function is defined by
for all

(iii) Multiplication by a scalar:

Let be a real valued function and be a scalar. Then the
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 function is defined by

(iv) Mulitplication of two real functions

Let and be two real functions, where
Then the function is defined by for
all

(v) Quotient of two real functions

Let and be two real functions, where
Then the function is defined by
for all
Domain is

Worksheet:-

1. If , Find
1) 2) 3)
2. If Find
1) 2) 3) 4)

3. If form all ordered pairs such that is a

factor of .
4. If
5. If Find
6. Determine the domain & range of following relations.
1)
2)

7. Describe the relation in set builder form given its domain & range for set z.

8. Given , list the elements of following relations from A to A

1)
2)
3)
9. Let List all the relations in A.
10. Let and R be the relation “is one – fifth of” in A. Write R as a
subset of . Also find the domain and range of R.
11. Let . Show that the relation:
(i) in A defined as “is equal to” is an identity relation.
(ii) in A defined as “is cube of” is a void relation
(iii) in A defined as “ difference is an integer” is the universal relation in A.
12. Determine the domain and range of the following relations:
(i) is a prime number less than 12}

14
 (ii) (ii)
(iii)

(iv) (iv)

13. (i) Domain Range

(ii) Domain Range
(iii) Domain Range

(iv) Domain = Range

14. If and , draw the graphs of and .

15. If . Find A and B.
16. Let A and B be two sets such that consists of 6 elements. If three elements
of are: find are .
17. The Cartesian product has 9 elements among which are found and
. Find the set A and the remaining elements of .
18. Let and . Let .
Show that is an empty relation from A to B.
19. If
1) Is
2) Is
3) Is
20. Find the domain of following functions
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

21. A function is defined on the set of integers as follows.

Find domain, range of function

15
22. Let what is the range of
23.

Find (1) domain of (2) range of (3)

(4)
24. If Find domain & range.

25.

Find [8]
26. Find
1)
2)
3)
4)
27. Find range of following functions.
1)
2)
28.
Find domain & range of
29. If Find
30. Plot the graph of following functions.
1)
31. If Find
32. Find the range of the function

16
 3. Trigonometric Functions

Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. The
original ray is called the initial side and the final position of the ray after rotation
is called the terminal side of the angle.
If the direction of rotation is anticlockwise the angle is said to be positive and
if the direction is clockwise then the angle is said to be negative.
The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation performed to get the
terminal side from the initial side.
The two units of measurement of an angle which are commonly used are the
degree measure and radian measure
A degree is divided into 60 minutes and a minute is divided into 60 seconds.
and
One radian, written as 1c is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre
of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
In a circle of radius an arc of length will subtend an angle whose
measure is radians.
Thus if in a circle of radius an arc of length subtends an angle
radian at the centre, then
or

Relation between degree and radian

By definition,

1 radian (approximately)
Also radian (approximately)
Radian measure

Degree measure

Trigonometric Functions:

Trigonometric ratios for acute angles were studied as the ratios of the sides
of a right angled triangle. This definition is now extended to any angle in terms of
radian measure and to the study of trigonometric functions

Identities:
For all real

17
  , where is any integer.
 , where is any interger
 , where is any integer.

Values of Trigonometric Function:

Sings of Trigonometric Functions in different quadrants.

Domain and range of Trigonometric Function

For each real number

and

18
 (i) The domain of the functions
and is R, the set of all real numbers
and the range is the internal

(ii) The domain of is the set

and range of is the set of all real numbers, R

(iii) The domain of is the set

and range is the set

(iv) The domain of is the set

and range is the set

(v) The domain of is the set

and range is the set of all real numbers, R.

Variation of in the values of trigonometric function in different quadrants.

Periodic Function:
A function is said to be a periodic function if there exists a real number
such that for all
If is the smallest positive real number such that for all
than is called the fundamental period of .

and , for all values of and

is the smallest positive real number such that

for all values of

i.e values of and repeat after an interval of .
Hence, sine and cosine functions are periodic with period
Also, and are periodic functions with period .
19
 and , for all values of and
is the smallest positive real number such that
and , for all values of
Thus values of and repeat after an interval of .
Hence, and
are periodic functions with period .

Graphs of Trigonometric function:

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Even and odd functions:

Even function:
A function is said to be an even function, if for all
in its domain.
Odd Function:
A function is said to be an odd function, if for all
in its domain.
and are odd functions
and are even function.

Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference of two angles A and B.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

where none of the angles A, B and A B is an odd multiple of

(iv)

where none of the angles, A,B and (A ) is a multiple of

(v)

(vi)

21
 (vii)

(viii)

Trigonometric functions of multiple angles

Important results:

Values of Trigonometric function of some important angle

22
 Trigonometric equations:

Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are called

trigonometric equations.
The solutions of a trigonometric equation for which are
called principal solutions.
The expression involving integer which gives all solutions of a
trigonometric equation is called the general solution.

Worksheet:

1. Find the degree measure of following radian angles.

a) (b) (c)
2. Find the radian measure of following degree angles
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3. The minute hand of a watch is1.5cm long. How far does the tip move in 25
minutes?
4. A train is travelling on a circular curve of 1500m radius at the speed of 66kmph.
Through what angle measured in radians will it turn in 10 seconds?
5. If arcs of same length in 2 circles subtend angles and at the centre, find
the ratio of their radii.
6. Find the values of the following :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
7. If lies in the third quadrant find the values of other five
trigonometric functions.
8. If and lies in the second quadrant, find the value of

9. If and lies in the fourth quadrant, find and .

10. If prove that

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11. Prove :
12. If & find value of
13. If find value of
5 sec .
14. Prove that (a)
(b)

(c)
15. If find
16. Prove that
17. Prove that
18.
Prove that
19. If are acute angles such that Prove that

20. If P.T
21. Prove that
22. Prove that
23. If Prove that
24. Prove that
25. Prove that
26. Prove that
27. Prove that
28. If Prove that
29. If lies in quadrant
30. Prove that
31. Prove that
32. Show that
33. Find the value of
34. Prove that
35. Prove that
36. Prove the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)

24
 (viii)
37. If find the values of and .

38. Prove that

39. a) Find the general solutions of the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
b) Find the principal solution of
(i) (ii)
40. Solve: (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) 4

25
 4. Principle of Mathematical Induction

Principle of Mathematical Induction.

If is a given statement involving the natural number such that

(i) the statement is true for
i.e is true
and (ii) if the statement is true for (where is some positive integer)
then it is also true for
i.e is true is true
then is true for all natural numbers

Worksheet:-

Prove using principle of mathematical induction:

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

digits
13. is a positive interger for all
14. is a multiple of 3 for all
15. is divisible by for
16. Let be the statement If is true, show that is true.
Do you conclude is true for all ?
17. is a positive integer for all
26
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

27
5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

A solution of the equation is , which is an imaginary

quantity. It is denoted by the symbol
The other solution of the equation is –
Thus is an imaginary unit with the property
The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary number.
eg. etc.

Power of

For any integer ,

Note:
(i) For any positive real number a

Square roots of – are and

(ii) For any two real numbers and

Complex Number:

A number of the form where and are real numbers is called a

complex number.

If is a complex number, then is called the real part denoted

by and is called the imaginary part, denoted by of the complex
number.

Purely real and purely imaginary complex number:

A complex number is purely real if its imaginary part is 0 ie. and

purely imaginary if its real part is 0 ie.
The set of all complex number is denoted by .

Equality of complex numbers:

Two complex numbers

and are equal

If and
Algebra of complex numbers:
Addtion of two complex numbers
If and are two complex numbers, then the sum
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 is defined as
The addition of complex numbers satisfies the following properties:
(i) Closure law:
The sum of two complex numbers and is again a complex
number.
(ii) Commutative law:
For any two complex numbers and

(iii) Associative law:

For any three complex numbers and

(iv) Existence of additive identity:

There exists the complex number (denoted by 0) called the
additive identity, such that for all complex numbers
(v) Existence of additive inverse:
For every complex number , there exists the complex
number – , denoted by – called the additive inverse or
negative of , such that
.
Difference of two complex numbers:
Given any two complex numbers and the difference is
defined as

Multiplication of two complex numbers:

Let and be any two complex numbers. Then
the product is defined as

The multiplication of complex numbers possesses the following properties:

(i) Closure law: The product of two complex numbers and is a
complex number.
(ii) Commutative law: For any two complex numbers and

(iii) Associative law: For any three complex numbers and

.
(iv) Existence of multiplicative identity:
There exists the complex number (denoted by 1) called
the multiplicative identity such that for every complex
number .
(v) Existence of multiplicative inverse:
For every complex number
there exists
the complex number
denoted by called the multiplicative inverse of such
that
.
(vi) Distributive law: For any three complex numbers and ,
29
 and

Division of two complex numbers:

Given two complex numbers and ,
where the quotient is defined by

Identities: For all complex numbers and

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Modulus and conjugate of a complex number:

Let be a complex number. Then the modulus of z, denoted by
, is defined to be the non-negative real number

i.e. .

The conjugate of z, denoted by , is the complex number .

i.e .
Note:

Thus .
Important results: For any two complex numbers and ,

(i)
(ii) , provided
(iii)
(iv)
(v) , provided .

Complex plane or the Argand plane:

The complex number which corresponds to the ordered pair
can be represented geometrically by the unique point in the -
plane and vice versa.
This plane having a complex number assigned to each of its points is called
the complex plane or the Argand plane.
The -axis and -axis in the Argand plane are called the real axis and the
30
 imaginary axis respectively.
The points on -axis correspond to the complex numbers of the from
and the points on -axis correspond to the complex number of the form

If is a complex number, then .

Thus the modulus of z is the distance between the point and the
origin .

Polar representation:
Let be a non zero complex number and let represent
the number in the plane.
Let the line segment be of length
and be the angle which makes with the
positive direction of -axis.
The point is uniquely determined by
the ordered pair of real numbers (r, ).
(r, ) are called the polar coordinates of the
point P.
Origin O is considered as the pole and the
positive direction of -axis as the initial line
We have
and

or
This is called the polar form of the complex number.
Here, modulus of . and is called the argument or
amplitude of and is denoted by arg .
Value of such that – is called the principal argument of z.
Quadratic Equations:

Let be a quadratic equation where

and .
Then the solutions of the equation are given by

Note: (i) The roots of a quadratic equation always occur in conjugate pairs
(ii) A polynomial equation of degree has roots.

Worksheet:

1. Express the following in the form .

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

31
 (v)

(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

(ix)

(x)

(xi)

(xii)
2. Find real values of if the complex nos are equal
(a)
(b)

(c)
3. Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
5. Evaluate the following:
(i) when

(ii) when

(iii) when
6. If prove that

7. Find real values of and is the conjugate

32
8. If z is a complex number such that prove that is purely imaginary.

9. If find

10. Find the modulus of

11. Find the real value of

12. Express the following complex numbers in polar form

(a)

(b) –

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

(g)

13. Find the modulus and arguments of each of the following complex numbers:

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

14. Find the sum of

15. Find the least positive integer n such that +ve integer
16. If
17. Find value of
(i)

(ii)
18. Find complex number z if
19. Prove that
20. Solve the following equations:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

33
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