Dr.Eng.

Suharyanto
Dari Mana Datangnya Listrik?
Sistem Distribusi
Transmission and Distribution
— Advantages of interconnected systems
— Better reliability
— Smaller frequency deviations
— Better overall system efficiency
— Facilitates power exchange
— Disadvantages of interconnected systems
— Limitations to interconnection transport capacity
— Power losses because of energy exchange
— Unwanted parallel power flows
— More complex system operation
 JARINGAN SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK
~ PLTA
~ ~ PLTU

PUSAT PEMBANGKIT TENAGA LISTRIK

150/20 kV
GARDU
INDUK

GARDU INDUK DAN JARINGAN TRANSMISI

TEGANGAN TINGGI

PELANGGAN
INDUSTRI
GARDU 20000/ GARDU 20050/ GARDU
DISTRIBUSI 380 V DISTRIBUSI 380 V DISTRIBUSI

JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI
TEGANGAN MENENGAH

PELANGGAN
PERUMAHAN
PELANGGAN
PERUMAHAN JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI
PELANGGAN
KOMERSIAL TEGANGAN RENDAH
 Jaringan & Pembangkit Utama Jawa-Bali

Cilegon
740 MW
Muarakarang Tj Priok TjJati B
Suralaya 1150 MW 900 MW 1320 MW
3400 MW
Cirata Semarang Gresik
CILEGON
S URALAYA

CLGON
1000 MW 1300 MW 2000 MW
GU
TNAGA M KRN G PRIO K M .TAWAR
GU GU
BLRJ A RGDLK
KEM BANGAN
BEKAS I
CAWANG
CIBATU KSBRU SKM DI
INDM Y
Paiton
GANDUL T.JATI

3200 MW
M ENES
RKBTG CIBINONG PBRAN HRGLS
J TBRG
DEPOK CKPAY
BUNAR SBANG
BGBRU PWKTA
P
SALAK
CIRATA
ARJ WN SRAGI J PARA PATI
P CNJ UR RBANG
PDLRG
DAGO BRBES
KBSEN WLERI
PRATU LBSTU S AGULING UBRNG M ANDIRANCANBBKAN KRPYK TBROK KUDUS DWIM A TUBAN
P RCKEK
CGRLG KLNGU GU BLORA SM NEP
UBRUG CKSKA M LBNG KNGAN
GRES IK BKLAN
PWRDI BABAT PM KSN
BANDUNG P
KM J NGP DRJ AT
GRUNG CEPU BJ GRO
S ELATAN UNGARAN GLTM R
GARUT LNGAN SPANG
M NANG KDM BO
SNTSA CAM IS BNJ AR KBSEN DIENG
SM DRA M RICA NGBNG
SRGEN

Saguling
M J NGO NGAWI KRIAN SBLTN
TAS IKM ALAYA WSOBO PLOSO
M KRTO
J AJ AR
RWALO GBONG WALIN M SPTI
PALUR KTSNO BNGIL

700 MW
PM PEK M DARI NGJ UK NGORO GRATI
KBM EN WNSRI
GU PWRJ O KNTUG M RGEN
CLCAP M NRJ O
BNGIL GNDING
WATES
PEDAN SM AN STBDO

Cilacap BNTUL
WNGIRI TLGNG BNRAN
KEDIRI
M DLAN

SLRJ O
SKLNG

PAKIS
PBLGO PAITON
BDWSO

600 MW
KBAGN
SM ANU BWNGI
KBAGN WLNGI PM RON
PCTAN J M BER
KKTES TUREN LM J NG GLNUK
TLGNG TNGUL BTRTI
NGARA
AM PLA
UBUD
GTENG
ANTRI GNYAR
KAPAL

PBIAN

NSDUA

Grati
SPP coal-fired 500 kV, 39 lines, 3578 kms
800 MW
CC gas-fired 150 kV 664 lines, 12204 kms
CC oil-fired 70 kV 199 lines, 3604 kms
Hydro PP
 Kondisi Sistem Tenaga Listrik Jawa-
Bali
( Tahun 2007)
8975 MW 2.533 MW 3.665 MW 7.130 MW

Pembangkit

Back Bone
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4
500 kV Jakarta- Jawa Jateng- Jatim-
Banten Barat DIY Bali

Beban Puncak
7.168 MW 2.990 MW 2.560 MW 4.015 MW
Seimbang Mengimpor Mengekspor Mengekspor

7
 POTRET ALIRAN DAYA SISTEM JAWA BALI
( Sep Tahun 2006 )

3884
~ 471
MW
~ 1248
MW
~ 4845
MW
~
M
W

130 1983 2092

8 GITET
8 GITET MW 5 GITET
5 GITET MW 2 GITET
2 GITET MW 5 GITET
5 GITET
851 kms
852 SUTET(kms) 538
531 kms
SUTET(kms) 837
836 kms
SUTET(kms) 1356 SUTET(kms)
kms
SUTET(kms)

6500 2061 3500 542 2000 953 3500 698

MVA MW MVA MW MVA MW MVA MW

~ ~ ~ ~

150 kV 96
70 GI
kV150 kV 150 kV 4770 GI
kV150 kV 150 kV 6870 GI
kV150 kV 150 kV 70 GI
78 kV 150 kV
96 1818GI 70 GI
kV 47 3333GI 70GIkV 68 0
0 GI 70 GI kV 78 32 GI 70GI
32 kV
1792
1980 787814
+ SUTT(kms)
kms 1829
1866 1355
+ SUTT(kms)
1351 kms 3611
3501 +0 SUTT(kms)
0 kms 4022
3985 15081508
+ SUTT(kms)
kms

Peak Peak Trafo Peak Trafo Peak Trafo

Trafo
Load Load Dist. Load Dist. Load Dist.
Dist.
5945 11296 :
1013 4610 2201 4464 :
5542 6867
MW MV MW MV MW MV MW MVA

DIS JAYA DIS JABAR DIS JABAR DIS JATENG DIS JATENG DIS JATENG DIS JATIM DIS BALI
jayaMVA jayaMVA jayaMVA MW
5668 MW 277 MW 944 MW 69 MW 2201 MW 26 MW 5156 MW 360
8
14701
Industri Ketenagalistrikan di Jawa Bali

Pelanggan

Gen-Co’s Penyaluran dan Pusat Pengatur Beban 5 Unit

- PT Ind. Power (P 3 B) Distribusi
- PT PJB
- IPPs

PEMBANGKIT TRANSMISI DISTRIBUSI

500 kV, 150 kV, 70 kV

20 kV, 220 V
Komposisi Bahan Bakar Pembangkit PLN
Persentase Biaya Produksi
Persentase MWh Produksi
Pembangkit PLN
GEO, 3.1% AIR, 8.6%
AIR, 0.0%
GEO, 2.9%

COAL, 16.1%
BBM, 23.7%

GAS ALAM,
8.8%

BBM, 72.1%
GAS ALAM,
COAL, 44.0%
20.5%

AIR BBM GAS A COAL GEO

AIR BBM GAS A COAL GEO

Data RKAP 2007

 BEBAN PUNCAK TERTINGGI
SISTEM JAWA BALI s.d OKT 2007

MW
BEBAN PUNCAK TERTINGGI
Kamis, 04 Oktober 2007
16,000 Pkl. 19.00 = 15.725 MW (Netto)

14,000

6,500

- Jam
09.30
08.30
00.30

02.30

03.30

04.30

05.30

06.30

07.30

10.30
01.30

11.30

20.30

22.30

23.30
12.30

13.30

14.30

15.30

16.30

17.30

18.30

19.30

21.30
SISTEM JAWARegion
BALI 1Region 2Region 3Region 4
Rated voltage for AC – power system
Sistem Tegangan
— Tegangan Rendah (TR = LV)
— S.d. 1000 V: 380 V 3 fase, 220 V 1 fase.
— Tegangan Menengah (TM = MV)
— S.d. 50kV: 13,5 kV, 20 kV
— Tegangan Tinggi (TT = HV)
— S.d. 200 kV: 70 kV, 150 kV
— Tegangan Ekstra Tinggi (TET = EHV)
— S.d. 700 kV: 275 kV (Sumatera), 500 kV (Jawa)
— Tegangan Ultra Tinggi (TET = EHV)
— > 700 kV (Japan, China 1000 kV)
Voltage levels
 Network Structures

Radial structure Loop structure Multi-loop structure

Electrical Power System

Essentials
Sistem Tegangan Menengah (TM)
— Tegangan di atas 1000 V s.d. 30 kV
— Sistem Pembangkit ( 13,2 kV)
— Sistem Jaringan Distribusi
— Radial
— Loop:
— Primary selective
— Secondary selective
— Network
 SALURAN TRANSMISI
• Pengertian :
Saluran Transmisi berfungsi untuk menyalurkan energi listrik dari
pembangkit-pembangkit besar ke pusat beban. Makin besar
daya/energi listrik yang akan disalurkan dan makin panjang jarak
antara pembangkit dengan beban, maka lebih ekonomis bila
menggunakan Transmisi yang tegangannya lebih tinggi.

• di Indonesia :
• Saluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi (SUTT, SUTTi) atau High Voltage
Transmission Line : transmisi dengan tegangan 70 kV dan 150 kV.
• Saluran Udara Tegangan Ekstra Tinggi (SUTET, SUTETi) atau
Extra High Voltage Transmission Line: transmisi dengan tegangan
275 kV dan 500 kV (telah dibangun di ngr2 Asia).
• Saluran Udara Tegangan Ultra Tinggi atau Ultra High Voltage
Transmission Line adalah transmisi dengan tegangan lebih besar
dari 700 kV (belum dibangun di Indonesia, tetapi telah ada di
Amerika, Eropa, bahkan Jepang punya 1000 kV).
17
 Overhead Transmission Lines (1)
380 kV River crossing

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Overhead Transmission Lines (3)
150kV transmission line tower

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Transmission Line Conductors (1)

• Material
• Al
• Cu

• ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Transmission Line Conductors (2)

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Transmission Line Conductors (3)
Advantages and disadvantages of bundled
conductors

Electrical Power System

Essentials
Galloping Lines

• Counter measures
 Shield Wires

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Transposition (1)

• Unbalanced system

• Solution: transposition

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Transposition (2)

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 High-Voltage Cable
• 6/10 kV cable • 220/380 kV cable

Courtesy of Prysmian Cable Holding B.V.

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Conductor Modeling

• L : H-field
• C: E-field
• R: Ohmic losses
• G: Insulator and corona losses

L R

G C

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Line / Cable

• Line, 150 kV
• R = 0.125 Ω/km
• XL = 0.425 Ω/km
• C = 7.7 nF/km
• Sth = 130 MVA

• Cable, 150 kV
• R = 0.12 Ω/km
• XL = 0.166 Ω/km
• C = 210 nF/km
• Sth = 135 MVA

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 1 km Line / Cable

• Line, 132 kV
• R = 0.178 Ω
• XL = j0.40 Ω
• XC = -j350 kΩ
• I = 450 A

• Cable, 400 kV
• R = 9 mΩ
• L = 0.4 mH
• C = 0.38 µF
• I = 1.9 kA

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Line Models
• Short IS Z IR
(<80 km)
VS VR

• Medium Z
IS IR
(80 km..240 km)
VS Y/2 Y/2 VR

• Long IS IR
(>240 km) Ω/km
VS H/km VR
F/km

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Short Line
R+jX
IS IR

VS VR

Vs Vs jIrX
Vs jIrX
Ir
jIrX
Vr Ir Vr Vr IrR
IrR IrR
Ir

Electrical Power System

Essentials
Teknologi di sisi GARDU INDUK
Saat ini:
Tegangan Gardu Induk 70/20 kV, AC
Gardu Induk 150/20 kV, AC
Gardu Induk 500/150/20 kV, AC

Tipe GI: Open type

Closed type (Gas Insulation Substation, GIS)

GI 500 kV
 Substations (1)
Open-air substation

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Substations (2)
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers and Pantograph
Disconnector

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Substations (3)
SF6-insulated substation

Courtesy of Eaton Holec

Electrical Power System

Essentials
 Substations (4)
Bus system

Single bus system

Double bus system

Electrical Power System

Essentials