SH GEN MATH W3 and W4 Q1 Lesson 2

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8112 Sto. Tomas, Davao Del Norte
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LESSON NO. 2: RATIONAL FUNCTION
CONTENT STANDARD:
The learner demonstrates understanding of:
 key concepts of rational functions
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
The learner is able to:
 represents real-life situations using rational functions.
 distinguishes rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality.
 solves rational equations and inequalities.
 represents a rational function through its:
(a) table of values,
(b) graph, and
(c) equation.
 finds the domain and range of a rational function.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 define rational.
 solve and graph involving rational.
 cite examples involving rational in real life problems.
Function- a relationship or expression involving one or more variables.

"the function (bx + c)"
Quadratic- comes from "quad" meaning square, because the variable gets
squared (like x2). It is also called an "Equation of Degree 2"
Domain- is the set of all possible x-values which will make the function "work",
and will output real y-values.
Range- is the resulting y-values we get after substituting all the possible x-
values.
A Rational Number- can be made by dividing two integers.
(An integer is a number with no fractional part.)
Pencil, paper, ballpen, module and graphing paper

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Before we will tackle rational functions, let us first consider understanding

rational expression. What is in our minds when we talk about the word “rational?”.
In math, we do not mean the idea of reasoning, instead we mean “ratio”. In order to
understand a rational expression, we will think of it in a fractional form. Meaning,
there is a numerator and its denominator is expressed as polynomial(s)- expressions
or terms with only positive integers as exponents which contains a constant(s) and
variable(s).
Definition
A rational expression is a quotient of two polynomials. This fraction is well
defined if the denominator is not equal to zero. If the expression has no
denominator, the denominator is implied to be 1.
6 y x3 −2 x +3
Examples of rational expressions are: ,
2 7
Now, if the function is defined by obtaining the values of y after substituting x
values, we say that the function is a rational integral function of x. If a linear
polynomial is used, we call it a linear function, if a quadratic polynomial is used,
then we call it a quadratic function.
Let us first consider rational expressions which are quotients of polynomials. Let
us learn how these expressions cannot exist as this expression is constraint by not
allowing the value zero in the denominator.
Illustration 1.
What value can be used to replace the variable x for the expression to be true,
given
x+ 3
, here we can see that we need to find the value
x−5
of x that will not make the denominator zero. To do this, let us equate this to
zero. to do this, let us equate this to zero to get our desired answer.
If x-5 =0, then x=5. Therefore, the number is 5 and so, all values of real
numbers are possible for x except 5.
Illustration 2.
What value (s) can be used to replace for the variable x for it to exist, given
x+ 2
2 ? Factoring the denominator as
x −4 x +4
(x-2)(x-2), we can obtain the values of x by equating this to zero to find the
values that cannot replace the variable x.
(x-2)=0, we get x=2.So the value that will not make the denominator
zero is 2.
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Sometimes, a rational expression contains more than one variae. How do we obtain
the values?
Illustration 2.
Determine the values of the variable that will satisfy the expression
ab2 +ac
here we have two variables a and b in the denominator. To find the value,
a−b
set the denominator to zero.
a-b=0, then we obtain a≠b. It means that we can have any values for a and b
provided the value should not be the same for both a and b.
Illustration 3.
What are the values of the variable that must not be considered in the expression:
4 r −1
Observe that the denominator contains two
r 2−s2
variables r and s. Let us set this to zero to obtain the values that which will not be
included in the expression.
r2-s2=0
(r+s) (r-s) = 0
Set r + s = 0, r= -s
Set r – s = 0, r= s, I short r ≠ ± s
Remarks: In a rational expression, finding the corresponding values of the variable(s) in
the denominator is simply done by setting the denominator to zero.
TEST I
Determine the values of the variable that will make the rational expression meaningful.
5
1. =
7− y
x −2
2. =¿
3 x −1
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a2 +3 a−4
3. =¿
a−2
5 t 2−1
4.
4 t−16
u 2−2u+ 4
5.
u2−2 u−35
2 x−4
6.
8− x
x−6
7. =¿
3 x −1
x3 −x+2
8. =¿
x2 −13 x +36
x2 + x +10
9.
4 x−28
x2 −x−1
10.
x+ 4
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LESSON NO. 2A. RATIONAL LINEAR FUNCTION

It was emphasized in the previous lesson that the function is a rational integral
function of x. If a linear polynomial is used, we cal it a Linear function. Let us now
tackle the rational linear function. Let “f(x)” read as “ a function of x”. If the function is
linear, polynomial (s) in both the numerator and denominator, either the numerator or
denominator must independent variable and the y as the dependent variable. The
corresponding values of x are called the domain of the function f(x) while f(x) is called
the range after the values of x are substituted to f(x). Let us remember that since we
are talking of a rational linear function, x-values could be found either in the numerator
and the denominator.
Consider the illustration below:
Illustration 1
2 x +1
Let f(x) = , then we have f(x) as a linear function which is linear in x. Since x is the
3
independent variable, we can set any values of x in a table. The function f(x) here
means that for every given x-value, the linear function f(x) is increased by twice of x-
value plus one”. This speaks of f(x) as dependent to x-value.
X F(x)
0 1/3
1 1
2 5/3
3 7/3
Illustration 2
4 x−2
Let f(x)= . Determine the possible values of f(x) if the x-values are the prime
x +1
numbers less than 5.
Solution:
X f(x)
1 1
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2 8
3
3 5
2
Illustration 3
4 x−7
Let us consider f(x)= . Find f(x) given at x=2, -1,0,3 and ½
2 x +1
Solution:
4 ( 2 ) −7 1
a. f(2)= =
2 ( 2 ) +1 5
4 (−1 ) −7 −11
b. f(-1)= = =11
2 (−1 ) +1 −1
4 ( 0 )−7 −7
c. f(0)= = =7
2 ( 0 )+1 1
4 ( 3 )−7 5
d. f(3)= =
2 ( 3 ) +1 7
1
e.
1
f( ¿ =
4 ()2
−7
=
−5
2 1 2
2 ()2
+1
Illustration 4
Find the values of the different linear functions given x=3.
7 x−3 21−3 18
a. f(x)= = = =6
3 3 3
1
x+24
b. f(x)= 3 5
=
x−1 2
−2 x−1 −7
c. f(x)= =
3(x) 9
9 9 1
d. f(x)= = =4
x−1 2 2
16 16
e. f(x)= = =2
3 x −1 8
TEST 1.
14 x+3
1. Given f(x)= tabulate the f(x) values given x-values:
x−2
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x F(x)
-2
6
0
4
-1
7
−x+ 2
2. Given g(x)= , tabulate the g(x) values given x-values as
3+ x
the multiple of 3 less than 20.
x F(x)
3
6
9
12
15
18
8 x(+13)
3. Consider Q(x) = . find q(x) given:
x +4
a. Q(2)=
b. Q(-1)=
c. Q(0)=
d. Q(3)=
e. Q(-1/6)=
4. find the values of the different rational linear functions given that x=-4
x−6
a. f(x)=
2
−1
x+4
b. f(x)= 2
x +3
−7 x−1
c. f(x)=
3 x−1
3
d. f(x)=
2 x−1
11
e. f(x)=
2 x−3
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1
5. Given f(x) = (2 x−5) , tabulate the f(x) values given x-values:
x+ 1
X F(x)
-7
4
3
-2
-1
8
−13 x −4
6. Given g(x)= , tabulate the g(x) values given x-values as the multiple of 3
−x−2
less than 14.
X g(x)
2
4
6
8
10
12
8 x+13
7. Consider h(x)= . Find h(x) given:
2+ x
a. h(1)=________
b. h(-4)=_______
c. h(0)=________
d. h(2)=_________
e. h(-1/3)=________
8. Find the values of the diffferent linear fucntions given x=4
x−4
a. f(x)=
5
−15 x +2
b. f(x)=
3x
−x+ 21
c. f(x)=
7 x+2
2
d. f(x)=
x−7
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10
e. f(x)=
x+2
LESSON NO. 2B. RATIONAL QUADRATIC FUNCTION

Another type of a rational function is the rational quadratic function. As
mentioned in the previous lesson, we say that the function is a rational integral
function of x. If a quadratic ( the highest degree of the term is 2) polynomial is used,
we call is a quaratic function. Let us know tackle the rational quadratic function. Let
‘f(x)’ be read as “a function of x”. If the function is quadratic, polynomial (s) in both the
numerator and denominator, either in the numerator or denominator must have an “x2”
to satisfy the function f(x). Here we consider x as the independent variable and the y as
the dependent variable with the degree 2. Consider the illustration below:
Illustration 1
3 x 2 +2
Let f(x)= then we have f(x) as a quadratic function expressed in the
x +1
variable x. Since x is the independent variable, we can set any values of x in a table.
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The function f(x) here means that for every given x-value, the quadratic function, f(x) is
increased thrice of the square of the x-value plus two” This speaks of f(x) as dependent
to x value.
X f(x)
0 2
1 5/2
2 14/3
3 29/4
Illustration 2
1 2
Let f(x)= x −3 x+1. Determine the posible values of f(x) if the x-values are the
2
prime numbers less than 5.
Solution:
X f(x)
1 0
2 -3
3 −7
2
Illustration 3
x2 −7 1
Let us consider f(x)= . Find f(x) if x=2, -1,0,3 and
2 2
−3
a. f(2)=(2)2-7 =
2
−6
b. f(-1)=(-1)2-7= =-3
2
−7
c. f(0)= (0)2-7 =
2
2
d. f(3)=(32)-7 = =1
2
1 1 −27
e. f( ) =( ¿2 -7 = = -54
2 2 4
Illustration 4
Find the values of the given different linear functions at x=3.
x2 −3 6 3
a. f(x)= = 9-3 = =
4 4 2
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1 2 9
x 3
b. f(x)= 2 = 2 =
2
x 3
−2 x 2−1 −18−1 −19

c. f(x)= = =
x +1 8 8
9 9
d. f(x)= = = 11
x −1 8
2
8
1 1
e. f(x)= 2 =
x −1 8
Test I.
2
x +3
1. Given f(x)= , tabulate the f(x) values given x-values.
x−2
x f(x)
-3
-2
0
2
3
5
−1
2. Given g(x)= 2 , tabulate the g(x) values given x-values as the multiple of 2
2
( x +9 )
less than 12.
X g(x)
2
4
6
8
10
12
−3 x2 +13
3. Consider Q(x)= . Find q(x) if x=2, -1,0,-3 and -1/2
2 x−2
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a. q(2)=
b. q(-1)=
c. q(0)=
d. q(-3)=
−1
e. q( )=
2
4. Find the values of the different quadratic functions at x=-4
x2 −3 1
a. f(x)= c. f(x)= 2
2x 3 x −1
−x 2+13 −7 x2 −2
b. f(x)= d. f(x)=
x +1 13
TEST II
1
1. Given f(x)= , tabulate the f(x) values given x-values
2 x 2−6
X f(x)
-7
4
3
-2
-1
8
−x 2−4
2. Given g(x)= , tabulate the g(x) values given x-values as the multiple of 2
2x
less than 11.
x g(x)
2
4
6
8
10
−6 x 2−7 −1
3. Consider h(x)= . Find h(x) if x=1, -3,0,-1 and
x−4 4
a. h(1)=__________
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b. h(-3)=_________
c. h(0)=__________
d. h(-1)=_________
−1
e. h( ¿=_________
4
−1
4. Find the values of the different quadratic functions at x=
2
x 2−1
a. f(x)=
2 x +1
−5 x 2 +2
b. f(x)=
x+4
−x 2+13
c. f(x)=
3 x +1
2
d. f(x) = 2
x −4
1
e. f(x)= 2
x +2
LESSON NO. 2C. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

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This time let us learn about rational expressions. We will define it as the quotient
of two polynomial. In other words, there is a numerator and a denominator to satisfy the
said definition. What is important to note on this is the fact that we will see to it that the
denomerator will not become zero ( as division by zero is not allowed in Mathematics).
3 x 2 x−4 a2 +3 x+1
Examples of these are , , and
5 x +2 a+2
Illustration 1.
Evaluate and simplify the rational expression given a=2
a2 +4 a−5 22 + 4 ( 2 )−5 4 +8−5 12−5 7

= = = =
2 a+ 6 2 ( 2 ) +6 10 10 10
Illustration 2.
3 x3
Consider the rational expression .Simplify.
x
3 x 2 3∙ x ∙ x ∙ x
= =3x2 (recall laws of exponent in division)
x x
Illustration 3.
b2 +2 b b(b+ 2)
Simplify 2 = 2 since b is a common factor in the numerator
b −4 b −4
b(b+2)
= since the denominator can be expressed
(b+ 2)(b−2)
as the sum and difference of squares
b
= apply cancellation law.
b−2
3 x 3 y−3 xy
Simplify Apply factoring
x3 +5 x 2+ 4 x
3 xy ( x 2−1)
= Apply trinomial factoring again in the denominator
x ( x 2 +5 x + 4 x )
3 xy ( x +1 ) (x−1)
= Use cancellation law
x ( x +1 ) ( x+ 4)
3 y( x−1)
=
( x + 4)
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TEST I
A. Evaluate the rational expressions given x=2, y=-1
2 x−3
1.
2 x+1
x+ 2
2.
x−1
x+2 y 3 x + y
3. +
4x y
3x 4
4. 2 + 2
x +6 y +5 xy −7 x−7
x+1 2 y +1 2 x− y
5. + -
5 6 3 xy
B. Simplify the following rational expression:

12 x 2
1.
3 xy
x2 − y 2
2.
x 2 + xy
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3 x −x3
3.
x2 −9
9 x2
4. 2
x +12 x+36
x 4−81
5.
x2 −4 x +4
TEST II
A. Evaluate the rational expressions given x=-2, y=3 and z=1
5x 11 z
1. −
24 y 3 xyz
8 x−2 y
2.
x2 − y−2 z
5x 4 y 2 xyz
3. + −¿
2 3 4
2 x 2 +3 y−z x 3−2 y + z
4. + +4
5 y2 3 x2
ax−3 x+ 2 ay−6 y
5.
2 ax−6 x+ ay−3 y
B. Simplify the following rational expression:

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14 x 2 y 2 8−2 a
1. 4. 2
21 xy a −a−12
w2 +7 w+12
2. 2
w −6 w−27
2 x 3+ 2 y 3
3.
2 x 2 +6 x−2
LESSON NO. 2D. RATIONAL EQUATIONS
After understanding the concept of rational number, let us move on into learning
rational equations. When a rational expression is given a value, that is having a right
value with an equal sign in the middle, we now have a rational equation. This equation
is known as rational equation. The objective of solving this rational equation is to find
the value of the variable that will satisfy the given set. Furthermore, one or more
numerical coefficients may be named by a fraction. Let us take a look at these rational
equations.
Illustration 1
4n 6n 1
Find the value of n in this given rational equation. + = . To solve for n, we need
3 3 2
to understand that the denominator can be gotten rid using the LCM. We further notice that we
can use 6 as the LCM, thus, we have:
4n 6n 1
+ = (multiply 6 both sides to the equation)
3 3 2
6( 43n + 63n = 12 ) 6
8n+12n=3
20n=3
3
n=
20
Illustration 1.
Solve for x.
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2x x 1
− = , To solve for this, LCM must be considered (that is 24)
12 8 3
24( 212x − 8x = 13 ) 24 Perform subtraction after simplifying

4x-3x=8
x=8
Illustation 2
2 x +1 −2
= (multiply denominator of the left to the right
−3 x−4 7
numerator and denominator of the right to the left numerator)
(7(2x+1)=-2(-3x-4) simplify both left and right expressions
14x+7=-6x+8 solve for x using transposition
14x+6x=8-7
1
20x=1, so x=
20
Illustation 3
a2−4 a
Find a in =3 (multiply denominator of the left side to the right)
2
(a2-5a) = -6 Simplify
a2-5a+6 =0 factor
(a-3) (a-2)=0
a-3=0 and a-2=0 since this is quadratic, there2 values of a:
a=3 and a=2
TEST I
Find the value of the unknown in each of the following:
5x x 2
1. - =
6 12 4
−3 n 13 n −1
2. + =
8 6 4
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w2 −8 w
3. =−1
16
x 1 x
4. = +
9 3 12
y+ 1 y+ 2
5. =
3 2
3 2 x
6. − =
x+1 3 x+2
TEST II
Find the value of the unknown in each of the following:
2x 1 5
1. - =
3 4 9
3 ( a−1 ) a
2. − =a
5 4
3 5
3. =
q−2 7
y +1 y−1
4. + =1
y−2 y +2
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10 5
5. 3 + 2 =
b −1 x−1
LESSON NO. 2E. RATIONAL EQUATIONS

Before we will tackle problems involving inequalities, let us first recall some important
rules of inequalties:
Properties
1. For any real number k>0, |x| < k if and only if – k < x < k
2. For any real number k >0, |x|<k if and only if –x < k or x > k
3. For all a, b, and c ϵ R and any number c if a > b if and only if a + c > b + c
4. For all a, b and c ϵ R with c> 0 , a>b if and only if a∙ c< b ∙ c
5. For all a, b and c ϵ R with c < 0, a> b if and only if a∙ c< b ∙ c
1. Write the inequality as an equation, and solve the equation

2. determine any values that make the denominator equal o.
3. on number line, mark each of the critical value from step 1 and 3
4. Select a test point in each interval, and check to see if that test point satisfies
the inequality. (Find the intervals which satisfy the inequality)
5. Mark the number line to reflect the values and intervals that satisfy the
inequality.
6. State your answer using the desired form of notation.
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These properties hold true in the following examples:

Illustration 1.
Solve |3 x +1| < 5. Applying property 1.0
-5 < 3x +1 < 5
-6 < 3x< 4
4
-2< x<
3
Illustration 2.
Solve |4 x−3| > 9 Applying property 2.0
4x-3 > 9
4x > 9 +3
4x > 12
x> 3
Illustration 3
Solve |−4 x−2| ≤ applying property 1.0
This can be written as:
-6 ≤ -4x -2 and -4x -2 ≤ 6
-6 +2 ≤ -4x and -4x ≤6 +2
-4 ≤ -4x and -4x ≤ 8
Therefor, 1 ≥ x and x>-2
Illustration 4
Solve | x−2
x+ 3 |
<4 applying property 1.0
x−2
-4<|
x+ 3 |
<4
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this can be written as an interval notation:
| x−2
x+ 3 |
> -4 and |
x−2
x+ 3 |
<4
| x−2
x+ 3 | + 4 > 0 and |
x−2
x+ 3 |
-4 <0
(x+3) ( x−2
x+ 3
+ 4 ) >0∧( x+ 3 ) (
x−2
x+ 3
−4 ) < 0
x−2+4 ( x+ 3) x−2−4(x +3)

>0 and <0
x +3 x +3
x−2+4 x +12 x−2−4 x−12
> 0 and <0
x +3 x+ 3
5 x +10 −3 x−14
>0 and <0
x +3 x +3
Solve each inequality and express the solution set as in interval notation.
n x +2
1. ≥5 4. ≤0
n+2 x+ 4
2 3
2. >
x+1 x −4 | x+14|= 25
5.
3. |7 w−4|≥ 6
LESSON NO. 2F. DOMAIN AND RANGE OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
When a rational function is defined, corresponding values of (independent) and y
(dependent) variables are also defined. Given any rational function, it is also important
to learn what are its domain and range so that we would be able to know when a
rational function does or doesn’t exist. In determining the , examine values of x that
will make the f(x) undefined. The value(s) that will make the f(x) undefined are the
constraints of the domain (by equating it to zero), otherwise if there is none, then It will
be the set of R. In determining the range of the function, we can do this by solving the
x in terms of y of the equation. Then determine the value of y which does not define x in
the function. This is also done by equating to zero.
x−3
Say for instance f(x)= , what are the values of x that will make f(x) exist?
2 x +1
Domain here is defined as the corresponding possible values of x that will make f(x) or
y exist. Examine the denominator 2x+1. To determine what are the values that will
make the function exist, we will equate this to zero to get the constrained of the
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denominator since it not hold a zero value at the end (since division by zero is not
allowed). Thus, we have:
2x+1=0
2x=-1
x= - ½
There, domain or the set of x variables that will define f(x) as a rational function
−1
are all real numbers except x= , Mathematically, we can denote domain as :
2
1
{| }
x x ϵ R , x ≠− . If this is satisfied, the function will de defined with y having as
2
ϵ R except 1/2 denoted as { y| y ϵ R except 1 /2 } after solving for the range following the
above steps.
Illustration 1
x2
Given f(x)= 2 , define the domain and the range, We are constrained on the
x −x−2
denominator which should not be zero. The denominator can be factored and be
equated to zero as:
(x-2) (x+1) = 0
x+2 = 0 and x+1 = 0
x= -2 and x = -1
Therefore: domain is { x|x ϵ R , x ≠−2 0 r−1 }
To determine the range, let us solve for x in terms of y.
x2
f(x)=
x2 −x−2
x2
y=
x2 −x−2
y(x2-x-2) =x2
yx2-xy-2y=x2
x2y-x2-xy-2y=0
x2(y-1)-xy=2y
Solving further, you are constrained in the radical condition thus
Range : { y| y ϵ R , y> 0 }
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Illustration 2
x❑
Given f(x)= 2 , define the domain and the range. The denominator again can be
x −4
factored using the sum and difference of squared. Thus,
x2-4 = 0
(x+2) (x-2) =0
Therefore, x+2=0 or x-2=0
x=-2 or x=2
So, domain is { x|x ϵ R , x ≠−2∨2 }
Range: { y| y ϵ R , except y ≠ 0 }, why?
Illustration 3
x
Given f(x)= 2 , define the domain and the range.
x −1
Equating the denominator to zero, we have:
x2-1=0
x2=1
x=± √ 1 or x=± 1
So, domain is { x|x ϵ R , x ≠−1∨1 } .
Range: { x|x ϵ R , except y ≠ 0 } , why ?
Illustration 4
x2 −1
Given f(x)= , define the domain and the range. Equating the denominator to zero,
x−2
we have:
x-2=0
x=2
So, domain is: { x|x ϵ R , x ≠−2 }
Range: { y| y ϵ R , y ≠ x } , why ?
TEST I
Telephone :084-829-0249
Given the following rational functions, define the domain and the range. Show your
solutions.
4x
1. f ( x ) 2 Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x + x−2
x2
2. f ( x ) Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x 2−9
x2 +2 x+ 1
3. f ( x ) Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x 2−5 x +6
x 2−1
4. f ( x ) Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x−2
3 x 2−x−2
5.f ( x ) Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x −3
2 x 2+ x +1
6.f ( x ) Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x +1
x 3 +2 x 2 + x−3
7. f ( x ) Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x 2+2 x+ 3
x 2+ 4
8. f ( x ) Domain:____________ Range:_______________
x 2−9
Rubric for the activity

Telephone :084-829-0249
REFERENCE:

SH GEN MATH W3 and W4 Q1 Lesson 2

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MARYKNOLL SCHOOL OF STO. TOMAS, INC.

Fd. Road 3, Brgy. Tibal-og

Function- a relationship or expression involving one or more variables.

Pencil, paper, ballpen, module and graphing paper

Before we will tackle rational functions, let us first consider understanding

LESSON NO. 2A. RATIONAL LINEAR FUNCTION

LESSON NO. 2B. RATIONAL QUADRATIC FUNCTION

−2 x 2−1 −18−1 −19

LESSON NO. 2C. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

a2 +4 a−5 22 + 4 ( 2 )−5 4 +8−5 12−5 7

B. Simplify the following rational expression:

B. Simplify the following rational expression:

24( 212x − 8x = 13 ) 24 Perform subtraction after simplifying

LESSON NO. 2E. RATIONAL EQUATIONS

1. Write the inequality as an equation, and solve the equation

These properties hold true in the following examples:

x−2+4 ( x+ 3) x−2−4(x +3)

Rubric for the activity

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