Pile Load Tests - Dr. Irfan

DISCLAIMER
A PRACTICAL OVERVIEW INTO

PILE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
CEO, Birudo Engineers
Email: mirfan1@msn.com
2
MOTIVATION
“O People, verily knowledge is gained from

learning and (good) understanding that can
be attained by seeking explanation”
[Hadith narrated by Imam Al-Tabrani]
FOUNDATION DESIGN CYCLE

Execute Boreholes/Test pits, etc.
Field
Soil Samples
Observations
Laboratory
Soil Model
construction site Pile Capacity Curves

4
FOUNDATION DESIGN CYCLE
Execute Boreholes/Test pits, etc.
Field
Soil Samples
Length + Diameter Observations
of Pile
Laboratory
Soil Model
Design Load Pile Capacity Curves

5
DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Pile foundations used for very
important structures only
Pile failure can put many
people plus huge investment to
risk
Can not rely solely on
theoretical computations
Confirmation of theoretical
capacity Æ Important
6
DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
When/why is the confirmation of theoretical design
capacity required?
Design loads significantly higher than typical
Soil/rock conditions change considerably in different parts of
project area
Time related soil capacity changes are anticipated (i.e. soil setup
& relaxation)
Existing piles will be used to support new, heavier structures
New or unproven pile types or installation methods are to be used
How to confirm theoretical design capacity?
Pile Load Test!

7
STATIC PILE LOAD TEST (PLT)

Most reliable means to determine pile load capacity
PLT on Test Piles PLT on Working Piles
Executed on test piles before design Executed on working piles (during
finalization project execution stage)
Length, dia., drilling method, etc. Length, dia., drilling method, etc.
same as planned for actual project same as Test Piles
Pile loaded to 2 to 3 times design Pile loaded up to 1.5 to 2 times
load design load
Pile loaded, preferably, till failure Pile failure is not desired
Information obtained Information obtained
Ultimate pile capacity (i.e. Failure Assurance of pile load carrying
Load) capacity in extreme scenarios (i.e.
Contribution of skin friction and tip 1.5 (or 2) times design load)
Pile settlement at design load Assurance of pile settlement be
within permissible limits in extreme
Load distribution along pile length
scenarios (i.e. 1.5 (or 2) times
Soil spring modulus design load) 8
STATIC PILE LOAD TEST
Test Arrangements ASTM D1143
Kentledge type reaction
loading arrangement

110% test
load

Kentledge type reaction loading arrangement

110% test load
Loading
Jack
10
Anchor pile reaction
loading arrangement
Reaction load from
anchor piles = test load
11

Anchor pile reaction loading arrangement
Reaction load from anchor piles = test load
12
Loading Specs ASTM D1143
Pile to be loaded to at least 2-3 times design load
Reaction load be at least 110% of test load (for Kentledge Arrangement)
Loading be done in steps (Maintained Load Test)

Steps (in % of design load) Æ 25%, 50%, 75%, …, 200%, …
Each Load maintained till
Settlement rate

hr; or
2 hours (max.)
Max. load maintained for 24 hr
Unloading also done in steps

Steps (in % of design load) Æ 200%, 175%,
Each Unloading step maintained till
Settlement rate

hr; or
1 hour (max.) 13

Results ASTM D1143
LOAD (kN)
SETTLEMENT (mm)
TIME
14
Results ASTM D1143
15
PILE “CAPACITY”
Main objective of PLT Æ Determination of Ultimate Pile Capacity
Qult Load
Text book
Reality
Settlement
Actual load/settlement curves are generally not well-defined

Interpretation required in systematic manner NEXT SLIDE16
LOAD/SETTLEMENT CURVE
Failure Criteria
Qult = Load Carrying Capacity of Pile at FAILURE
Shear failure Serviceability thresholds

(Max. permissible settlements)
Possible Failure Criteria

Load at which settlement continues to
increase without any further increase in load
(Point A)
Load causing gross settlement of 10% of pile
diameter (Point B)
Failure load is the load where load-settlement
has its minimum radius of curvature
Drawing tangents to the initial and final
portions of the curve and taking the
intersection point as failure load (Point F)
17
LOAD/SETTLEMENT CURVE
Interpretation Methods
1. Davisson’s Method (1972)
2. Chin’s Method (1970, 1971)
3. De Beer’s Method (1967) or De Beer & Wallays’
Method (1972)
4. Brinch Hansen’s 90% Criterion (1963)
5. Brinch Hansen’s 80% Criterion (1963)
6. Mazurkiewicz’s Method (1972)
7. Fuller and Hoy’s Method (1970)
8. Butler and Hoy’s Method (1977)
9. Vander Veen’s Method (1953)
18
INTERPRETATION OF PLT RESULTS
Davisson’s Method
a. Draw load-settlement curve
b. Obtain elastic movement,
'=(Qva)L/AE; and draw line OA
based on this equation.
Qva is the applied load, L is pile
length, A is pile cross-sectional area,
and E is modulus of elasticity of pile
material
c. Draw line BC parallel to OA at a
distance of x where x = 0.15 +
D/120 in. (D = dia. of pile in in.)
d. The failure load is at the
intersection of BC with load-
settlement curve (i.e. Point-C)
19

Chin’s Method
a. Draw '/ Qva versus ' plot.
b. Ultimate load is equal to (1/C1),
where C1 is the slope of line
This method is only applicable if

constant time increments are used.
ASTM standard method may not
have constant time interval, thus
this method might not give realistic
results
The data points do not appear to fall
on the straight line until the test
load has passed Davisson’s limit
value.
Chin’s failure load is typically
20%-40% greater than Davisson’s
ultimate load.
20
De Beer’s Method
a. Draw load-settlement data on log
scale
b. Bi-linear behavior is observed
c. Intersection of these lines
indicate the failure load
This method was originally proposed

for Slow Maintained tests (e.g.
ASTM Standard Procedure)
21

90% Hansen Method
a. Plot load-settlement curve
b. Find the load (Qv)ult and 'v that
gives twice the movement of the
pile head as obtained for 90% of
the load (Qv)ult, where (Qv)ult is
the failure load
Method mainly derived for

Continuous Rate of Penetration
(CRP) type test method.
22
Comparison of Interpretation Methods
23
STATIC PILE LOAD TEST (PLT)

Most reliable means to determine pile load capacity
PLT on Test Piles PLT on Working Piles
Executed on test piles before design Executed on working piles (during
finalization project execution stage)
Length, dia., drilling method, etc. Length, dia., drilling method, etc.
same as planned for actual project same as Test Piles
Pile loaded to 2 to 3 times design Pile loaded up to 1.5 to 2 times
load design load
Pile loaded, preferably, till failure Pile failure is not desired
Information obtained Information obtained
Ultimate pile capacity (i.e. Failure Assurance of pile load carrying
Load) capacity in extreme scenarios (i.e.
Contribution of skin friction and tip 1.5 (or 2) times design load)
Pile settlement at design load Assurance of pile settlement be
within permissible limits in extreme
Load distribution along pile length
scenarios (i.e. 1.5 (or 2) times
Soil spring modulus design load) 24
PILE INSTRUMENTATION
BENEFITS
Automatic data acquisition
High Precision
Continuous data recording
Load transfer mechanism of pile to soil (i.e. soil-
structure interaction)
Load distribution along pile shaft
Skin friction along pile shaft
Pile settlement behavior
Design optimization
25
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
Load cells Load Measurement
Displacement transducers Pile head movement
Telltales
Movement/strain
along pile length
Strain gauges
Data recording and
Data Logger conversion in human
understandable form
26
Load Cell
For load measurement (digitally)
Converts force into electrical signals
Four strain gauges in a Wheatstone Bridge
configuration to sense load (typical)
27
Displacement Transducer
To keep digital record of pile head movement
LVDT (Linear Variable Displacement Transducer)
Converts displacement into electrical signals
Output current varies as a function of coil resistance in
LVDT
28
Telltales (Telltale Rods)
Simple metal rods installed inside the pile through PVC sleeves
Rods terminated at various levels
Rods free to move in guides as pile settles under load
Elastic shortening between each length of
pile can be measured by means of dial
gauges mounted on the heads
29
Strain Gauges
Measure strain along pile shaft
Knowing the modulus of concrete,, strain can be converted to
stress and subsequently the load taken by that part
Vibrating wire type Æ most common
mmon
30
Typical Configuration
31
INSTRUMENTED PILE LOAD TESTS

Typical Results
Micro Strain
Applied Load (kN)
Pile Depth (m)
Pile Depth (m)
32
INSTRUMENTED PILE LOAD TESTS
Typical Results
Ultimate Skin Friction (kPa)
Load (kN)
33
PLT IN TENSION/UPLIFT
34
4
LATERAL
PILE LOAD
TEST
35
GENERAL PILE CONSTRUCTION

METHODS
‘Wet’ Methods
Drilling in ‘wet’ condition using drilling slurry
Rotary drilling
Reverse circulation
‘Dry’ Methods
Drilling in ‘dry’ condition
Auger bucket
Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
‘Casing’ Methods
Using temporary/permanent casing
Method selected based upon soil and GWT conditions
Soil-structure interaction slightly to significantly dependent upon applied
method
36
PILE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Cased Pile Construction
37

-- Wet Method --
Uncased Hole Stabilized by Slurry
Standpipe Drilling & Hole Cage

Concreting
installation Stabilization lowering
38
Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
39
PERFORMANCE ASSURANCE OF
PILES
40
QC IN PILE CONSTRUCTION
Major factors affecting
pile capacity.
Drilling fluid
Necking
Bottom cleaning
Construction delays
41
42
43
Control of slurry properties.
44
45
THANK YOU!
Contact:
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
CEO, Birudo Engineers
Email: mirfan1@msn.com
46

Pile Load Tests - Dr. Irfan

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DISCLAIMER

A PRACTICAL OVERVIEW INTO

“O People, verily knowledge is gained from

FOUNDATION DESIGN CYCLE

construction site Pile Capacity Curves

Design Load Pile Capacity Curves

DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS

How to confirm theoretical design capacity?

Pile Load Test!

STATIC PILE LOAD TEST (PLT)

STATIC PILE LOAD TEST

STATIC PILE LOAD TEST

 Loading be done in steps (Maintained Load Test)

 Unloading also done in steps

STATIC PILE LOAD TEST

 Actual load/settlement curves are generally not well-defined

Shear failure Serviceability thresholds

Possible Failure Criteria

INTERPRETATION OF PLT RESULTS

 This method is only applicable if

This method was originally proposed

INTERPRETATION OF PLT RESULTS

Method mainly derived for

STATIC PILE LOAD TEST (PLT)

Load cells Load Measurement

Displacement transducers Pile head movement

INSTRUMENTED PILE LOAD TESTS

Pile Depth (m)

GENERAL PILE CONSTRUCTION

PILE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Standpipe Drilling & Hole Cage

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Loading be done in steps (Maintained Load Test)

Unloading also done in steps

Actual load/settlement curves are generally not well-defined

This method is only applicable if