CHAPTER 2

ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS,
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
AND CALCULATIONS

Miss Asnida Yanti Ani

A117-P/ext-2812
FSG(Chemistry)
 Lesson Outcomes
Upon completion of this chapter, students should be able to:

 define element, compound, atom, molecule, and ion,

 give the names or formulas of elements, molecules, and compound
 understand the basic structure of an atom,
 define proton number, nucleon number, and isotope
 define relative atomic mass and relative molecular/formula mass,
 understand the mole concept,
 calculate the % composition, empirical the molecular formulas
 balance chemical equations
 understand chemical stoichiometry
 determine limiting reactant
 calculate the concentration and molarity of solution
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 Pure
substances

elements compounds

atoms molecules molecules ions

Ne O2 ClO2 NaCl

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2.1 Definitions
Items Meaning
Atom • smallest particle of an element that retain the characteristic properties of
that element

Molecules • the smallest particles that can be identified as a particular compound.

• molecules are formed from chemical combinations of atoms-atoms are
combined in specific ratios to one another.
Example: water is H2O with a ratio of 2 : 1 in H : O

Element • a pure substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by

ordinary chemical means. It is formed from the combination of atoms only.
• Elements can also occur in a molecular form in which the same type of
elements (atoms) are chemically combined. They are called diatomic
molecules or, sometimes, molecular elements and they are:
hydrogen, H2; nitrogen, N2; oxygen, O2; fluorine, F2;
chlorine, Cl2; bromine, Br2; iodine, I2

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 Items Meaning
Compounds combination of two or more elements.
There are two types of compounds: molecular compounds and
ionic compounds.
Ions atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative
charge.
cations  have a positive charge of one or greater
are generally derived from either metal elements or groups of
elements from which one or more electrons have been removed
cations (monotomic) are always smaller that the element from
which they are derived

anions  have a negative charge of one or greater

are generally derived from either non-metal elements or groups of
elements to which one or more electrons have been added
anions (monotomic) are always larger than the element from
which they are derived
 Items Meaning
Monoatomic •Derived from single elements
ions Na Na+ + 1e- (e- is lost)
Ca Ca2+ + 2e- (e- 's are lost)
Cl + 1e- Cl- (e- is gained)
O + 2e- O2- (e- 's are gained)
polyatomic •are derived from groups of elements which are generally
ions non-metals

CO32-, PO43- , SO42- ,NH4+

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 2.2 Naming compound
Binary Compounds: Metal-Nonmetal
 Name the first element in the compound, the metal, by its actual name.
 The second element is then named by using the base of the nonmetal's
name and adding -ide as a suffix

Groups 1A, 2A, 3A Example:

and Ag, Zn, Cd NaCl = Sodium chloride
Positive ZnI2 = Zinc Iodide
Litium Li+
Natrium Na+
Potassium K+
Beryllium Be 2+
Magnesium Mg2+
The halogens (F - At) = -1
Calcium Ca2+
The Oxygen family (O - Te) = -2
Srontium Sr2+
Barium Ba2+
The Nitrogen family (N - As) = –3
Aluminium Al3+
Silver Ag+
Zinc Zn2+
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Cadmium Cd 2+
 Question 1
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds:

Na3N sodium ________________

KBr potassium________________

Al2O3 aluminum ________________

MgS _________________________

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 Naming compound
Binary Compounds: Transition Metal-Nonmetal
 Name the first element in the compound, the metal, by its actual name.
Then you must also include its oxidation number by putting it in ( ) after
the name. *stock method
 The second element is then named by using the base of the nonmetal's
name and adding -ide as a suffix

FeCl3 (Fe3+) + Cl- iron (III) chloride

Transition CuCl (Cu+ ) + Cl- copper (I) chloride
metals and
the metals in SnF4 (Sn4+) + F- tin (IV) fluoride
groups 4A
and 5A PbCl2 (Pb2+) + Cl- lead (II) chloride
Fe2S3 (Fe3+) + S2- iron (III) sulfide

Formula IUPAC Name Common Name Source

FeCl3 iron (III) chloride ferric chloride Fe3+ (higher charge)

FeCl2 iron (II) chloride ferrous chloride Fe 2+ (lower charge)
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 Question 2
Name the following compounds:

A. CaO
1) calcium oxide 2) calcium(I) oxide
3) calcium (II) oxide
B. SnCl4
1) tin tetrachloride 2) tin(II) chloride
3) tin(IV) chloride

C. Co2O3
1) cobalt oxide 2) cobalt (III) oxide
3) cobalt trioxide
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 Question 3
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds with variable metal ions:

FeBr2 iron (_____) bromide

Cu2O copper (_____) oxide

SnCl4 ___(_____ ) ______________

Fe2O3 ________________________

CuS ________________________ rizanayusof_2011

 Naming compound
Binary Compounds: Nonmetal-Nonmetal
 name the first element ( element to the left side on periodic table).
 Then, name the second element by ending it with -ide.
 The Greek prefixes are used to tell how many of each nonmetal
ion are present in the compound. If there is only one of the first
element, the prefix ‘mono’ is omitted.

PREFIX P2O5 is named diphosphorous pentoxide

mono - 1
di -2 CO is carbon monoxide
tri -3
tetra - 4
penta - 5
hexa - 6
hepta - 7
octa - 8
nona - 9
deca -10
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Common Molecular Compounds
 Question 4
CO carbon ______oxide
CO2 carbon _______________

PCl3 phosphorus _______chloride

CCl4 carbon ________chloride

N2O _____nitrogen _____oxide

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 Question 5
A. P2O5 1) phosphorus oxide
2) phosphorus pentoxide
3) diphosphorus pentoxide

B. Cl2O7 1) dichlorine heptoxide

2) dichlorine oxide
3) chlorine heptoxide

C. Cl2 1) chlorine
2) dichlorine
3) dichloride
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 Naming compound
Ternary Compound: Metal-Polyatomic anion
 +ve charge species on left (using Stock method/common name)
 -ve charge species on right (using name of polyatomic ion)
 Use parentheses as needed.

Formula Ions name

BaSO4 Ba 2+ and SO4 2- Barium sulphate
Ca(NO3)2 Ca 2+ and NO3- Calcium nitrate
Ca(NO2)2 Ba 2+ and NO2- Calcium nitrite
Fe(NO3)2 Fe 2+ and NO3- Iron (II) nitrate or ferrous
nitrate

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 Question 6
Match each set with the correct name:

A. Na2CO3 1) magnesium sulfite

MgSO3 2) magnesium sulfate
MgSO4 3) sodium carbonate

B. Ca(HCO3)2 1) calcium carbonate

CaCO3 2) calcium phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2 3) calcium bicarbonate
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 Question 7
A. aluminum nitrate
1) AlNO3 2) Al(NO)3 3) Al(NO3)3
B. copper(II) nitrate
1) CuNO3 2) Cu(NO3)2 3) Cu2(NO3)
C. Iron (III) hydroxide
1) FeOH 2) Fe3OH 3) Fe(OH)3
D. Tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)4 2) Sn(OH)2 3) Sn4(OH)

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 Naming compound
Hydro Acids: hydro + halogen name + ic
 Acids which do not contain oxygen (e.g., HCl, H2S, HF) are
named by adding the hydro- prefix to the root name of the
element, followed by the -ic suffix.

Formula Molecular Name Acid name

HF Hydrogen fluoride Hydrofluoric acid
HCl Hydrogen chloride Hydrochloric acid
H 2S Hydrogen sulfide Hydrosulfuric acid
HCN Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanic acid

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 Naming compound
Oxo Acids: Polyatomic ion + acid
 Recognize as polyatomic ions with a hydrogen at the beginning of the formula.
 Name with the -ous or –ite suffix. (works just like -ite and –ate suffix).
 -ic suffix is for acid with more oxygen atoms.
 When a non metal forms two oxoanions
 ‘ –ate ’ is used for the one with larger number of oxygens
 ‘ –ite ’ is used for the one with smaller number of oxygen
 When a nonmetal forms more than two oxoanions, prefixes used:
 per (largest number of oxygen)
 hypo(smallest number of oxygens

Formula Name Source

HNO3 Nitric acid Nitric from nitrate (NO3-)
HNO2 Nitrous acid Nitrous from nitrite (NO2-)
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 2.3 The mole concept and Avogadro’s
number
 Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) is the mass of an atom of an element
compared with that of one atom of 12C. For example, an atom of magnesium
has twice the mass of an atom of 12C. Its relative atomic mass is
therefore 24.
 Relative Molecular Mass (RMM) is the mass of a molecule compared
with that of one atom of 12C. Calculated by adding together the relative
atomic masses of the constituent atoms. Example, CH3CH2OH, has a
RMM of 46.
 Formula/Molecular Mass or weight is the average mass of a
formula unit relative to that of 12C atom.Calculated by summing up
the masses of the atoms or ions represented by the chemical
formula. Example, Ca3(PO4)2, has a FM of 310 a.m.u.
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 A mole (mol) is an amount of substance that contains as many elementary
units (atoms, molecule and formula units) as there are atoms in exactly 12
gram of the 12C isotope.
1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles
6.02 x 1023 = Avogadro’s Number (NA)

 Molar mass = The mass of 1 mole of that substance.

1 mol H atoms = 6.02 x 1023 H

atoms
1 mol H2 molecules = 6.02 x 1023 H2
molecules
1 mol H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023
H2O molecules
1 mol NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023
NO3- ions

1 mol O2 molecules contain = 6.02 x 1023 O2 molecules

1 mol O2 molecules contain = 2 mol O
1 mol O2 molecules contain = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 O atoms
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 Mole concepts
Using triangle boxes

Number of
atom/
molecule/
ion

Mass
Moles x NA
Moles x RMM

Moles, num. of atom, NA

Moles, mass, RMM

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 Exercise 1
1. Calculate the numbers of a) H2O molecules b) H atom c) All the
atoms in ¼ mol of water:
Answer: 1 mol H2O molecules contain = 6.02 x 1023 O2 molecules
1 mol H2O molecules contain = 2 mol H + 1 mol O
1 mol H2O molecules contain = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 H atoms + 6.02 x 1023 O atoms

a) nu of molecules = moles x NA
= ¼ x 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
= 1.51 x 1023 H2O molecules

b) Nu of H atoms = moles x NA
= ¼ x 2 x 6.02 x 1023 H atoms
= 3.01 x 1023 H atoms

c) Nu of all atoms = moles x NA

= ¼ x 3 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms
= 4.53 x 1023 atoms
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 Exercise 2
 Calculate the formula mass of:
a) (NH4)2S
b) (NH4)2SO4

 Calculate the grams present in:

a) 0.200 moles of H2S
b) 3.40 x 10-5 moles of Na2CO3

 Calculate the moles present in:

a) 75.57 grams of KBr
b) 0.750 grams of Na2CO3
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2.4 The Empirical Formula and the Molecular
Formula
 The percent by mass of each element the compound contains.
Mass of the element in 1 mol of compound
% Composition = -----------------------------------------------------
Molar mass of compound

 The sum of the mass percent of all the elements in a compound as

represented by its chemical formula is equal to 100%
 Empirical Formula: The simplest possible whole number ratios
of all the atoms in a compound. Example: C3H6O
 Molecular formula: The formula which shows the exact number
of atoms of each element in the molecule. It is the actual formula
for a molecule.Example: C6H12O2

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From molecular formula given, percentage mass can be calculated

 Example: Mg(OH)2
 % Mg = mass Mg X 100
molar mass Mg(OH)2
= 24 X 100 = 41.38%
58

 %O = mass O2 X 100
molar mass Mg(OH)2
= 2 x 16 X 100 = 55.17%
58

 %H = mass H2 X 100 or
molar mass Mg(OH)2 100 – (41.38 +55.17)
= 3.45%
= 2x1 X 100 = 3.45%
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58
From % mass given, empirical formula can be calculated

Elements Mg O H

1 Convert mass percentages to masses in gram 41.38 55.17 3.45

2 Divide the mass of each element by its molar 41.38 55.17 3.45
mass in order to obtain the number of moles of 24 16 1
each atom in the compound = 1.7242 = = 3.45
3.4481
3 Change the ratio to whole number mole ratio by 1.7242 3.4481 3.45
dividing each mole value in the above ratio by 1.7242 1.7242 1.7242
the smallest of the 3 mole values =1 = 1.999 = 2.000
2
4 Determine the empirical formula of the Mg 1 O2 H2
compound
Mg (OH)2
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 Example 1:
A compound is 75.46% carbon, 4.44% hydrogen, and
20.10% oxygen by mass. It has a molecular weight of
318.31 g/mol. What is the molecular formula for this
compound?

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Example 1:
A compound is 75.46% carbon, 4.44% hydrogen, and 20.10% oxygen by mass. It has a
molecular weight of 318.31 g/mol. What is the molecular formula for this compound?

Elements C H O
1

n (MW empirical formula) = MW molecular formula

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 Example 2:
When 5 g of acetic acid are burned in air, 7.33 g of CO2 and
3.00 g of water are obtained. What is the simplest formula of
acetic acid?
 From CO2 determine the mass of C
C x 7.33 g x 12 g = 1.99 g C
CO2 44
 From H2O determine the mass of H
2H x 3.00 g x 1 g = 0.33 g H
H2O 18
 mass of O
= mass of sample – mass of C – mass of H
= 5 g – 1.99 g – 0.33 g = 2.68 g O

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 From the mass, empirical formula can be calculated

Elements C H O

1 masses in gram
2 Divide the mass of each element by its
molar mass in order to obtain the number
of moles of each atom in the compound
3 Change the ratio to whole number mole
ratio by dividing each mole value in the
above ratio by the smallest of the 3 mole
values
4 Determine the empirical formula of the
compound

CH2O
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2.5 Balancing of chemical equations
Balancing of chemical equations using algebra concept:

- Example 1: aNa + bH2O  cNaOH + dH2

(4) (5)

(R) (P)
Na : a = c
H : 2b = 2d + c
O : b = c
Total 4 5

a=1, c=1,b=1 2b = 2d + 1
2(1) = 2d + 1
2d = 2 - 1
d=½
 aNa + bH2O  cNaOH + dH2
Na + H2O  NaOH + ½ H2
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2 rizanayusof_2011
- Example 2: aTiO2 + bBrF3  cTiF4 + dBr2 + eO2
(7) (9)
(R) (P)
Ti : a = c
O : 2a = 2e
Br : b = 2d
F : 3b = 4c
Total 7 9
a=1,c=1
2a = 2e
2(1) = 2e , e = 1
3b = 4(1), b = 4/3
2d = 4/3, d = 4/6 = 2/3
 TiO2 + 4/3BrF3  TiF4 + 2/3Br2 + O2
or
3TiO2 + 4BrF3  3TiF4 + 2Br2 + 3O2 rizanayusof_2011
Exercise: Balance the following equations

1. CH3OH + O2  CO2 + H2O

2. Be2C + H2O  Be(OH)2 + CH4
3. VO + Fe2O3  FeO + V2O5
4. MnO2 + HCl  Cl2 + MnCl2 + H2O
5. KO2 + H2O + CO2  KHCO3 + O2
6. CH3NH2 + O2  CO2 + N2 + H2O

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2.6 Stoichiometry Calculation
 Stoichiometry: The quantitative relationship between
reactants and/or products.
 in chemical equation, the formulae reactant are written on
the leftside on the equation and the formulae of the products
on the right.
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
 Coefficient = number of moles
 “2 mol of H2S is consumed to produce 3 mol of S”
H2S = 2 or S = 3
S 3 H2S 2
Or “ 2 mol of H2S is consumed together with 1 mol of SO2 ‘
H2S = 2 or SO2 = 1
SO2 1 H2S 2
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 A + B 2C + D

KOH + MgCl2  2KCl + Mg(OH)2

Its important to know the realtionship based on mole ratio !!!!

How many moles A = mole ratio A x mole B
B

How many gram A = mole ratio A x mole B x Molar mass A

B

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Example 1:
How many moles of CO2 are produced in the combustion of 2.72 mol
of C6H14O4, in excess of O2?

2C6H14O4 + 15O2 12CO2 + 14H2O

2.72 moles excess ? moles

? mol CO2 = 12CO2 X moles C6H14O4

2C6H14O4

= 6CO2 X 2.72 moles C6H14O4

C6H14O4

= 16.3 mol CO2

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 How many grams of oxygen (O) are there in 200 g of
KOH?

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Example 2:
How many grams of oxygen (O) are there in 200 g of KOH?

? gram O = O X moles KOH X atomic weight O

KOH

= O X 200 mol KOH x 16

KOH 56

= 57.14 g O

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Example 5:
(iii) How many grams of Mg(OH)2 are produced from 100 g of KCl
according to the following equation?

100 gram ? gram

2KOH + MgCl2  2KCl + Mg(OH)2
Example 5:
(iii) How many grams of Mg(OH)2 are produced from 100 g of KCl
according to the following equation?

100 gram ? gram

2KOH + MgCl2  2KCl + Mg(OH)2

Mg(OH)2
KCl Mg(OH)2
X mol X molecular weight
2KCl Formula only without
Formula only without number
number in front
in front

= 1 Mg(OH)2 X 100 X 58
2 74.5
= 38.9 g Mg(OH)2
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Exercise:
 All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. Reaction given:
2 Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2

How many grams of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of

80.57 g of Li with water?

Answer : 11.70 g H2

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 Limiting Reactant
 Limiting reactant: The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits
the amount of product that can be formed. The reaction will stop
when all of the limiting reactant is consumed.

 Excess Reagent: The reactant in a chemical reaction that remains

when a reaction stops when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed. The excess reactant remains because there is nothing
with which it can react.

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 Example:
A 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00 g of
oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant , how many gram NO
produced and how much excess reactant remains after the
reaction has stopped?

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

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 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)  4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g
NH3 O2 NO H2O
I mass 2.00g 4.00g 0+ 0
mole = 2.00g/17g/mol 4.00g/32g/mol
mass/RMM = 0.118mol = 0.125mol
C stoichi ratio NH3/O2 = 4/5 O2/NH3 = 5/4 NO/O2 = 4/5

Ratio x mole NH3/O2 x mole O2/NH3 x mole NO/O2 X mole

O2 NH3 O2
= 4/5 x 0.125 = 5/4 x 0.118 = 4/5 x 0.125 mol
= 0.1 mol = 0.148 mol = 0.1 mol
mass = mol x 0.1 mol x 17 0.148 mol x 0.1 mol x 30 g/mol
RMM g/mol 32g/mol = 3.0g
= 1.7g = 4.74g
F I–C I-C
2.00 – 1.7g 4.00 – 4.74g
= 0.3g = - 0.74g
(E/R) (L/R)
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(iv) How many grams of KCl are produced when 10 g of KOH are
reacted with 10 g of MgCl2?
Given: 2KOH + MgCl2  2KCl + Mg(OH)2
10 g 10g ?g
KOH MgCl2 KCl Mg(OH)2
10/56 = 10/95 =
0.1786 mol 0.1053 mol
2/1 x 0.1053 ½ x 0.1786 KCl/KOH x
mol mol mol KOH
= 0.212 mol = 0.0893 mol 2/2 x 0.1786 =
0.1786 mol
0.212 x 56 = 0.0893 x 95 =
11.872 g 8.4835 g 0.1786 x 74.5
= 13.31 g
10 – 11.872 = 10 – 8.4835 =
-1.872 g 1.5165 g

L/R ER
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CHECKING!!!!!

I+I+I+I = F + F + F +F

-1.79=0

10 + 10 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 1.52 + 13.30 + 5.18

20 g = 20 g

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 Theoretical Yield
Theoretical Yield
 The amount of product that would be formed if the reaction went to completion.
 It is based on the stoichiometry of the reaction and ideal conditions in
which starting material is completely consumed, undesired side
reactions do not occur, the reverse reaction does not occur, and there
no losses in the work-up procedure.The theoretical yield is based on
the moles of limiting reagent you started with.

Actual Yield
 The real, experimentally measured amount of product that is obtained from
a chemical reaction.

Percent Yield
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Exercise 1:
 In a lab experiment, 0.80 g of copper metal should be produced. If a
student actually made 0.77 g of copper, what is the percent yield?

% yield = actual yield x 100

theoretical yield
= 0.77 g x 100
0.80 g
= 96.25%

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 a) Calculate the theoretical yield of ZnS, in grams, from the
reaction of 0.488 g Zn and 0.503 g S8

Answer: Must balance equation first

8 Zn + S8 8 ZnS
I 0.488 g 0.503 g 0
8 Zn x 0.503 x 65 S8 x 0.488 x 256 8 ZnS x 0.488 x 97
C
S8 256 8 Zn 65 8 Zn 65
Theoretical
= 1.022 g = 0.240 g = 0.728 g
yield
F (0.488 – 1.022 g) (0.503 – 0.240 g)
= -0.534 g = 0.263 g
(limiting reagent) (excess reagent)

b) If the actual yield is 0.606 g ZnS, what is the percentage yield?

Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100 = 0.606 g x 100

Theoretical yield 0.728 g

= 83.24%
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