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A117-P (Al-Farabi 3)
Faculty of Applied Science
UiTM (Perlis)
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At the end of the topic, students should be able to :
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INTRODUCTIONTO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Chemical change
Chemical change occurs when the atoms that make up one or more
substances rearrange themselves in such a way that new substances are
formed.
Sub stances which decrease in quantity = reactants
Substances which increase in quantity = products
A given chemical reaction system is defined by a balanced net chemical
equation which is conventionally written as
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
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INTRODUCTIONTO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Few chemical reactions proceed in only one direction
The reaction continues until one or more of the reactants
are completely used up in the reaction.
When this happens, the reaction stop. An example is the
reaction is between magnesium carbonate and dilute
sulphuric acid.
MgCO3 (s) + H2SO4 → MgSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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INTRODUCTION
TO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
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The Concept of Equilibrium
At the start of a reversible process, the reaction proceeds toward the
formation of products.
when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the
concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant with
time, chemical equilibrium is reached.
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
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The important characteristic of chemical equilibrium
are:
The properties ( i.e concentration) of the reactant and
products become constant at equilibrium and remain
unchanged.
The equilibrium can be approached from either
direction i.e starting with pure reactant or pure
products, provided enough time is allowed.
The chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature. After
the equilibrium achieved, the reaction does not stop.
Forward and reversed reaction occur at equal rate (the
system is in a state of dynamic equilibrium)
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EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION FOR A REACTION
A. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT, Kc
Hence the value and units of Kc depend on how the chemical equation
is written. Kc
aA + bB cC + dD
K ’c
Kc = eq. constant for forward reaction Kc = _1_
K ’c = eq. constant for reverse reaction
K ’c
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Exercise:
Eg: 2HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g)
given that [HI] = 1.750 M
[H2] = 1.125 M
[I2] = 0.125 M
b) reverse reaction
K ‘c = 1 = 1 = 21.7
Kc 0.046
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B. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT IN TERM OF PRESSURE, Kp
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Example :
The equilibrium constant Kp for the decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride
to phosphorus trichloride and molecular chlorine is found to be 1.05 at 250oC. If
the equilibrium partial pressure of PCI5 and PCI3 are 0.875 atm and 0.463 atm,
respectively, what is the equilibrium partial pressure of CI2 at 250oC?
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Relating Kc and Kp
For gases; PV = nRT
P = (n/V) RT
P = (concentration) RT
PA = [ A ] RT, so………. PB = [ B ] RT,
PC = [ C ] RT, and so on…
Kp = Kc (RT) ∆n
∆n = (moles of gases products)-( moles of gases reactants)
T = temperature (in K)
R = gas constant (0.0821 L atm/Kmol) rizanayusof_2011
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Example :
For the reaction
N 2(g) + 3H 2(g) 2NH 3(g)
Kp is 4.3 X 10-4 at 375oC. Calculate Kc for the reaction.
Solutions:
From equation Kp = Kc (0.0821T) n we write:
Kc = Kp
(0.0821T) n
Because T = 375 + 273 = 648K and n = 2-4 = -2, we have
Kc = 4.3 X 10-4
(0.0821 X 648) -2
= 1.2
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Exercise
Methanol (CH3OH) is manufactured industrially by
the reaction
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Answer:
R = 0.0821
T = 220 + 273 = 493 K
∆n = (moles product) – (moles reactant)
= 1 – (1 + 2) = -2
KP = KC (RT) ∆n
= 10.5 (0.0821 x 493) -2
= 10.5 ( 1 / (0.0821 x 493)2)
= 6.41 x 10-3
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The Reaction Quotient,(Q)
The Reaction Quotient, (Q) is a mass action expression just like the
equilibrium constant (K) except it is for a reaction at conditions NOT
at equilibrium.
The reaction quotient is used to determine which direction a system
will shift to reach equilibrium
aA(g) + bB(g) cC(g) + dD(g)
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CALCULATION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
(Kc AND Kp)
General procedure for solving equilibrium problems:
Write the equation for the chemical reaction
Determine equilibrium concentration
Write the equilibrium constant expression
Substitute and solve
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations:
To find the concentration which characterize an equilibrium, it is best
to proceed through the “ Start or Initial, Change, Equilibrium” (ICE
process). This implies starting with the:
initial concentrations (I)
determining the change (C)
using K to find the equilibrium concentration (E)
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Consider
2NH3 (g) 3H2 (g) + N2 (g)
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LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
Le Chatelier’s Principle allows us to predict the effects of changes
Temperature
Pressure
Concentration
Catalyst
on a system at equilibrium. It states that if a system at equilibrium
experiences a change, the system will shift its equilibrium to try to
compensate for the change
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Example:
H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI(g)
(i) If [H2] , [I2] , equilibrium will shift to the right (more products)
(Reactants)
[H2] and [I2] , equilibrium will shift to the left (more reactants)
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(b) Changing the volume / pressure (only gases)
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(c) Changing temperature
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Exothermic
N2(g) + 3H 2(g) 2NH 3(g) H = -92.4 kJ
can be write
N 2(g) + 3H 2(g) 2NH 3(g) + 92.4 kJ
N 2(g) + 3H 2(g) 2NH 3(g) + temperature
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Endothermic
2NH 3(g) N 2(g) + 3H 2(g) H = +92.4 kJ
can be write
92.4 kJ + 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
temperature + 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
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For exothermic – T - equilibrium will shift to the left
- Kc
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(d) Using catalyst
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Summary of Factors That May Effect the Equilibrium Position
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