Unit - I (Differential Calculus) : Engineering Mathematics 2019

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Engineering Mathematics 2019
NAME OF THE SUBJECT : Mathematics – I

SUBJECT CODE : MA8151
NAME OF THE MATERIAL : Formula Material
REGULATION : R2017
UPDATED ON : August 2019
TEXTBOOK FOR REFERENCE : Sri Hariganesh Publications (Author: C. Ganesan)
(Scan the above Q.R code for the direct download of this material)
Unit – I (Differential Calculus)

ww 1. Limit of a Function
w.E The limit of f ( x) , as x approaches a , equals if we can make the value of f ( x)

arbitrarily close to by taking x to be sufficiently close to a but not equal to a .
i.e. lim f ( x) 
xa
2. Continuity asy
En
A function f is continuous at a number a if lim f ( x)  f (a) .
x a
3. Derivatives
gin f (a) ,
The derivative
f (a)  lim
h 0
of a
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
h
ee
f ( x)  f ( a )
function f ( x) at
if this limit exists.

xa
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
denoted
rin
by is
(or) f (a)  lim

xa xa
, f ( x)  lim
h  0 h
.
g.n
4. Table of derivative of the functions:
Sl.No. y dy
dx
et
1. Constant 0
2. xn nx n1
3. x 1
4. 1 n
xn x n1
1 1
x x2
Prepared by Mr.C.Ganesan, M.Sc.,M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 1
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5. x 1
2 x
ae 
ax  b 
e
6. ax  b 
ex ex
ax a x log a
7. log  ax  b  a
ax  b
1
log x
ww log10 x
1
x
w.E
log10 e
x
8. sin  ax  b  a cos  ax  b 
asy sin x cos x

9.
En
cos  ax  b  a sin  ax  b 
10. gin
cos x
tan  ax  b 
 sin x
a sec2  ax  b 
tan x ee sec2 x
rin
cosec  ax  b  a cosec  ax  b  cot  ax  b 
g.n
11.
cosecx cosecx cot x

12. sec  ax  b 
sec x
a sec  ax  b  tan  ax  b 
sec x tan x
et
13. cot  ax  b  a cosec2  ax  b 
cot x cosec2 x
14. sin1 x 1
1  x2
15. cos1 x 1
1  x2

16. tan1 x 1
1  x2
5. Special Formulae:
d dv du
i)  uv   u  v
dx dx dx
d dw du dv
ii)  uvw  uv  vw  wu
dx dx dx dx
du dv
v u
d u
ww iii)  
dx  v 
dx
v2
dx
6. Equation of tangent line: y  y1  m( x  x1 )
w.E 7. Equation of normal line: y  y1 

1
m
( x  x1 )
asy
8. If the tangent line parallel to x -axis (horizontal) then
dy
 0.
En
dx
dx
9. If the tangent line parallel to y -axis (vertical) then  0.
gin
10. Increasing and Decreasing Function
dy
inside the segment, then

ee
Let f be a function defined on the interval [a, b] and have a finite derivative
rin
(i) f is increasing if and only if f ( x)  0 for all x in [a, b] .
(ii) f is decreasing if and only if f ( x)  0 for all x in [a, b] . g.n
11. Monotonic Functions
et
If a function f is completely increasing or completely decreasing in an interval
[a, b] , then the function f is called monotonic function in [a, b] .
12. Critical Number

A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that
f (c)  0 .

13. Maxima and Minima by First Derivative Test

Consider x  a be a critical point of a continuous function f ( x) .
i) If f ( x) changes from positive to negative at x  a , then f ( x) has a
maximum at x  a .
ii) If f ( x) changes from negative to positive at x  a , then f ( x) has a
minimum at x  a .
14. Maxima and Minima by Second Derivative Test
Consider x  a be a critical point of a continuous function f ( x) .
ww i) If f (a)  0 , then f ( x) has a maximum at x  a .

ii) If f (a)  0 , then f ( x) has a minimum at x  a .
w.E 15. Concavity Test

Suppose f ( x) is twice differentiable on an interval I .
i) asy
If f ( x)  0 for all x in I , then the graph of f ( x) is concave upward on I .
En
ii) If f ( x)  0 for all x in I , then the graph of f ( x) is concave downward
on I .
16. Point of Inflection gin
ee
A point P on a curve is called a point of inflection if the curve changes from
concave upward to concave downward or from concave downward to concave
rin
upward at P.
Unit – II (Functions of Several Variables) g.n

1. Euler’s Theorem:
If f is a homogeneous function of x and y in degree n , then
et
f f
(i) x  y  nf (first order)
x y
2 f 2 f 2  f
2
(ii) x 2  2 xy  y  n  n  1 f (second order)
x 2 xy y 2
du u dx u dy u dz
2. If u  f ( x, y, z ) , x  g1 (t ), y  g2 (t ), z  g3 (t ) then    .
dt x dt y dt z dt
3. If u  f ( x, y), x  g1 (r, ), y  g2 (r , ) then

u u x u y u u x u y
(i)   (ii)  
r x r y r  x  y 
4. Maxima and Minima :
Working Rules:
Step: 1 Find f x and f y . Put f x  0 and f y  0 . Find the value of x and y .
Step: 2 Calculate r  f xx , s  f xy , t  f yy . Now   rt  s 2
Step: 3 i. If   0 , then the function have either maximum or minimum.

1. If r  0  f has maximum
ww 2. If r  0  f has minimum
ii) If   0, then the function is neither Maximum nor Minimum, it is called
w.E Saddle Point.

iii) If   0, then the test is inconclusive.
asy
5. Maxima and Minima of a function using Lagrange’s Multipliers:
Let f ( x, y, z) be given function and g ( x, y, z ) be the subject to the condition.
En
Form F ( x, y, z)  f ( x, y, z)   g ( x, y, z ) , Putting Fx  Fy  Fz  F  0 and then find the
value of x, y, z .
gin
6. Jacobian:
ee
 u, v  (u, v)
u
x
u
y rin
Jacobian of two dimensions: J   
 x, y  ( x, y ) v
x
v
y g.n
7. The functions u and v are called functionally dependent if
(u, v)
 ( x, y )
et
0.
(u, v) ( x, y )
8.  1
( x, y ) (u, v)
9. Taylor’s Expansion:
f ( x, y )  f ( a , b ) 
1
1!
hf x (a, b)  kf y (a, b)  
1 2
2!

h f xx (a, b)  2hkf xy (a, b)  k 2 f yy (a, b)
1 3
3!
 
h f xxx (a, b)  3h 2 kf xxy (a, b)  3hk 2 f xyy (a, b)  k 3 f yyy (a, b)  ...
where h  x  a and k  y  b

Unit – III (Integral Calculus)
1  ax  b 
n 1
x n 1
  ax  b  dx  c  x dx  c
n
1. n
a n 1 n 1
eax b
 e dx   e dx
ax  b
2. c x
 ex  c
a
1 1 1 1
3.  ax  b dx  a log  ax  b   c  x dx 
x
c
1 1
 xn dx 
 n  1 xn1
c
ww 4.  xdx 
2 x3/2
3
c
w.E
1
5.  sin  ax  b  dx   cos  ax  b   c
a  sin x dx   cos x  c
1
6.  cos  ax  b  dx  a sin  ax  b   c  cos x dx  sin x  c
7.
asy
 sec x dx  log sec x  tan x   c
8.
 tan  ax  b  dx
1 En
 cosec x dx  log  cosecx  cot x   c
logsec  ax  b   c
9.
1
a

gin
10.  cot  ax  b  dx  logsin  ax  b   c
 tan x dx
 cot x dx
 logsec x  c
 logsin x  c
11. 
dx
a x
2 2
a
 x
 sin 1    c
a
ee 
dx
1 x 2
rin
 sin 1 x  c
12.  x a
dx
2 2
 x
 cosh 1    c (or )
a
log  x  x 2  a 2   c
  g.n
13. 
a x
dx 1
dx
2
x
2
 x
 sinh 1    c (or )
a
log  x  x 2  a 2   c

dx
 et
14.  2 2  tan 1    c 1 x  tan 1 x  c
a x a a
2
dx 1  xa
15. xa 22

2a
log 
 xa
c
dx 1 ax
16.  2 2  log  c
a x 2a ax
x 2 a2  x
17.  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sin 1    c
2 2 a
x
2
x 2 a
18.  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sinh 1    c
2 2 a
(or)

x 2 a2
 a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  log  x  a 2  x 2   c
2 2  
x
2
x 2 a
19.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a 2  cosh 1    c
2 a
(or)
x 2 a2
 x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2
 log  x  x 2  a 2   c
2 2  
ax
e
20.  eax sin bx dx  2 2  a sin bx  b cos bx 
a b
eax
21.  eax cos bx dx  2 2  a cos bx  b sin bx 
a b
22. Reduction Formulae
ww 
2

 cos x dx (or)  sin x dx 

n n
2
n 1 n  3 n  5 2
... .1 if n is odd 
w.E 0

2

 cos x dx (or)  sin x dx 

n n
0
2
n n2 n4 3
n 1 n  3 n  5 1 
if n is even 
asy
... .
0 0
n n2 n4 2 2

2
0 sin m
x cos n
x dx  En
 m  1 m  3 ...  n  1 n  3 ...

gin
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4 ...
 m  1 m  3 ...  n  1 n  3 ...
ee
2
0 sin
m
x cos n x dx   [Both m and n are even]
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4 ...
23.
a

a
f ( x) dx  2 f ( x) dx [if f ( x)isan even function] rin
a
a
 f ( x) dx  0
0
[if f ( x)isan odd function] g.n

24.
a
a

0
f ( x) dx 
a
 f (a  x) dx
0
et
b a
25.  f ( x) dx
a
   f (a  x) dx
b
26. Integration by Parts:  u dv  uv  vdu

27. Bernoulli’s Formulae:  uv dx  uv 1  uv2  uv3  uv4  ...

Unit – IV (Multiple Integrals)

b x
1. a 0 f ( x, y )dxdy x : a to b and y : 0 to x (Here the first integral is w.r.t. y )
b y
2. a 0 f ( x, y)dxdy x : 0 to y and y : a to b (Here the first integral is w.r.t. x )
3. Area   dxdy (or) R dydx
R
To change the polar coordinate x  r cos , y  r sin and dxdy  rdrd .

4. Volume   dxdydz (or)  dzdydx
V V
Unit – V (Differential Equations)

ww1. ODE with constant coefficients: Solution y  C.F + P.I
w.E Complementary functions:
Sl.No.
1.
asy
Nature of Roots
m1  m2
C.F
( Ax  B)e mx
2.
En
m1  m2  m3  Ax 2
 Bx  c  e mx
3.
4.
m1  m2
m1  m2  m3gin Ae m1 x  Be m2 x
Ae m1 x  Be m2 x  Ce m3 x
5.
6.
m1  m2 , m3
m    i
ee ( Ax  B)e mx  Ce m3 x
e x ( A cos  x  B sin  x )
rin
m  i A cos  x  B sin  x
7.
g.n
Particular Integral:
Type-I
If f ( x )  0 then P . I  0
et
Type-II
If f ( x )  e ax (or) sinh ax (or) cosh ax
1 ax
P .I  e
 ( D)
Replace D by a . If  ( D)  0 , then it is P.I. If  ( D)  0 , then diff. denominator
w.r.t D and multiply x in numerator. Again replace D by a . If you get

denominator again zero then do the same procedure.

Type-III
Case: i If f ( x )  sin ax (or ) cos ax

1
P .I  sin ax (or) cos ax
 ( D)
Here you have to replace only for D 2 not for D . D 2 is replaced by  a 2 . If the
denominator is equal to zero, then apply same procedure as in Type – I.
Case: ii If f ( x )  Sin2 x (or) cos2 x (or) sin3 x (or) cos 3 x
ww Use the following formulas Sin2 x 

1  cos 2 x
, cos 2 x 
1  cos 2 x
,
w.E 3 1
4
3
4
2
1
sin3 x  sin x  sin 3 x , cos 3 x  cos x  cos 3 x and separate
4 4
2
P . I1 & P . I 2
asy
En
Case: iii If f ( x )  sin A cos B (or ) cos Asin B ( or ) cos Acos B ( or ) sin Asin B
Use the following formulas:

gin
( i ) s in A cos B 
1
 sin( A  B )  sin( A  B ) 
2
1 ee
(ii) cos A sin B   Sin( A  B )  sin( A  B ) 
2 rin
1
( iii ) cos A cos B   cos( A  B )  cos( A  B ) 
2 g.n
1
( iv ) sin A sin B   cos( A  B )  cos( A  B ) 
2 et
Type-IV
If f ( x)  x m
1 1
x m  1  g ( D)  x m
1
P.I  xm 
 ( D) 1  g ( D)
Here we can use Binomial formula as follows:
i) 1  x   1  x  x 2  x3  ...
1
ii) 1  x   1  x  x 2  x3  ...
1

iii) 1  x   1  2 x  3x 2  4 x3  ...
2
iv) 1  x   1  2 x  3x 2  4 x3  ...
2
Type-V
If f ( x)  eaxV where V  sin ax,cos ax, x m
1 ax 1
P.I  e V  eax V
 ( D)  ( D  a)
Type-VI
If f ( x)  x nV where V  sin ax,cos ax
sin ax  I.P of eiax
ww cos ax  R.P of eiax
w.E Type-VII
If f ( x)  sec ax (or) cosecax (or) tan ax
P.I 
1 asy
f ( x)  eax  e ax f ( x)dx
Da
En
gin
1. ODE with variable co-efficient: (Euler’s Method)
The equation is of the form x 2

ee d2y
dx 2
Implies that ( x2 D2  xD  1) y  f ( x)
dy
 x  y  f ( x)
dx
rin
To convert the variable coefficients into the constant coefficients
g.n
Put z  log x implies x  e z
xD  D
x 2 D 2  D( D  1) where D 
d
and D 
d
et
dx dz
x3 D3  D( D  1)( D  2)
The above equation implies that  D( D  1)  D  1 y  f ( x) which is O.D.E
with constant coefficients.

2. Legendre’s Linear differential equation:
2
2 d y dy
The equation if of the form (ax  b) 2
 (ax  b)  y  f ( x)
dx dx
Put z  log(ax  b) implies (ax  b)  e z

(ax  b) D  aD
d d
(ax  b) 2 D 2  a 2 D( D  1) where D  and D 
dx dz
(ax  b)3 D3  a3 D( D  1)( D  2)
3. Method of Variation of Parameters:
d2 y dy
The equation is of the form a 2  b  cy  f ( x )
dx dx
C.F  Ay1  By2 and
P.I  Py1  Qy2
ww where P   
y2 f ( x)
y1 y2  y1 y2
dx and
w.E Q
y1 f ( x)
y1 y2  y1 y2
dx
asy
Textbook for Reference:
En
“ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I”
gin
Mobile: 9841168917, 8939331876 ee
Publication: Sri Hariganesh Publications
rin
Author: C. Ganesan
To buy the book visit

g.n
www.hariganesh.com/textbook
----All the Best ----

e t

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Engineering Mathematics 2019

NAME OF THE SUBJECT : Mathematics – I