3.1.

Gas chromatography method

3.1.1. General outline of the method
3.1.1.1. Concepts , basis of the method[1]
Gas chromatography is a separation method in which the dynamic phase is 1 gas
(called gas bearing) and the static phase contained in the column is a solid or liquid
coating on the surface of the substance bearing solid or coated material on the
inner part of the column.
The basis for the separation of gas chromatography is the distribution of the test
sample between two phases: The stills has a large contact surface, the dynamic
phase is the gas permeable through the entire static surface.
3.1.1.2. Historical features[2]
 1905 Ramsey separates gas mixture and vapors based on adsorption basis of
activated charcoal.
 1906 Tswett separates the vegetable pigment on the column and calls the
splitting process as ' chromatography '.
 1941 Martin and Synge (Nobel Prize) presents theoretical disc in the distillation
and upstream refractive rate. On the basis of which James and Martin proposed
the gas-liquid chromatography (1952).
 Since then, the GC has been increasingly perfected. By 1968, there were about
18000 GC works. In recent years supported by electronic technology and
computing, GC achieved more achievements.
3.1.1.3. Principles[3]
Rely on the difference in the distribution between dynamic phase and static phase
to separate components in the mixture. The composition of the mixture can interact
with the static phase based on the charge, relative solubility and adsorption.
In gas chromatography, dynamic phase (or phase motion) is a bearing gas, usually
an inert gas such as helium or a gas that does not act as nitrogen. A static phase is a
micro-layer of liquid or polymers that are coated on a solid layer placed in a glass
or metal tube called columns (similar to column separation segments used in
distillation). The equipment used to conduct a gas chromatography is called a gas
chromatography (either an air separator or a gas recorder).
Compounds in the form of gases to analyze will interact with the column into the
pillar – covered with a static phase, resulting in each compound being separated at
different times – called the retention period of the compound. When the chemicals
come out at the end of the column, will be detected and determined electronically.
In addition, some other parameters can be used to change the order or retention
interval: bearing flow rate, column length and temperature. Air chromatography
analysis is based on the comparison of this save time.
3.1.1.4. Classification[1]
Depending on the nature of static, the gas chromatography is made of two types:
 Gas solid chromatography - GSC: the analyzer is directly adsorption on the
static phase as solid sub-molecules.
 Liquid Gas liquid chromatography- GLC: static phase is 1 evaporated
liquid.
3.1.1.4.1. Gas solid chromatography[4]
In solid gas chromatography, the inside of the chromatography column usually
stuffing solid adsorbents. The gas is adsorption on the surface of the solid
adsorption in accordance with the law of Langmuir.
In solid gas chromatography, it is common to use the following sorbents:
 Non-polar activated charcoal. Due to the large surface area (1000 – 1700
m2/g) There is a strong interaction with the analytical substances, often
used for the analysis of light gases.
 Silicagel adsorption. The ability to adsorption is based on the effect of
OH-on surfaces. This is an extreme adsorption.
 Zeolite: A crystallizate alumino-silicate can be encountered in a natural
state or synthesized by an artificial approach. In this compound there are
small holes of the size of molecular size (0.4-1.0 nm). This is a molecular
sieve. The molecular sieve only adsorbed the molecules that can penetrate
 the hole, while molecules of a larger size of the hole will not be adsorbed,
and the molecular sieve is called.
3.1.1.4.2. Liquid gas liquid chromatography[4]
 In this method, a gas mixture is given to the filling column filled with a solid
bearing substance, on the surface of the bearing has a fluid membrane. Here gas
phase structures will interact with the fluid membrane, while not eliminating
the case of gas configurations that can interact partially with solids. The
separation effect is not the process of adsorption which is the process of
dissolving and obtaining dissolved gases in the liquid phase. The difference in
the dissolution of the gas further than the difference in the phenomenon of the
liquid gas chromatography expands the ability to separate complex structures.
 The advantage of liquid gas chromatography is that the linear isotonic region
has a wider concentration range in solid gas chromatography, so the
chromatography usually has symmetrical pic.
 The separation efficiency depends mainly on the selection of liquid phase. The
liquid phase selection has a number of requirements: the liquid phase must be
highly selective, must be inert chemical with the structure of the mixture as
well as with the solid carrier, must be heat-resistant, insoluble bearing gas, has
viscosity and no evaporation (or negligible evaporation).
 In the liquid gas chromatography, it is common to use the following solvents
for liquid phase: vazlin, Silicon Oil, Phtalat (Dibutyl, Dioctyl..), dimethylfoide,
phosphate tricresyl,... especially, the liquid crystals are also used as azocxy
esters.
 Solids are usually inert substances, have a developed surface but little foam for
the absence of adsorption on the surface of the bearing. Often people use
Kizengua or diatomite as a bearing, in order to separate active substances that
are used by Teflon, sometimes they also use glass powders (very fine-shaped
granular) as the carrying substance.
3.1.1.5. Advantages and disadvantages[5]
Advantages:
  Using a method of mechanical chromatography is capable of completely
separating the same organic matter, e.g. O-; M-; The P-Xilen is inseparable by
fractional distillation but separation is quite simple by gas chromatography, as
well as using a very complex separation of mixtures such as automobile
emissions containing over 300 compounds.
 Fast separation rate, can be analyzed simultaneously by many compounds.
 No need to evaporate samples.
 High resolution thanks to the splitting process on the column.
 High sensitivity by probe, small volume analysis sample (1-100 µl).
Disadvantages:
 Less selective due to non-exclusion of the effect of the sample background,
especially often apply analysis of volatile substances.
3.1.2. The equipment and influencing factors[2][6]

Figure 1: System diagram of gas chromatography

3.1.2.1. Carrier gas supply system

Chemical inert gases such as He, Ar, N 2, CO2 and H2 and the choice of gas bearing
are often determined by the type of the detector is used.
The gas supply system includes pressure controllers (pressure regulators), pressure
measuring devices (gauges), and flow rate devices.
The carrying system also contains a molecular filtration system for the separation
of water and other contaminants.
Line speed is controlled by two-stage pressure controllers that are inserted into the
bearing gas tanks.
The pressure of the gas into the device ranges from 10 to 50 psi for the line speed
from about 30 to 150 ml/ph for the stuffing column and ranges from 1 to 25 ml/ph
for the capillary column. Generally, if the pressure enters the device is unchanged,
the line speed will not change. To measure the rate of airflow people use the line
speed measurement device (flowmeter) with soap foam and stopwatch.
When choosing gas bearing notes to the detector is using as follows:
 Conductivity Detector is required to use gas bearing with high conductivity
such as H2, He. He has the advantage of being not dangerous.
 Ionizing flame Detector usually uses gas bearing N2 due to cheap and
uninsured but in case of pairing with other devices, for example pairing with
Universal block must use gas bearing is helium.
 A conventional gas-bearing flame Detector is N2.
The following is a feature of some of the most common gases:
H2 gas when used as a nitrogen bearing gas as a protective gas blowing through
the front column. In laboratories people have used common hydrogen gas
production machines with capacities from 125 ml/ph to 225 ml/ph. When using H2
in the laboratory there is a need to probe H2 openings and to prohibit fire.
He, Argon is a chemical inert gas that is suitable for high-temperature
chromatography.
Nitrogen is not dangerous, cheap and easily purified so N2 is used for gas
chromatography. It should be noted that the N2's thermal conductivity is very close
to the conductivity of many gases and a slightly more organic matter so the pic
chromatography can be reversed.
3.1.2.2. Sample injector system
The most common way to insert samples into columns is to use a microsyringe to
inject a liquid or gas sample through a septum that is heat-resistant to a
 vaporization chamber (injector). This Chamber is heated to the appropriate
temperature and is connected to the split column (figure 2).

Figure 2: Split/splitless injector

For conventional separation columns, sample sizes usually vary from a few to
20μl. The capillary column requires the sample amount to be inserted smaller so in
this case the system dividing the sample line is designed in the injector set used to
assign only a fraction of the sample amount injected into the column , the rest is
discharged out.
Injection technique:
 Suck the sample solution into the injection pump and adjust the solution to
the line and then pull the plunger out later so that the sample volume is
moved out into the injection pump body (hollow needle head).
 After piercing the needle through the silicon rubber gasket of injector to
saddle about 3 to 5 seconds so that the needle is balanced temperature in
injector then new push Pittong.
 This helps to avoid a number of hard-to-evaporated structures in the needle
leading to the quantitative tolerances of these structures.
3.1.2.3. Chromatographyc column
3.1.2.3.1. Introduce
In fact there are different forms of split columns to satisfy research purposes. In
general, the column of chromatography needs to satisfy the following
requirements:
 Ensure good metabolism between the mobile and static phase by
optimizing the parameters of the Van Deemter equation.
  High permeability means a slight pressure drop at a given gas speed.
 High load capacity of the column.
 Have a wide usage temperature and withstand high temperatures.
3.1.2.3.2. Stuffing column
The column is usually made of stainless steel, nicken, glass with diameters of
about 3 to 6 mm and length range from 1 to 5 m. The stuffing column contains
solid-bearing particles coated with a liquid static phase or a solid particle itself
as a static phase. Uniform particle size will reduce column height and increase
resolution. Small particle size reduces the dissolved balance time thus improving
the efficiency of the column. However, the smaller the particle size, the less free
space between the particles and the pressure to squeeze through the column must
be higher.
The particle size is performed according to the micrometer or mesh, i.e. the mesh
that the particle can pass through or be retained on the sieve. For example
80/100 mesh particles pass through the Sieve 80 mesh (170 μm) but do not go
through the CIN 100 mesh (150 μm).
The requirement of a solid bearing is to not engage in separation and is capable
of holding the static phase (not less than 10%).
Solid carrier:
There are two important things to pay attention to when choosing a bearing
substance: structure and surface properties.
 The structure contributes to the effectiveness of the bearing, while the
surface features govern the involvement of the bearing substance on the
outcome of the separation.
 These substances are chemical inert substances with all types of samples.
It should have a large surface area so that the liquid phase can undergo a
thin film layer and the surface structure must be appropriate to keep that
thin film layer. However, large surface area is not a guarantee of effective
columns.
Here are some of the most common types of bearing:
  Chromosorb A is used in the regulation scale, which is capable of holding
good liquid phase (up to 25%), having a hard-to-break structure and a
fairly inert surface. Are typically produced in sizes 10/20, 20/30 and
30/40 mesh. Used for long columns, low pressure spreads.
 Chromosorb G is used to separate polarity compounds. Thanks to its low
surface area, hardness, high density it is used for low-content liquid phase
impregnation cases. Impregnated 5% on Chromosorb G corresponds to
12% impregnation on Chromosorb W.
 Chromosorb P is made from the C-22 refractory Brick (P-pink symbol)
and relatively hard. The surface is less absorbent than other Chromosorb
types, which are used for the extraction of hydrocarbons.
 Chromosorb W is made from Celite 545, whitish and more fragile than
type G. Relatively non-absorbent surface and used to separate polarized
organic compounds.
Liquid phase percentage:
The amount of liquid needs to be sufficient to wrap the particles by a uniform
thin layer. Excessive liquid phase will stagnate in gaps between particles that
reduce column performance. On CHROMOSRB carrying agent when the liquid
phase ratio is greater than 30% the effect of the column decreases greatly. It was
previously a 15-30% liquid, but now tends to only be 2-10%.
Since the time to save the scale with the liquid phase in the column should allow
analysis as fast as the column has a smaller amount of liquid phase. When liquid
loads are too low will appear the adsorption on the bearing substance. Want to
avoid this need to take inert substances. The evaporation of the prototype must
also be calculated by selecting the liquid phase. Volatile substances like steroit
need to be analyzed in low-load columns (about 3% or lower). Highly volatile
substances such as mild hydrocarbons require a high load column (20-30%) As
the amount of liquid more and more time the substance is in the liquid phase, the
better the distribution.
Stuffing density:
The stuffing density has a pronounced influence on the retention on the static
phase. The static phase is coated on a bearing substance on the basis of the
weight percentage, while the stuffed material is placed in the column on a
volume basis. If the filling density of the bearing substance increases, the total
volume of static phase in the mast increases.
Preparing the static phase and stuffing column:
The carrier is static on a variety of ways, one of which is using a rotating
machine.
 Taking an amount of static calculation is readily dissolved into a suitable
solvent in a round bottom, for a solid carrying capacity with the
appropriate amount of calculation. Put the tank in the recording machine.
Spin the tank until the solvent flies out. Heat tank by hydro or infrared
light.
 Take the straight pipe with the desired length and diameter, a glass-
headed button, the other one fitting a tube, filled with a bearing that was
soaked in the liquid. Shake the column with the shake or lightly smash the
column until there is no decrease in the volume of the substance, the
column is fully loaded. The rest of the head button is glass and rolled
again to suit the heat stabilizer of the GC machine.
Practice the column:
The column needs to put at least 2 hours at 25 oC on the maximum temperature
that the column will use but cannot be too upper limit of the evaporation
temperature of the liquid phase. A small bearing airflow (5-10 ml/ph) is given
through a column. The output of the open column does not connect to the
detector to avoid.
3.1.2.3.3. Capillary column
The majority of the analysis of the gas chromatography using the capillary
columns is between 15 and 100 m long and the diameter is very small from 0.10
to 0.53 mm. These columns are made from melted pure oxide glass that has a
much higher level of cross-linking than the glass usually should be durable and
 withstand a high temperature to 350oC. The high tension of the glass tube allows
the fabrication of thin and malleable columns.
The open capillary columns have thin-coated film layers on the pipe to provide
higher resolution, shorter analysis time and higher sensitivity than the stuffing
column but they have lower capacity for samples. The narrowed capillary
column provides a higher resolution than the capillary expansion column but
they require higher pressure to operate and have capacities for smaller samples.
The film grade thin liquid phase thickness ranges from 0.1 to 5 μm on the inner
surface as illustrated in Figure 2.5. If lowering the thickness of this movie layer
will increase the resolution, reduce the saving time and reduce the amount of
space for the sample. Another type is that the capillary columns have solid
particles that are coated with a liquid static layer mounted on the inner surface of
the column. Because the surface area of this type increases, this column can
handle samples larger than the thin Film overlay column on the column. This
type of column is an intermediate between the film-coatedcapillary column and
the stuffing column.
3.1.2.4. Detector
Very strict detector requirements: all components present in the 0.1 μl form must
be detected at 1% for should be quickly detected 0.002 μl (with a volume of 10-6g)
sample. The detector now measures smaller quantities to the ranks. Currently in the
GC method one uses the following types of detector:
 Thermal conductivity Detector (TCD): The operation of the detector based on
the thermal balance of a heated conductor. When the substance needed to be
analyzed, the conductivity of the gas mixture will be low, the cord will heat up,
appearing an electrical signal. Thermal conductivity Detector suitable for many
substances to analyze.
 Flame ionization Detector (FID): When burning organic compounds in the
flame, they will produce ions. Electrodes near the flame will detect the
presence of ions by the occurrence of a small electric current that runs through
 the circuit. Lines can be measured even if the certificate is approximately 10-
12A. This is the most used detector, detected up to 10-9g.
 Electron capture Detector (electron-ECD Detector): Thanks to a radioactive
source such as 3 H or 63Ni, the gas bearing ionization creates a "certain line" in
the Detector circuit. When an electron absorbent analyzer is absorbed it will
reduce this strain, especially when the compound contains high-voltage
elements. The line will decrease, generating the recording signal to. Detector is
especially sensitive to halogen-containing compounds. Electron absorption
Detector is very favorable for environmental analysis. High sensitivity, reaches
10-12g.
3.1.2.5. GC information
Conventional chromatography represents on two X and Y axes, in which the
detector signal is indicated on the y-axis and the time indicated on the x-axis.
When a component of the sample is steamed and detected thanks to the detector,
the signal will be recorded. The recording time at the signal is KD's function and
hence it provides the same sample information as the semi-common wave in the
extreme spectrum, and will identify a component in the sample. Quantitative
information from the decoction is drawn from the spot signal detector is the
function of time. Area below at scale with the amount of analyzed substance. This
amount can be displayed in molar units or mass units, but proportional constants
will vary:
SA = Area below pic - R A
In there R is an area on a gas A is represented by one or the area on a gram of gas
A represents a gram of.
Figure 3: Gas chromatographic graph

3.1.3. Applications of method[4]

The gas chromatography method is applied to:
 Separation and analysis of gas mixtures is quite common and effective. This
method is applied to determine the composition of the finished products, in
chemical research and in some other range.
 Analysis of petroleum products, petroleum, air, gas products, in chemical
industry, emissions…
 Analysis of the allies of several elements, for example the analysis of
hydrogen gas.
 Commonly used in chemical, medical and food industry, in woodworking, in
high-temperature process…
 Analysis of liquid mixtures (or low-temperature evaporated solids) after
giving the liquid (solids) evaporated at the required temperature and then put
the slightly-running products through the gas chromatography and conduct
the analysis.
Nowadays, they have built gas chromatography equipment combining universal
blocks, electronic computers, thereby enhancing the sensitivity, accuracy as well as
can automate the analysis of natural products and technology, biological products,…
1. Determine the multiple residues of plant protection chemicals in some foods
originated from tea by gas chromatography method GC – MS [5]
1.1. Research subjects
-The study object is 8 plant protection chemicals including: dimethoate, diazinon,
fenitrothion, endosulfan sulfate, permethrin, cyfluthrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin.
-10 different tea samples are sold and consumed in the Hanoi market and are encoded
from 1 to 10
1.2. Chemicals, instruments and research equipment
1.2.1. Chemistry
-The chemicals used in the study are pure for chromatographic analysis of Merck, ...
including: acetone, dichloromethane, hexane, Ethylacetate, nitrogen, helium 99.999%,
distilled fluorisil column, ...
-Standard chemicals: Dimethoate; Diazinon; Fenitrothion; Endosulfan sulfate;
Permethrin; Cyfluthrin; Fenvalerate; Deltamethrin.
1.2.2. Research instruments and equipment
Research instruments include volumetric flasks, graduated cylinders, micropipettes, 10ml
test tubes, 2ml vials, sample needles and other required tools.
Agilent 10-position solid phase extractor. Sample drying kit with nitrogen
Centrifuge Rotina 380, max speed 14000rpm
Satorius analytical balance accuracy of 10 - 4g.
Gas chromatographic analyzer 6890N and Agilent 5973i mass detector.
Capillary column DB-5, length 60m, diameter 0.25mm, film thickness 1.0μm. (5% Phenyl
Methyl Siloxane impregnated phase).
1.3. Research Methods
- Liquid liquid extraction method
- Solid phase extraction method
- Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry
- Statistical method of data processing by Exel software, MS search 2.0
1.4. Sampling for research and preservation
- Sample of researched tea was crushed, wrapped in sealed bags, refrigerated at
temperature
0 - 4oC. (TCVN 1456-83)
1.5. Prepare research samples
* Prepare analytical standard sample to find analytical conditions and evaluate the
stability of GC / MS in the same day
-Phuard each single standard substance in Ethylacetate solvent from the original
concentration into a solution with a concentration of 20 mlg / ml.
-Sample standard mixture of 8 pesticides studied in ethylacetate solvent with
concentration of 2500; 20000ng / ml.
* Prepare a standard form to build an external road
From the stock standard solution, proceed to mix the mixture of pesticides standards in
ethylacetate solvent with concentrations of 625; 1250; 2500; 5000; 1000; 20000ng / ml.
* Prepare additional standardized tea samples to evaluate the recovery and repeatability of
the process
-Standard sample: Add 3ml of mixed pesticide solution in ethylacetate solvent with
concentration of each substance is 500; 5000ng / ml into a 100ml conical flask, available
3g of crushed tea, mix well, to dry the tea sample of HCTVTV standard.
-Control sample: is a tea sample of the same type without standard addition.
1.6. Process of analyzing tea samples for analysis of plant protection by GC / MS
Step 1: Extract plant protection HC in the tea sample
Using cold extraction by ultrasonic waves. Weigh about 3 g of the tea samples to be
investigated, add 20ml of n-hexane solvent to the extraction flask and place in an
ultrasonic extractor for 45 minutes. Remove the extraction flask and filter the extract
through a glass filter containing 1 g of anhydrous Na2SO4, the filtrate is collected into a
100ml conical flask. Extract repeated 3 times
Step 2: Evaporate the extraction solvent
The extraction solvent in the conical flask is evaporated with nitrogen gas and
simultaneously blown out by the hot air to increase the evaporation rate of the solvent.
The extract is dried until 1 ml remains.
Step 3: Clean the sample
Clean the sample, the type of matrix effect with prefabricated solid-phase extraction
column of 500 mg of adsorbent silicagel.
Prepare the column by running 5 ml of n-hexane: acetone (4: 1) solvent continuously
through the column until the solvent has reached the surface on an open surface,
transferring the extract obtained in step 2 to the extraction column. Then elute with 3 ml
of n-hexane: acetone solvent (4: 1). Use nitrogen gas to continue removing the solvent.
Dissolve the residue in 1 ml of n-hexane solvent for chromatographic analysis.

2. Research and develop an analytical procedure for synthesizing narcotic

methamphetamine (MA) and methylennedioxy menthamphetamine (MDMA) in hair
by mass gas chromatography [6]
2.1. Materials and equipment:
 Standard, chemicals, reagents:
* Methamphetamine 1mg / ml methanol
* Methylene Dioxy MethamphetAmine 1mg / ml methanol
* Methamphetamine-d5 1mg / ml methanol
Methanol, ethylacetat, Heptafluoropropionic (HFBA), distilled water, methanol / HCl 1%,
...
 Research subjects .
 MA and MDMA in hair samples
 Tools and equipment:
- Mass gas chromatograph: Agilent 6890N, Detector MS: 5975 C
- HP5MS chromatographic column (30m x 250µm x 0.25 µm).
- Evidex 200ng extraction column, 3ml
- Solid phase extraction system
- Ultrasonic shaker
- Centrifuge
 - Oven
 - Nitrogen drying system
- Volumetric flasks, conical flasks, test tubes, and other tools
2.2. Research Methods:
2.2.1. Sampling and sample storage
Hair samples are stored in clean plastic bags. Samples are processed immediately or
stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 0 - 4oC.
2.2.2. Prepare research sample
 Standard template:
- Standard ampoules of MA, MDMA and MA-d5 with a concentration of 1 mg / ml are
mixed into a solution of 100 µg / ml in methanol. From these MA and MDMA solutions,
dilute them to mixed MA and MDMA solutions with concentrations of 1µg / ml and
0.1µg / ml. From MA-d5 solution on the phase to a solution of 1µg / ml concentration.
Standard Contaminated hair samples
Use the standard white hair sample to have samples contaminated with the concentrations
of 5ng, 10ng, 50ng, 100ng, 200ng, internal standard MA-d5 100ng.
2.2.3. Sample treatment
Sample processing, cleaning and enriching with solid phase extraction (SPE) with the
following procedure:
Standard Handling of samples:
- Weigh about 10 mg of hair into each test tube
- Wash with distilled water (ultrasonic 5 minutes), centrifuged for 15 minutes, decant the
water layer
- Wash with methanol (ultrasonic for 5 minutes), centrifuge for 10 minutes, decant the
methanol layer.
- Hair is trimmed to about 1mm
- With blank samples to create infected samples: Add MA and MDMA standard solutions
to get the concentration to be investigated
- Add 100 µl of MA-d5 internal standard solution corresponding to 100ng of internal
standard to each sample
Extract: The hair sample is incubated for about 18 hours with 2ml of MeOH-HCl solution
(99-1) at room temperature. The extract is transferred to another test tube and dried with
N2 gas to collect the residue. The residue was dissolved in 3ml of 0.1M phosphate buffer;
pH6 then proceed to solid phase extraction.
Extract by SPE:
+ Evidex column 200mg, 3ml
Practice column with 3ml methanol flowing through the column, adjust the flow rate of
2ml / min. Add 3ml of 0.1M phosphate buffer solution; pH6 speed of 2ml / min. Load the
sample into the column at a rate of 2ml / min. Wash the column with 10 ml of distilled
water, 5 ml / min. Add 5 ml of 0.1 N HCl solution at a rate of 5 ml / min. Wash with 3ml
MeOH at a rate of 2ml / minute. Dry the column for 1 minute, moisten the column with
100 µl of eluting solvent. Elute with 5 ml of eluate solution (eluate: ethyl acetate:
methanol: ammonia, ratio: 80: 18: 2) at a rate of 2 ml / min. The eluate is dried under a
stream of nitrogen to the residue.
Generate derivatives with HFBA:
- Add to the 100µl ethyl acetate and 100µl HFBA extraction residues
- Incubate at 70oC for 30 minutes
- Allow to cool, dry and dissolve the residue with 100 µl ethyl acetate for
chromatography.
2.2.4. Qualitative and quantitative MA and MDMA
The sample is processed according to the sample processing procedure and is analyzed by
the established GC-MS method. Each sample was repeated 3 times (n = 3), calculating the
average result. The quantitative method is the calibration curve method.
MA and MDMA (ng / mg) concentrations in the hair are calculated based on the
calibration curve. The MA and MDMA concentrations in the sample (ng / mg) are
calculated by dividing the sample concentration by 10.
2.2.5. Data processing

References
[1] http://hoathucpham.saodo.edu.vn/tin-tuc/sac-ky-khi-phuong-phap-phan-tich-hien-dai-
ung-dung-dinh-luong-dang-vet-cac-doc-to-thuc-pham-110.html
[2] Bùi Xuân Vững, Cơ sở phân tích sắc ký
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography
[4] Hoàn Minh Châu, Cơ sở hóa học phân tích, nhà xuất bản khoa học và kỹ thuật, Hà
Nội, 2002
[5] Vũ Thị Thúy Hằng, Xác định đa dư lượng hóa chất bảo vệ thực vật trong một số loại
thực phẩm có nguồn gốc từ chè bằng phương pháp sắc ký khí GC – MS, 2016
[6] Lê Thu Thảo, Nghiên cứu xây dựng quy trình phân tích chất ma túy tổng hợp
methamphetamine(MA) và methylennedioxy menthamphetamine(MDMA) trong tóc bằng
sắc ký khí khối phổ, 2015