Tutorial 5.

1. A heated process is used to heat a semiconductor wafer operates with 1st order
dynamics, that is the TF relating changes in temperature T to changes in the heater
input power level P is:
𝑇 ′ (𝑠) 𝐾
=
𝑃′ (𝑠) 𝜏𝑠 + 1
Where K has unit [oC/Kw] and τ has units [minutes]. The process is at steady state
when an engineer changes the power input stepwise from 1 to 1.5 Kw. She notes the
following:
(i) The Process temperature initially is 80 oC.
(ii) Four minutes after changing the power input, the temperature is 230 oC.
(iii) Thirty minutes later the temperature is 280 oC.

(a) What are K and τ in the process TF?

(b) If at another time the engineer changes the power input linearly at a rate of 0.5
kW/min, what can you say about the max rate of change of process temperature:
when will it occur? How large will it be?

2. A thermocouple has the following characteristics when it is immersed in a stirred bath:

Mass of thermocouple = 1g
Heat capacity of thermocouple = 0.25 cal/goC
Heat transfer coefficient = 20 cal/cm2hoC (for thermocouple and bath)
Surface area of thermocoyple = 3 cm2

(a) Derive a TF model for the thermocouple relating the change in its indicated output
T to the chance in the temperature of its surrounding Ts assuming uniform
temperature (no gradient in the thermocouple bead), no conduction in the leads,
constant physical properties and conversion of the millivolt-level output directly
to oC reading by a very fast meter.

(b) If the thermocouple is initially out of the bath and at room temperature (23 oC),
what is the max temperature that it will register if it suddenly plunged into the
bath (80 oC) and held there for 20s?
 3. The overall TF of a process is given by : G = G 1G 2

𝐾1 𝐾2
Where 𝐺1 = and 𝐺2 = where 𝜏1 = 5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏2 = 3
𝜏1 𝑠+1 𝜏𝑠 𝑠+1

(a) What is the overall gain of G?

(b) For 1st order system, the time constant is the time for a step M when y reaches
63.2% of the steady state. Is the equivalent time constant for the step response of
the 2nd order system G (time when the response reaches 63.2% of the steady state)
equal to 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 ? Show supporting calculations for the step response formula,

𝜏1 𝑒 −𝑡 ⁄𝜏1 − 𝜏2 𝑒 −𝑡⁄𝜏2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑀 (1 − )
𝜏1 − 𝜏2

(c) Can y(t) show oscillations for a step input? Explain.

4) Figure 4 shows a double pulse.

Figure 4: Doublet Pulse

(a) Find a Laplace Transform of this function by 1st expressing it as a composite of
function whose transform you already know.
(b) What would be the response of a process having a 1st order TF of K/(𝜏𝑠 + 1) to this
input? Of the integrating process K/s?
(c) Form the results, can you determine what special property this input offers?
5) A liquid storage system is shown below (Figure 5). The normal operating condition are
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
̅̅̅
𝑞1 = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , ̅̅̅
𝑞2 = 5 and h = 4 ft.
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Figure 5.
The tank is 6 ft in a diameter, and the density of each stream is 6- lb/ft3. Suppose that a pulse
change in q1 occurs as shown in Figure 5.
(a) What is the TF relating H’ to 𝑄1′ ?
(b) Derive an expression for h(t) for this input change.
(c) What is the new steady-state value of liquid level ℎ̅?
(d) Repeat (b) and (c) for the doublet pulse input of Exercise 4 (above) where the changes
in q1 are from 10 to 15 to 5 to 10 ft3/min.

(6) Two liquid storage systems are shown in Figure 6. Each tank is 4ft in diameter. For
system I, the valve acts as a linear resistance with the flow-heat relation q = 8.33 h, where
q is in gal/min and h is in feet. For system II, variations in liquid level h do not effect exit
flow rate q. suppose that each system is initially at steady state with ℎ̅ = 6𝑓𝑡 and ̅̅̅ 𝑞𝑖 =
50 gal/min and that at time t = 0 the inlet flow rate suddenly changes from 50 to
70 gal/min. For each system, determine the following information:

Figure 6
 (a) The TF H’(s)/𝑄𝑖′ (𝑠)where the primes denote deviation variables.
(b) The transient response h(t).
(c) The new steady-state levels

(d) If each tank is 8ft tall, which tank overflows 1st? when?

(7) A process is describes by the following TF:

𝑌(𝑠) 𝐾
=
𝑈(𝑠) 𝑠(𝜏𝑠 + 1)

Thus, it exhibits characteristics of both 1st order and integrating processes. How could you
utilise a step change in the input of magnitude M to find quickly the two parameters K and 𝜏?
(be sure to show all work and sketch the anticipated process response).