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Biofilm Processes
(Also known as Fixed Film Process)
Trickling Filter
Organisms:
Bacteria
Protozoa (predator)
Fungi
Traditional Configuration
Filter media - rocks/stone 50 mm diameter; 1.8 m deep
Rotary distribution - where liquid sewage trickles from on
top of circular tank
Perforated floor - to let air/liquid/biomass pass through
Underdrain system - to collect liquid/biomass to the
settlement tank
Dosing chamber to maintain supply of sewage to f low
continuously to filter media.
Media tank followed by humus or settlement tank - effluent
discharged & settled sludge to treatment
Achieve BOD reduction
- generally nitrification in high temperature.
Mechanism
Biomass aerobic at outer surface, anaerobic at media/solid
interface - oxygen consumed up before it reach inside.
Biomass contains fungi and bacteria
- responsible for organic degradation
Protozoa and rotifier in more aerobic areas.
- Consume lower animals
- Control the bacteria population
Algae near the top media if sunlight
- provides oxygen & can clog the media
Higher animals - worms, larvae in aerobic/surface layers
- consume organic/biomass.
Filter flys
More treatment at top, ‘cleaner effluent’ at base.
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Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Figure 9-2
Typical trickling filter
process flow
diagrams:
(a) Single stage and
Figure 9-2
Typical
trickling filter
process flow
diagrams:
(b) two-stage.
Where used,
the most
common flow
diagrams are
the first two of
each series.
Process Model
Define biomass and loading as similar to activated sludge
More difficult than activated sludge because:
Design Formula
Many available
Often based on upon observation of performance
Many observations do not or could count of variations such
as clarifier performance, media variability, wetting, etc
Many are probably site specific and almost all are colder
climate data
NRC or Galler and Gotaas commonly used for rock filters
Germain for plastic media
Other Considerations
More flow, better distribution through media and probably better
oxygen transfer
- contrary to previous model
- media uniformly wetted
- induce more air circulation from hydraulic turbulence
Increase flow by re-circulation
- improve flow despite putting more dilute wastewater over filter
If reduce diameter below 50 mm, biomass growth tends to clog
media
- prevent liquid f low
- disrupt air f low
- cause anaerobic pocket in filter, odorous
Variations
Re-circulate effluent
- effluent from the humus tank is recycle to the dosing tank
- mixture will be diluted in BOD
Plastic
Figure 9-3
Typical packing material for trickling filters: (a) rock, (b) and (c) plastic
vertical-flow, (d) plastic cross-flow, (e) redwood horizontal, and (f)
random pack. [Figs. (c) and (d) from American Surfpac Corp., (e) from
Neptune Microfloc, and (f) from Jaeger Products, Inc.] Note: the
random pack material is often used in air stripping towers.
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Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Figure 9-4
Typical distributors used to apply wastewater to trickling filter packing:
(a) View of early (circa 1920) rock filter with a fixed distribution system
(Library of Congress), and (c) view of top of tower trickling filter with four-arm
rotary distributor.
Figure 9-5
Typical underdrain for rock filter: (a) fiberglass grating
and (b) vitrified clay block.
Figure 9-6
Typical
underdrain
system for
tower filter.
Figure 9-7
Recommended
trickling filter clarifier
overflow rates as a
function of the
clarifier sidewall
depth. (Adapted
from WEF, 2000.)
Figure 9-8
Example of trickling filter performance at 20ºC. Effect of BOD
loading removal efficiency for plastic media filter.
Figure 9-10
Effect of influent
wastewater
BOD/TKN ratio on
nitrification rate in
tickling filters with
plastic packing
used for both BOD
removal and
nitrification.
[Adapted from
Okey and
Albertson, WEF
(2000).]
RECIRCULATION
IMPROVEMENT
• Hydbrid system
-combine fixed film and activated sludge system
• Separate reaction tanks
-e.g. Activated bio-filtration
-trickling filter / solid contact
• Media in tank
-several proprietary systems which have support
systems hung in the tank or floating in the tank
• Recirculation – control type of sludge sloughed off
-different from activated sludge, not form flocs
-difficult to settle
-recirculate to get better sludge (thin)
• Media configured to optimize aeration
PRACTICAL DESIGN
OTHER FACTORS
• Control SRT by fixing biomass to media
• Majority of treatment aerobic
• Minimize anaerobic biomass - thinner film
• Operated for domestic sewage as
- BOD reduction
- BOD and ammonia oxidation
- Nitrifying filters
• Rock media 1-2 m deep
- 50 mm diameter
- 1600 kg/m3
- 60 m2/m3
- 50% void
• Random pack
- 50 kg/m3
- 80-160m2/m3
- 95% void
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Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
NITRIFICATION
RBC PLANTS
• Settled sewage in trough
- effluent from primary settlement
• 40% of disc submerged in trough
- drive above liquid
• Rotate disc through air for oxygenation
• Biofilm develops - aerobic at surface, anaerobic at
disc/solid interface
• Thicker film falls off
• Design based upon loading to remove BOD or ammonia
and not deplete oxygen (loading exceeds the oxygenation
rate)
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Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Figure 9-11
Typical RBC units: (a) conventional RBC with mechanical drive and optical air
input, (b) conventional RBC in enclosed reactor
Figure 9-12
Typical RBC staging arrangements: (a)flow parallel to shaft, (b) flow perpendicular
to shaft, (c) view of RBCs with flow perpendicular to shaft
Figure 9-12
Typical RBC staging arrangements: (d)step feed flow, and (e) tapered feed flow
parallel to shaft.
Figure 9-11
Typical RBC units: (c) submerged-type RBC equipped with air capture cups (air
is used both to aerate the biodisks), and (d) typical submerged RBC equipped
with air capture cups. (From Envirex Inc.)
PROCESS
START- UP
Features of RBC
DESIGN
• Mainly empirical as per previous course
- several design curves available
• Loading usually related to available surface area - specific surface
area
• Oxygen limitation in biomass considered to limit organic loading to
any bank of discs
• Overall loading on first stage
BOD loading < 30g/m2d
Soluble BOD loading < 12 g/m2..d
First stage BOD reduced 40-50%
- organic loading controls
• Subsequent stages depend on hydraulic loading
• Rotate about I rpm -peripheral vel < 0.3 m/s
- relate to oxygenation rate
DESIGN
DESIGN
• High density polyethylene (HDPE) widely used
• Incorporate carbon block as a UV inhibitor
• Media corrugations - better stiffness, increased surface
area, more uniform wetting
• Low density in first stages (9300ml on 3.7m diameter discs
and 8.2m shaft)
• Medium to high density on nitrification shafts (11000 to
1700OM2 on 3.7m diameter discs and 8.2m shaft)
• Drive mechanically or with diffused air
• Motor rated 3.5 - 6kW/shaft
• Air drives more sensitive to unbalanced media
PRACTICAL DESIGN
• Use self aligning bearings to eliminate deflections caused
by unequal wearing of shaft ends and bearings
• Easy access to lubricate bearings
• Covers of ten fiberglass, need to permit access
• Stage to improve overall performance
• Balance flows improve performance
• Recycle particularly for low or intermittent flows, step feed
to balance loads to discs
• Electronic or hydraulic load cells to periodically measure
total shaft weight
• D0 meters particularly in first and second stages of plant
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Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Operational Flexibility
• Possible inclusion of supplementary aeration with
• Remove excess biomass with air/water stripping, speed control
Variable rotational speeds on first and second stages
• Multiple treatment trains
• Removable baffles between stages
• Positive influent flow control to each unit or train
• Positive flow distribution control, for example step feed options
Re-circulation of secondary clarifier effluent
• DO monitoring
• Ease of access
• Tank drains
• Load cells on shafts
• Ventilation, lifting equipment
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA zaini@utm.my 47
Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Hybrid system
Figure 9-13
Combined trickling filter/activated-sludge processes: (a) schematic
flow diagram of trickling filter/solids contact (TF/SC) process
Figure 9-14
Combined trickling filter/activated-sludge process with return sludge
recycle to trickling filter: (a) schematic flow diagram of activated
biofilter (ABF) and
Figure 9-15
Schematic flow diagram of combined trickling filter activated-sludge
process with intermediate clarifier.
Table 9-12
Process parameters for series trickling filter-activated-sludge process
with intermediate clarifier
Figure 9-16
Equivalent SRT for
biosolids in a
trickling filter as a
function of the
BOD loading.
(Adapted from
WEF, 2000.)
Figure 9-17
Approximate
amount of
particulate
BOD
degraded in a
trickling filter
as a function
of organic
loading. (From
Bogus, 1989.)