Pamphlet 100-Behaviour and Measurement of Moisture in Chlorine

THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE
Pamphlet 100
Behavior and
Measurement ofMoisture
in Chlorine
Edition 5
April 2018
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 CHLORINE INSTITUTE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM............................................................... 1
1.3 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................................................... 1
1.4 DISCLAIMER .................................................................................................................. 2
1.5 APPROVAL .................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 REVISIONS .................................................................................................................... 2
1.7 REPRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 2
2. BEHAVIORS OF MOISTURE IN CHLORINE ..................................................................... 2
2.1 DRY LIQUID CHLORINE ................................................................................................... 3
2.2 DRY CHLORINE GAS FOR CARBON STEEL ....................................................................... 6
2.3 MOISTURE IN CHLORINE CONDENSING SYSTEMS ............................................................. 8
2.4 OTHER CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS ..........................................................................13
3. MEASURING MOISTURE IN CHLORINE .........................................................................13
3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................13
3.2 MOISTURE CONTAMINATION OF THE CHLORINE SAMPLING SYSTEMS ................................16
3.3 EFFECTS OF PHASE SEPARATION ..................................................................................16
4. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................18
4.1 CHLORINE INSTITUTE REFERENCES ...............................................................................18
4.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS..................................................................................................18
4.3 OTHER REFERENCES ....................................................................................................18
APPENDIX A – PAMPHLET 100 CHECKLIST.........................................................................19
APPENDIX B – INCREASING RESPONSE SPEED IN TRACE MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS
.......................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX C – THE DRYING AND LIQUEFACTION OF CHLORINE AND THE PHASE
DIAGRAM CL2-H2O.......................................................................................25
APPENDIX D – METHOD FOR CALCULATING WATER DISTRIBUTION IN A CHLORINE
CONDENSING SYSTEM ................................................................................30
APPENDIX E – THE SAFE USE OF STEEL AND TITANIUM IN CHLORINE ..........................41
BEHAVIOR AND MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE IN CHLORINE 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
The primary purpose of this pamphlet is to provide practical temperature and pressure
criteria which can be used to define chlorine as non-corrosive, which we refer to as
"DRY" chlorine for use in carbon steel equipment. Chlorine that does not meet the
criteria of "DRY" will be considered “WET” and will have a moisture content that can
cause a rapid corrosion of steel. The criteria corresponding to "DRY" chlorine must be
determined for each chlorine facility. There isn’t one value of “Dryness” applicable over
the entire range of use of chlorine in production and commerce. The pamphlet provides
a basis for facilities to determine acceptable moisture limits. This pamphlet also
presents the methods for measuring moisture in chlorine and discusses sources of
contamination during sampling and analysis. Appendix B provides additional information
on chlorine sampling. Appendices C, D and E provide additional technical information
and the basis on the definition of “DRY” chlorine and its effect on corrosion.
1.2 CHLORINE INSTITUTE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
The Chlorine Institute exists to support the chlor-alkali industry in advancing safe,
secure, environmentally compatible, and sustainable production, distribution, and use of
its mission chemicals 1.
Chlorine Institute members are committed to adopting CI’s safety and stewardship
initiatives, including pamphlets, checklists, and incident sharing, that will assist members
in achieving measurable improvement. For more information on the Institute’s
stewardship program, visit CI’s website at www.chlorineinstitute.org.
1.3 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS
In this pamphlet, the following meanings apply unless otherwise noted:
ASTM ASTM; formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials
chlorine the chemical element in either the liquid or gaseous state
FeCl3 ferric chloride
Institute The Chlorine Institute
IR infrared
Monel® a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation
O.D. Outside Diameter
OPL Optical Path Length
NIR Near Infrared
1 CI’s mission chemicals: chlorine, sodium and potassium hydroxides, sodium hypochlorite, the
distribution of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), and the distribution and use of hydrogen chloride.
2 PAMPHLET 100
ppm parts per million (can be weight or volume basis); The water
conversion for parts per million by weight and volume of chlorine is
1 ppmw = 3.9 ppmv
ppmv parts per million by volume
ppmw parts per million by weight
P2O5 phosphorus pentoxide
TDL Tunable Diode Laser
1.4 DISCLAIMER
The information in this pamphlet is drawn from sources believed to be reliable. The
Institute and its members, jointly and severally, make no guarantee, and assume no
liability, in connection with any of this information. Moreover, it should not be assumed
that every acceptable procedure is included, or that special circumstances may not
warrant modified or additional procedures. The user should be aware that changing
technology or regulations may require changes in the recommendations contained
herein. Appropriate steps should be taken to ensure that the information is current when
used. These recommendations should not be confused with federal, state, provincial,
municipal, or insurance requirements, or with national safety codes.
1.5 APPROVAL
The Institute's Health, Environment, Safety and Security Issue Team approved Edition 5
of this pamphlet on April 2, 2018.
1.6 REVISIONS
Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the Secretary of the Institute.
1.6.1 Significant Revisions in Current Edition
The title of the pamphlet has changed and an entirely new section, 2.3 “Moisture In
Chlorine Condensing Systems” was added. This new section features a sample
calculation and new figures. A new table was added in section 3.1, consolidating the
text previously in paragraph form comparing methods to measure moisture in chlorine.
Another new table was added in section 3.3, entitled “Effect of Phase Separation on
Liquid Chlorine Moisture Analysis Accuracy.” Clarifying statements were added
throughout the pamphlet.
1.7 REPRODUCTION
The contents of this pamphlet are not to be copied for publication, in whole or in part,
without prior Institute permission.
2. BEHAVIORS OF MOISTURE IN CHLORINE
Control of moisture in chlorine is essential for a safe and reliable chlorine system. The
system can be a chlorine production facility, chlorine shipping container, chlorine
transfer/packaging facility, or a consumer's chlorine use process.
2.1 DRY LIQUID CHLORINE
Dry liquid chlorine is defined as chlorine with its water content dissolved in solution. If a
condition is reached anywhere in the system that will allow the water to exceed its
solubility and form a second aqueous liquid phase, the chlorine is defined as wet liquid
chlorine. “WET” chlorine will form corrosive conditions affecting the safety and integrity
of the system.
A single point definition of moisture in chlorine is inadequate to support the full range of
chlorine use today. Water separation in chlorine can occur under a range of conditions,
therefore, each system must be considered for the proper determination of acceptable
chlorine moisture content. The temperature conditions throughout the entire system
must first be defined. Apply each set of conditions to the charts in Figures 2.1 and 2.2,
Solubility of Water in Liquid Chlorine, to determine if the water will separate from the
chlorine. The two representations of the same data are made for ease of interpretation
over a wide range.
Data forming the charts are extrapolated from Table 1 of Appendix C. The charts are an
oversimplification of the two phase portion of the water and chlorine phase diagram.
Below about 50oF (10oC), the second phase will be chlorine hydrate (chlorine "ice")
which is not immediately corrosive. However, when the cold system containing this
material is warmed, large amounts of free water will be liberated with attendant
accelerated corrosion. Further explanation is given in Appendix C.
The following are two examples using the charts in Figures 2.1 and 2.2:
a. If the liquid chlorine supply has 30 ppmw moisture content at a system

temperature of 50oF (10oC), the chlorine meets the “DRY” chlorine definition. If
the same chlorine encounters a system temperature of -4oF (-20oC), then the
chlorine would be considered “WET”.
b. A system operating at 50oF (10oC) is tolerant to moisture levels of 110 ppmw

moisture content in chlorine.
4 PAMPHLET 100
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
6 PAMPHLET 100
2.2 DRY CHLORINE GAS FOR CARBON STEEL
Chlorine gas in carbon steel is considered “Dry” when the steel is protected from
corrosion by a solid layer of ferric chloride hydrate. The degree of ferric chloride
hydration will vary, depending on the temperature and partial pressure of the moisture in
the system.
The moisture limit resulting in a protective solid can be determined using the following
figures. Figure 2.3 shows the vapor pressures of the hydrates as functions of
temperature. Figure 2.4 shows a phase diagram for ferric chloride and water. The
hydrates correspond to the points along equilibrium curve of the phase diagram. As
long as the partial pressure of moisture in the chlorine gas is less than the vapor
pressure of the relevant ferric chloride hydrate, the hydrate will stay in a solid form. It
will fall in the solid region below the equilibrium curve on Figure 2.4. The solid hydrate
protects the carbon steel. If chlorine in the system contains moisture in excess of the
hydrate vapor pressure, the hydrate will melt, yielding a highly corrosive solution and
exposing bare carbon steel to further corrosion.
Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4

It can be seen from Figure 2.3, when the partial pressure of moisture in the chlorine gas
is less than 1 mBar (0.75 mm Hg), normally the corresponding hydrate and temperature
on Figure 2.4 falls in the solid region below the equilibrium curve. Therefore, for most
chlorine drying and handling applications, operating between 0°C (32°F) to 100°C
(212°F) at low pressure, the hydrate will stay in a protective solid phase when the
moisture vapor pressure is less than 1 mBar (0.75 mm Hg). The report titled “The Safe
Use of Steel and Titanium in Chlorine” by PC Westen in Appendix E provides additional
explanation.
Two Hydrates Co-exist:
Figure 2.5
The ferric chloride–water hydration equilibrium curve in Figure 2.4 is commonly

presented in many public journals and articles. However, it shows only the nominal
boundary curve that separates solid ferric chloride from the solution hydrate. In practice,
though, the chemistry is more complex because ferric chloride exists in 5 different
hydrates. These contain 2, 2.5, 3.5, 6, and 10 molecules of water. When two hydrates
exist, the melting point is actually lower than the individual melting points of the two
solids. The Eutectic points show when two hydrates and the liquid exist where it has the
lowest melting point. The shaded regions in Figure 2.5 show where liquid ferric chloride
hydrate solution is present below the equilibrium curve. To avoid destruction of the
protective layer, the operating conditions must fall outside any region containing liquid
hydrate. While the 1mBar vapor pressure limit is a good rule of thumb for some low
pressure conditions, other operating conditions, particularly in cold liquefaction
temperatures, the moisture vapor pressure must be less than 1 mBar in order for the
hydrate to stay as a solid.
8 PAMPHLET 100
2.3 MOISTURE IN CHLORINE CONDENSING SYSTEMS
It is important to understand what the moisture limits are for the specific conditions in
each liquefaction unit as the chlorine is being condensed. The moisture concentration
changes as the concentration of chlorine drops in the gas.
When chlorine is either partially vaporized or condensed the moisture level in chlorine
will redistribute between the vapor and liquid depending on the chlorine concentration in
the vapor. When a rich chlorine stream is partially condensed, the moisture
preferentially distributes to the vapor phase with a distribution ratio of about 4:1. Figure
2.6 contains a graph showing moisture content of 100% chlorine vapor that is in
equilibrium with “Dry” liquid chlorine as defined in Section 2.1 (Reference Appendices C
and D).
10000
Solubility of Water in Liquid Chlorine
and equilibrium moisture in 100% Chlorine Gas
1000 Moisture in 100% Chlorine gas when

saturated with liquid Chlorine
Water Content (ppmw)
100
Liquid Chlorine
Saturated with water
10
1
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50
Temperature (C)
Water in Lquid Water in Gas
Figure 2.6
In liquefaction units, however, the chlorine concentration is not 100%. As the chlorine
condenses the moisture will concentrate in the liquid. The distribution ratio will no longer
be 4:1.
As temperatures in the condensing stages get colder, the concentration of chlorine gas
becomes less. In this case, the moisture will still preferentially partition with the chlorine
in the vapor, but since the overall concentration of chlorine in the gas relative to the inert
gases is low, the net result is the moisture distribution between vapor and liquid phases
will be lower than 4:1. It can be as low as 1:1.
The report in Appendix D does a good job of describing how to calculate moisture
distribution between the gas and the liquid (Titled: Method for Calculating Water
Distribution in A Chlorine Condensing System).
The result from an example presented in Appendix D is reprinted here.
In this example, the feed to the primary condenser contains 50 ppmv moisture. When
the gas stream partially condenses at 12°C (54°F) and 110 psig (7584 mBar), the
uncondensed vapor will contain 107 ppmv and the liquid will contain 44 ppmv (a
distribution of 2.4:1).
Figure 2.7
As more liquid chlorine is condensed from the gas in subsequent stages, the gas
becomes lean in chlorine. In the example from Appendix D, the exit from the secondary
stage condenser at -30°C (-22°F) will contain a very low concentration of chlorine (<15
vol%). In this case, there is little chlorine in the tailgas (the remaining chlorine gas and
non-condensables) for the moisture partition with, and therefore most of the moisture
stays with the liquid chlorine. The distribution ratio is less than 1:1 (30 ppmv: 210
ppmv).
10 PAMPHLET 100
Figure 2.8
Is the Tailgas Dry enough?
In the preceding liquefaction example, the vapor from the secondary condenser, the
Tailgas, contains 30 ppmv moisture and the liquid contains 210 ppmv.
Is 30 ppmv dry enough for carbon steel? Figures 2.2 and 2.4 can be used to find out:
The partial pressure of moisture in the vapor:
Water Partial pressure = Mole fraction x Total Gas Pressure = yH2O x PT

= 0.000030 mol frac x 124.7 psia
= 0.00374 psia
= 0.25 mBar
From the Vapor Pressure Hydrate graph below,
0.25mBar at -30°C, the corresponding FeCl3 hydrate (after extrapolation)

contains ~40% FeCl3
Figure 2.9
12 PAMPHLET 100
Plotting on the following graph, it can be seen that 40% ferric chloride and -30°C is in a
region where ice & ferric chloride solution co-exist. 30 ppmv is too wet. In this
example, 50 ppmv in the feed is too high to operate the liquefaction unit safely.
Figure 2.10
From this example, it can be seen that even though the moisture vapor pressure in the
chlorine gas is less than 1 mBar, this stream is too wet for carbon steel. Use the 1 mBar
rule as a guideline only. It is generally applicable for low pressure applications where
temperature is between 0 and 100°C (32 and 212°F).
Had the incoming moisture in the example been 15 ppmv instead of 50 ppmv, the vapor
in the 2nd stage condenser would have had 10 ppmv, resulting in a partial pressure of 0.1
mBar. This would be low enough to sustain a protective solid ferric chloride hydrate on
the carbon steel.
Is the Liquid Dry enough?
In the example, the moisture in the liquid chlorine contains 210 ppmv. This is equivalent
to 53 ppmw. From Figure 2.1, the solubility of water at -30°C in chlorine is 12 ppmw.
Again, this is too wet. The moisture will partition into a separate water phase on the
liquid chlorine.
Every chlorine plant needs to determine the safe maximum moisture content feeding the
liquefaction condensing units using the specific operating conditions for that facility. The
method presented in Appendix D can be used to determine the water distribution
between the liquid and gas streams.
2.4 OTHER CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS
Elevated Temperatures
At elevated temperatures below the upper accepted operating temperature limit, vapor
pressure of ferric chloride increases and ferric chloride will sublime and deteriorate the
protective layer, expose more carbon steel which increases corrosion rates (refer to
Pamphlet 1, (4.1)).
High velocities in combination with elevated moisture levels can increase erosion
damage to piping.
High temperature liquid chlorine will increase the solubility of ferric chloride, thereby
removing the protective layer. Cooling liquid chlorine can precipitate ferric chloride.
Combinations of these mechanisms can result in more rapid deterioration than can be
attributed to any single mechanism.
3. MEASURING MOISTURE IN CHLORINE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
There is only one method for the direct measurement of moisture in liquid chlorine. Due
to the lack of a commercially available unit and safety concerns it has not been widely
used. Instead liquid chlorine is vaporized and then analyzed by one of the gas methods.
Historically, moisture in liquid chlorine has been analyzed using the ASTM method E
410-08. This method involves the collection of liquid chlorine sample, vaporizing the
chlorine and absorbing the moisture onto a desiccant (P2O5) and measuring the weight
gain of the desiccant.
14 PAMPHLET 100
For moisture levels below 20 ppmw water in chlorine, more accurate detection limits are
achievable using P2O5 electrolytic sensors or infrared methods. To accurately measure
at these lower moisture levels, exclusion of ambient moisture contamination during
measurement is absolutely critical. These measurements should be made online
whenever possible to avoid ambient moisture contamination problems.
Online analysis of liquid chlorine requires continuous vaporization of a liquid chlorine

stream. This gas is subsequently analyzed with an electrolytic or infrared analyzer.
The sampling and analysis for moisture of any liquefied compressed gas is a relatively
difficult task due to the fractionation of water between the liquid phase and the vapor
phase. Additional problems are caused by the fact that “WET” chlorine is corrosive. This
can result in the formation of ferric chloride which can create water contamination
problems.
Table 3.1
16 PAMPHLET 100
3.2 MOISTURE CONTAMINATION OF THE CHLORINE SAMPLING SYSTEMS
3.2.1 Contamination from Ambient Air
Using a sample cylinder to obtain a chlorine sample for moisture analysis is not a
straightforward procedure. Unfortunately, moisture in the ambient air makes it extremely
difficult to avoid contaminating the sample with water. The situation is comparable to
taking a sample from a valve located inside a swimming pool without allowing moisture
into the sample container. Thought needs to be given to the design of the sample
cylinder (used to obtain the sample), the sample points, and the sample cylinder
connection. The cylinders and the various sampling valves have a finite internal volume.
These areas contain moisture which can end up in the sample cylinder. The volume in
the process valve can significantly affect the sample contamination. One way to
minimize this volume is to use a "sample thief" with a small tubing valve. A sample thief
is a length of tubing, typically ¼ inch O.D., which extends through a packing gland and
the process valve into the center of the process pipe. The sample thief is controlled with
a small ¼ inch tubing valve which has a very small internal volume. By extending the
sample thief into the center of the process pipe, the possibility of sample contamination
from the corrosion products which normally coat the inside surface of the process pipe
can be eliminated. A sample thief must be properly designed, engineered and installed.
It is also important to design into the sample point a provision for flushing the sample
connection to the sample cylinder to remove the ambient contamination. Without
flushing, the moisture in this connection will be delivered into the sample cylinder with
the sample.
3.2.2 Moisture Contamination Due to Corrosion
Sample cylinder and sample point fittings that are corroded due to exposure to “WET”
chlorine can be the cause of a moisture contamination problem. Ferric chloride, a
product of corrosion, is extremely hygroscopic and will collect moisture from the
process and from ambient air at a very fast rate. The use of iron and alloys of iron
must be avoided in the sampling apparatus. Certain nickel or Monel® alloys (See CI
Pamphlet 6 (4.1)) are recommended materials of construction for sample points and all
parts of the analysis system.
Sample points and sample cylinder fittings should be cleaned before and after use to
minimize contamination problems. Sample fittings that are dirty or corroded should be
replaced before being used. Once the analysis system is contaminated with ferric
chloride, it should be disassembled, washed and dried.
3.3 EFFECTS OF PHASE SEPARATION
When chlorine is collected into a sample cylinder, some phase change may occur. The
moisture in the sample will distribute itself between the chlorine vapor phase and liquid
phase. Several literature references have defined this distribution between the vapor
and liquid phases as being 4 to 1, vapor to liquid. This means the concentration of the
water in the vapor will be four times higher than in the liquid. Since the amount of water
in the sample cylinder is constant, the accuracy of the moisture analysis is affected by
the ratio of liquid to vapor volume in the sample cylinder as well as which phase is
analyzed.
Therefore to measure the concentration of moisture in liquid chlorine you must either
vaporize 100% of portion of the liquid chlorine sample or continuously vaporize a stream
of liquid chlorine. Do not measure the moisture in the gas from the top of chlorine
sample cylinder.
Effect of Phase Separation on Liquid Chlorine Moisture Analysis Accuracy
Here we consider the case of a 300 mL liquid chlorine sample cylinder filled with 3
different volumes (200, 100 and 50 mL) of liquid chlorine and two different initial
moisture concentrations (30 and 10 ppmw). A simple assumption was made that
concentration of water in the gas will be four times the initial concentration of the liquid
and mass of water in the vapor is removed from the liquid resulting in a decrease in
concentration. The temperature is assumed to be 20°C (68°F) and the corresponding
pressure is 84 psig. The density of chlorine used is 1.4 g/mL
Table 3.2
Moisture in Liquid Chlorine

Supplying the Sample Cylinder 30 ppmw 10 ppmw
mL liquid chlorine added 200 100 50 200 100 50
g liquid chlorine added 280 140 70 280 140 70
mg H2O in the liquid chlorine added 8.4 4.2 2.1 2.8 1.4 0.7
mL chlorine vapor 100 200 250 100 200 250
g chlorine vapor 1.98 3.97 4.96 1.98 3.97 4.96
ppmw moisture in chlorine vapor 120 120 120 40 40 40
mg H2O in the chlorine vapor 0.24 0.48 0.59 0.08 0.16 0.20
ppmw moisture remaining in chlorine 29.2 26.6 21.5 9.7 8.9 7.2
3.3.1 Online Analyzers
It is often best to conduct an online analysis of chlorine to measure moisture content.

When an online analyzer is used, the sample lines constitute a closed system continually
swept by the sample flow keeping out ambient moisture. This closed type of analysis
system gives very reliable results.
3.3.2 Grab Sample Analysis
Not all analyses can be done online. For example, the analysis of the contents of a tank
car or a ton container requires taking a grab sample and performing an analysis in the
laboratory. To consistently achieve the highest level of accuracy (less than 10 ppm), the
sampling device (sample container, transfer tubing, sampling valves, etc.) must be dry,
using clear, dry, oil-free, compressed air or nitrogen, dried to a dew point measured at
operating pressure of -40oF (-40oC) or below. The use of a dry box in a laboratory is
required. Routine analyses may be done without a dry box.
18 PAMPHLET 100
4. REFERENCES
4.1 CHLORINE INSTITUTE REFERENCES
The following publications are specifically referenced in CI Pamphlet 100. The latest
editions of CI publications may be obtained at www.chlorineinstitute.org.
Pamphlet # Title
1 Chlorine Basics (Formerly The Chlorine Manual), ed. 8; Pamphlet 1;

The Chlorine Institute: Arlington, VA, 2014.
6 Piping Systems for Dry Chlorine, ed. 16; Pamphlet 6; The Chlorine
Institute: Arlington, VA, 2013.
4.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS
4.2.1 Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Water in Liquid Chlorine by
On-Line Infrared Spectrophotometry, ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 15.05: E 1786-
08; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA 2017.
4.2.2 Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Water in Liquid Chlorine By
Infrared Spectrophotometry, ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 15.05,; E 1754-08;
ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA 2017.
4.2.3 Standard Test Method for Moisture and Residue in Liquid Chlorine, ASTM Book of
Standards, Volume 15.05, E 410-08, ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA.
4.3 OTHER REFERENCES
For further assistance and information on items referenced, contact:
The Chlorine Institute ASTM

1300 Wilson Blvd. Suite 525 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Arlington, VA 22209 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
703-894-4140 610-832-9500
703-894-4130 (Fax) 610-832-9555 (Fax)
www.chlorineinstitute.org www.astm.org
APPENDIX A - PAMPHLET 100 CHECKLIST
This checklist is designed to emphasize major topics for someone who has already read and
understood the pamphlet. Taking recommendations from this list without understanding related
topics can lead to inappropriate conclusions.
Place a check mark () in the appropriate box below:
Yes No N/A
   1. Are you reporting results in the correct unit of {1.3}
measure (ppmw vs ppmv)?
   2. Has the method of chlorine moisture analysis been {3}

defined (and its limitations understood) by the facility?
   3. Are the moisture conditions for each chlorine drying {2.3}

and condensing stage within the production plant
understood and controlled?
   4. Has the facility assessed its temperature and velocity {2.4}

conditions to prevent corrosion?
   5. Are chlorine samples designed to minimize {3.2}

contamination?
   6. Are phase transitions taken into account when {3.3}

analyzing samples?
20 PAMPHLET 100
APPENDIX B –
INCREASING RESPONSE SPEED IN TRACE MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS
22 PAMPHLET 100
24 PAMPHLET 100
APPENDIX C
– THE DRYING AND LIQUEFACTION OF CHLORINE AND THE PHASE DIAGRAM CL2-H2O
26 PAMPHLET 100
28 PAMPHLET 100
30 PAMPHLET 100
APPENDIX D
– METHOD FOR CALCULATING WATER DISTRIBUTION IN A CHLORINE CONDENSING
SYSTEM
32 PAMPHLET 100
34 PAMPHLET 100
36 PAMPHLET 100
38 PAMPHLET 100
For clarification: The chlorine feed to the Primary Condenser is condensed using an external
refrigerant coolant (not shown).In the Second Condenser, some liquid chlorine from the Primary
Condenser and chlorine from the partially condensed feed gas in the secondary condenser is
flashed and used as refrigerant for the Secondary. Gas Recycle (161 ppm) is vapor from the
refrigerant. Gas stream (30 ppm) is uncondensed gas fed to the Secondary unit.
40 PAMPHLET 100
APPENDIX E
– THE SAFE USE OF STEEL AND TITANIUM IN CHLORINE
42 PAMPHLET 100
44 PAMPHLET 100
46 PAMPHLET 100
48 PAMPHLET 100
1300 Wilson Boulevard « Suite 525 « Arlington, VA 22209
Telephone: (703) 894-4140 « Fax: (703) 894-4130
Email: pubs@CL2.com « Website: www.chlorineinstitute.org
THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE Technical inquiries: techsvc@cl2.com
©The Chlorine Institute all rights reserved.

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THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE

1.2 CHLORINE INSTITUTE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM

1.3 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS

In this pamphlet, the following meanings apply unless otherwise noted:

chlorine the chemical element in either the liquid or gaseous state

FeCl3 ferric chloride

Institute The Chlorine Institute

Monel® a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation

O.D. Outside Diameter

OPL Optical Path Length

NIR Near Infrared

ppmv parts per million by volume

ppmw parts per million by weight

P2O5 phosphorus pentoxide

TDL Tunable Diode Laser

Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the Secretary of the Institute.

1.6.1 Significant Revisions in Current Edition

2. BEHAVIORS OF MOISTURE IN CHLORINE

2.1 DRY LIQUID CHLORINE

a. If the liquid chlorine supply has 30 ppmw moisture content at a system

b. A system operating at 50oF (10oC) is tolerant to moisture levels of 110 ppmw

2.2 DRY CHLORINE GAS FOR CARBON STEEL

Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4

Two Hydrates Co-exist:

The ferric chloride–water hydration equilibrium curve in Figure 2.4 is commonly

2.3 MOISTURE IN CHLORINE CONDENSING SYSTEMS

1000 Moisture in 100% Chlorine gas when

The result from an example presented in Appendix D is reprinted here.

Is the Tailgas Dry enough?

The partial pressure of moisture in the vapor:

Water Partial pressure = Mole fraction x Total Gas Pressure = yH2O x PT

From the Vapor Pressure Hydrate graph below,

0.25mBar at -30°C, the corresponding FeCl3 hydrate (after extrapolation)

Is the Liquid Dry enough?

2.4 OTHER CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS

3. MEASURING MOISTURE IN CHLORINE

Online analysis of liquid chlorine requires continuous vaporization of a liquid chlorine

3.2 MOISTURE CONTAMINATION OF THE CHLORINE SAMPLING SYSTEMS

3.2.1 Contamination from Ambient Air

3.2.2 Moisture Contamination Due to Corrosion

3.3 EFFECTS OF PHASE SEPARATION

Effect of Phase Separation on Liquid Chlorine Moisture Analysis Accuracy

Moisture in Liquid Chlorine

3.3.1 Online Analyzers

It is often best to conduct an online analysis of chlorine to measure moisture content.

3.3.2 Grab Sample Analysis

4.1 CHLORINE INSTITUTE REFERENCES

1 Chlorine Basics (Formerly The Chlorine Manual), ed. 8; Pamphlet 1;

4.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS

4.3 OTHER REFERENCES

For further assistance and information on items referenced, contact:

The Chlorine Institute ASTM

APPENDIX A - PAMPHLET 100 CHECKLIST

Place a check mark () in the appropriate box below:

   2. Has the method of chlorine moisture analysis been {3}

   3. Are the moisture conditions for each chlorine drying {2.3}

   4. Has the facility assessed its temperature and velocity {2.4}

   5. Are chlorine samples designed to minimize {3.2}

   6. Are phase transitions taken into account when {3.3}

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