Engr.

Joseph Kitma III, BSCHE,MSME,SLUBoys’high’89

 Ozone
• A gas that can be found in two
places. Near the ground (the
troposphere), and upper
atmosphere (stratosphere),
which screens out harmful
ultraviolet rays.
• Formed when nitrogen oxides
and volatile organic compounds
mix in sunlight
• Asthma attacks, sore throats,
coughs, premature death
 Carbon Monoxide
• A gas that comes from the
burning of fossil fuels,
mostly in cars. It cannot
be seen or smelled.
• Released when engines
burn fossil fuels
• Dizziness, tiredness and
headaches. In high
concentrations, it is fatal.
 Nitrogen Dioxide
• A reddish-brown gas that comes from the burning of fossil
fuels. It has a strong smell at high levels.
• Mostly comes from power plants and cars.
• Can give people coughs and can make them feel short of
breath and respiratory infections, form acid rain.
 Sulfur Dioxide
• A corrosive gas that cannot
be seen or smelled at low
levels but can have a
“rotten egg” smell at high
levels.
• Mostly comes from the
burning of coal or oil in
power plants.
• Makes breathing difficult,
irritate people's eyes,
noses, and throats.
 Toxic Air Pollutants
• A large number of chemicals that are known or suspected to
cause cancer. Some important pollutants in this category
include arsenic, asbestos, benzene, and dioxin.
• Created in chemical plants or are emitted when fossil fuels are
burned.
• Can cause cancer, birth defects, skin and eye irritation and
breathing problems.
 Greenhouse Gases
• Gases that stay in the air for a long time and warm up the
planet by trapping sunlight. Includes carbon dioxide,
methane, and nitrous oxide.
• Comes from the burning of fossil fuels in cars, power plants,
houses, and industry.
• The greenhouse effect can lead to changes in the climate of
the planet.
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 Particulate Matter
• Solid or liquid matter that is suspended in the air that are
0.00005 to 0.1 mm wide.
• Coarse: sources like road dust, sea spray, and construction and
Fine: when fuel is burned in automobiles and power plants.
• Frequent asthma attacks, respiratory problems, and
premature death.
 Lead
• A blue-gray metal that is very toxic and is found in a number
of forms and locations.
• Come from power plants and other industrial sources, paints,
cars where unleaded gasoline is not used.
• For small children, can lead to lower IQs and kidney problems
For adults, exposure to lead can increase the chance of having
heart attacks or strokes.
 Stratospheric Ozone Depleters
• Chemicals that can destroy the
ozone in the stratosphere.
Includes chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), halons, and other
compounds that include
chlorine or bromine.
• Comes from air conditioners
and refrigerators, aerosol cans
and fire extinguishers.
• People are exposed to more
radiation from the sun
(ultraviolet radiation) causing
skin cancer and eye problems.
 Ringelmann Scale

• The Ringelmann
scale is a scale
used to determine
the density of
smoke.
 High-Volume Air Sampler
• The high-volume (Hi-Vol)
sampler is the workhorse
of air sampling and
monitoring.
• The sampler uses a
continuous duty blower to
suck in an air stream.
 Bubbler Systems
• The use of bubbler systems in combination
with colorimeters or other
spectrophotometers
• micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3)
parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion
(ppb)
R.A. No. 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology

BAGUIO: Firecracker Ban

Ordinance 53, series of 2009, prohibits the sale and
explosion of firecrackers and fireworks within the city limits.

BAGUIO: Anti- smoke belching drive

In 2014, 8,724 vehicles were tested, and 1,436 failed. In
2015, 7512 vehicles were tested, and 904 failed.
R.A. No. 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology

BAGUIO: Firecracker Ban

Ordinance 53, series of 2009, prohibits the sale and
explosion of firecrackers and fireworks within the city limits.

BAGUIO: Anti- smoke belching drive

In 2014, 8,724 vehicles were tested, and 1,436 failed. In
2015, 7512 vehicles were tested, and 904 failed.
R.A. No. 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology

BAGUIO: Firecracker Ban

Ordinance 53, series of 2009, prohibits the sale and
explosion of firecrackers and fireworks within the city limits.

BAGUIO: Anti- smoke belching drive

In 2014, 8,724 vehicles were tested, and 1,436 failed. In
2015, 7512 vehicles were tested, and 904 failed.
 Settling Chamber
PARTICULATE
MATTER
GRAVITY VELOCITY
Only particulates > 100μm can be removed
 Cyclones
Centrifugal force
iii. The clean air is in
i. The dirty air is blasted into
the middle of the
a conical cylinder but off
center line. cylinder & exits
out at the top

ii. This creates a violent swirl

within the cone & the heavy
solids migrate to the wall of
the cylinder where they slow
down due to friction, slide
down the cone and finally exit
at the bottom.
 Bag Filters
Entrapment & Surface forces
– used to collect dust then removed from the bag
– can remove submicron sizes of particulates
Spray Tower or Scrubber
– effective for removing
large particulates.
– a scrubber washes the
particulates out of the
dirty airstream as they
collide with and are
entrained by the
countless tiny droplets in
the spray.
Electrostatic Precipitators

– uses electrical forces

to move the particles
out of the flowing gas
stream and onto
collector plates
 Absorption
– involves the transfer of a
gaseous pollutant from
the air into a contacting
liquid, such as water
– liquid must be able either
to serve as a solvent for
the pollutant or to
capture it by means of
a chemical reaction.
Wet Scrubbers
– effective air pollution
control devices for
removing particles and/or
gases from industrial
exhaust streams
– generally the most
appropriate air pollution
control device for collecting
both particulate and gas in
a single system
Packed Scrubbers
– Liquid is present on
a wetted surface
rather than as
droplets suspended
in the air
Flue Gas Desulfurization
– control of sulfur dioxide in flue gas from
fossil-fuel power plants
Wet FGD systems

Flue gases are brought in

contact with an absorbent,
which can be either a liquid
or a slurry of solid material.
The sulfur dioxide dissolves
in or reacts with the
absorbent and becomes
trapped in it.
 Dry FGD Systems
- The absorbent is dry
pulverized lime or limestone
- once absorption occurs,
the solid particles are
removed by means of
baghouse filters
 CONTROL OF GASES
FGD can be classified into
a. Nonregenerable/ Throwaway
Sulfur removed is discarded
b. Regenerable
Sulfur from flue gas is recovered
-require additional steps to convert the sulfur
dioxide into useful by-products like sulfuric
acid
 Adsorption
– a surface phenomenon
– The gas molecules are
sorbed (attracted to and
held) on the surface of a
solid
– used for odor control at
various types of
chemical-manufacturing
and food-processing
facilities
Incineration
– can be used to convert
VOCs and other gaseous
hydrocarbon pollutants to
carbon dioxide and water.
– Incineration of VOCs and
hydrocarbon fumes
usually is accomplished in
a special incinerator called
an afterburner.
 Particulates
VOC's

Asbestos
Formaldehyde
Nitrogen Oxides
Evaporation from HC’s from Fuel Tank

Evaporation from
gas tanks have
been reduced by
use of gas tank
caps that prevent
the vapor from
escaping.
 Evaporation of HC’s from the
Carburetor

Losses from
carburetors have
been reduced by the
use activated carbon
canisters that store
vapors emitted when
the engine is turned
off & hot gasoline in
the carburetor
vaporizes.
Emissions of Unburned Gasoline &
Partially Oxidized HCs from the
Crank Case

This has been eliminated by closing of

the atmosphere & recycling the blow by
gases into the intake manifold.
Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV)

Valve is a small
check valve that
prevents the
build up of
pressure in the
crankcase.
NOX , HC’s, & CO from the Exhaust
(Most Difficult to Control)

60% of HC’s
& all NOX ,
CO and lead.
 Tuning the engine to burn fuel efficiency
(change air-fuel ratio). Installation of
catalytic reactors/ converters (Oxidizes CO,
HC’s, to CO2 , H2O (Engine Modification)
Effect of engine operation on
Automotive Exhaust.
Characteristics, Shown as Fraction of Idling
Emissions.
CO HC’s NOX
Idling 1.0 1.0 1.0
Accelerating 0.6 0.4 100
Cruising 0.6 0.3 66
Decelerating 0.6 11.4 1.0
Salamat Apo!
- Sir Jokits