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IMAGE
PROCESSING
BY
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INDEX Abstract:
Topic Page no
By using Digital Image
Processing we enhance the digital images
Abstract
and extracting information and features
1. Introduction 1 from the image. Digital Image Processing
2. History 1 has become the most common form of
3. Categories 3 image processing, and it is generally used
4. Image Viewing & types 4 because it is not only the most versatile
5. Digital Image Editing 6 method,but also the cheapest. This is one
6. Editing Programs & type of image processing and it used for
Digital DataCompression 7 editing the digital images which are taken
7. Image Editor Features 8 from the digital cameras. This technology
8.Advantages 10 is more useful in the investigation in Crime
9. Disadvantages 11 Branch. Digital Image Processing has the
10.Conclusion 11 advantages as a wider range of algorithm
11.Referrences 11 to be applied to the input data and can
avoid the problems such as build-up of
noice and signal distortion during
processing. For this the NASA and US
military have developed advanced
computer software. By using this software
improve the clarity of and amount of detail
visible in still and video images.
The main feature of this technology
is Digital Image Editing. Image Editors are
provide the means for altering and
improving images in an all most endless
number of time. They accepts images in
large variety of image formats. The other
features of this technology is Image Size
Alteration, Cropping on Image, Removal
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of Noice and unwanted elements, merging Typically, the pixels are stored in computer
of images and finally color adjustments. memory as a or a two-dimensional array
And in this paper we present of small integers. These values are often
categories of digital image processing, transmitted or stored in a form.
Image Compression, Image viewing and
image types, and digital image editing, Digital images can be by a variety
and finally advantages and of input devices and techniques, such as,
disadvantgages of digital image
scanners, coordinate-measuring
processing.
machines, seismographic profiling,
airborne radar, and more.
IMAGE PROCESSING:
from an image. Any activity that cameras. The most common kind of digital
transforms an input image into an output image processing is digital image editing.
processing has the same advantages (over interest until the 1970s, when
applied to the input data, and can avoid such as television standards
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it into a computer image file that can be to make the image pleasing to the
stored in a computer's memory or on a human eye.
storage medium such as a hard disk or CD-
Enhancement Image enhancement
ROM. Digitization involves translating the
techniques can be used to modify the
image into a numerical code that can be
brightness and contrast of an image, to
understood by a computer. It can be
remove blurriness, and to filter out
accomplished using a scanner or a video
some of the noise. Using mathematical
camera linked to a frame grabber board in
equations called algorithms, the
the computer.
computer applies each change to either
The computer breaks down the the whole image or targets a particular
image in to thousands of pixels. Pixels are portion of the image.
the smallest component of an image. They
For example, global contrast
are the small dots in the horizontal lines
enhancement would affect the entire
across a television screen. Each pixel is
image, whereas local contrast
converted into a number that represents the
enhancement would improve the
brightness of the dot. For a black-and-
contrast of small details, such as a face
white image, the pixel represents different
or a license plate on a vehicle. Some
shades between total black and full white.
algorithms can remove background
The computer can then adjust the pixels to
noise without disturbing the key
enhance image quality.
components of the image.
CATEGORIES OF DIGITAL IMAGE
Measurement Extraction is used to
PROCESSING:
gather useful information from an
The Three main categories of digital enhanced image.
image processing are:
IMAGE VIEWING:
Image Compression is a mathematical
The user can utilize different
technique used to reduce the amount
program to see the image. The GIF, JPEG
of computer memory needed to
and PNG images can be seen simply using
store a digital image. The computer
a web browser because they are the
discards (rejects) some information,
standard internet image formats. The SVG
while retaining sufficient information
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format is more and more used in the web distinct from black-and-white
and is a standard W3C format. images, which in the context of
computer imaging are images with
IMAGE TYPES :
only two colors, black and white;
grayscale images have many shades of
Digital images can be classified
gray in between. In most contexts
according to the number and nature of
other than digital imaging, however,
those samples:The term digital image is
the term "black and white" is used in
also applied to data associated to points
place of "grayscale";
scattered over a three-dimensional region,
such as produced by tomographic
For example, photography in
equipment. In that case, each datum is
shades of gray is typically called "black-
called a voxel.
and-whitephotography". The term
monochromatic in some digital imaging
TYPES OF IMAGES :
contexts is synonymous with grayscale,
1. Binary Image : and in some contexts synonymous with
black-and-white.
• A binary image is a digital image
that has only two possible values 3. Color Image: A (digital) color image is
for each pixel. a digital image that includes color
• Binary images are also called bi- information for each pixel.For visually
level or two-level. acceptable results, it is necessary (and
• A binary image is usually stored in almost sufficient) to provide three samples
memory as a bitmap, a packed (color channels) for each pixel, which are
array of bits. interpreted as coordinates in some color
• A binary image is also a compiled space. The RGB color space is commonly
version of source code in Linux and used in computer displays, but other spaces
Unixes such as YUV, HSV, and are often used in
other contexts. Color Image
2. Gray Scale: In computing, a grayscale
Representation : A color image is usually
or greyscale digital image is an image
stored in memory as a raster map, a two-
in which the value of each pixel is a
dimensional array of small integer triplets;
single sample.Grayscale images are
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or (rarely) as three separate raster maps.
The same picture in three different color original image, it can make some details
modes. The picture on the left is the more visible, by increasing the distance in
original photograph, in full color. The color space between successive gray
4. False Color : For military operations image, since it shows the complementary
under a false flag, see false colors. colors of its subject. However, the term
"false-color" is typically used to describe
images whose colors represent measured
intensities outside the visible portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum .False-color
images are frequently used for viewing
A "false color" image showing the
Chesapeake Bay and the city of Baltimore.
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satellite images, such as from weather which a user may manipulate, enhance,
satellites. and transform images. These editors are
capable of editing images in many diverse
5. Multi Spectral Image: Multi-spectral
ways.
images are images of the same object,
taken in different bands of visible or BASICS OF DIGITAL IMAGE
infrared region of electromagnetic EDITING:
continum. This is the main type of images
Bitmap images are stored in a
acquired by Remote sensing (RS)
computer in the form of a grid of picture
radiometers. Multi-spectral is the opposite
elements called pixels. These pixels
of panchromatic. Usually satelites have 3
contain the image's color and brightness
to 7 or more radiometers. Each one
information. Image editors can change the
acquires one digiral image in a small band
pixels to enhance the image in many ways.
of visible spectra.
The pixels can be changed as a group, or
6. Thematic Image : Thematic images are individually, by the sophisticated
usually image products of algorithms within the image editors.
classification processing of
IMAGE EDITING PROGRAMS:
multispectral images of the earth
surface. The classification process
Because of the popularity of digital
differentiates types of surface such as
cameras, image editing programs are
land, water, forest, lake, structure etc.
readily available. Minimal programs, that
do such operations as rotating and
DIGITAL IMAGE EDITING:
cropping (image)s are often provided
within the digital camera itself, others are
Digital image editing is the
returned to the user on a compact disc
process of altering digital images,
(CD) when images are processed at a
whether they be digital photographs or
discount store.
other types of digitally represented images.
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storage spce. Digital compression of often reduced in size for Internet
images may take place in the camera, or use. Image editor programs use a
can be done in the computer with the mathematical process called re-
image editor. When images are stored in sampling to calculate new pixel
JPEG format, compression has already values whose spacing is larger or
taken place. Both cameras and computer smaller than the original pixel
programs allow the user to set the level of values..
compression. Cropping An Image: Digital editors are
used to crop images. Cropping
Some compression algorithms are creates a new image by removing a
lossless, such as PNG, which means no desired rectangular portion from the
image quality is lost when the file is saved. image being cropped. The unwanted
The JPEG compression algorithm uses a part of the image is discarded. Image
lossy format. The greater the compression, cropping does not reduce the
the lesser the quality. The JPEG algorithm resolution of the area cropped.
utilizes the way the brain and eyes
perceive colour to make loss of detail less
noticeable.
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Removal Of Unwanted Elements: color of specific items in an image.
Most image editors can be used to
remove unwanted branches, etc,
using a "clone" tool.
An example of selective
color change, the original is on
the right.
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An example of some special effects
that can be added to a picture.
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Lens Correction: Photo manipulation
packages have functions to correct 1. One of the biggest advantages of
images for various lens distortions digital imaging is the ability of the
inclduing pincushion, fisheye and operator to manipulate the pixel
barrel distortions. The corrections are shades to correct image density and
subtle, but can improve the contrast, is called Post-Processing.
appearance of some photographs. And perform other processing
Contrast Change And Brightening: functions that could result in
Image editors have provisions to change
improved diagnosis and fewer
the contrast of images and brighten or
repeated examinations.
darken the image. Many an
underexposed image can be improved by
2. Digital imaging allows the
using this feature. only pixels below a electronic transmission of images
particular luminosity threshold are to third-party providers, referring
brightened, thereby brightening dentists, consultants, and insurance
underexposed shadows without affecting carriers via a modem.
the rest of the image.
3. Digital imaging is also
Sharpening And Softening Images:
environmentally friendly since it
Graphics programs can be used to
does not require chemical
both sharpen and blur images in a
processing. It is well known that
number of ways. Edge
used film processing chemicals
enhancement is an extremely
contaminate the water supply
common technique used to make
system with harmful metals such as
images appear sharper, although
the silver found in used fixer
many purists frown on the end result
as less natural-looking. solution.
ADVANTAGES:
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any number of image formats, at almost
DISADVANTAGES: any size, and in varying degrees of
compression. Most serious digital camera
There are also disadvantages users will find the facilities of an image
associated with the use of digital systems. editor indispensable.
1. The initial cost can be high
REFERENCES:
depending on the system used, the
number of detectors purchased, etc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_in
2. Competency using the software can formation.
CONCLUSION: