Acid-Base Indicators

The quantities listed in the "Preparation" column ought to be considered to be only good approximations. The audience of
users, the decision whether to determine a titration error for a particular color change and the experimental environment
must be considered when deciding what quantity is best to use.
Indicator pH Change Color Change Preparation

Methyl Violet 0.0 - 1.6 yel to bl 0.01- 0.05 % in water

Crystal Violet 0.0 - 1.8 yel to bl 0.02% in water

0.1 g in 50 ml of MeOH + 50 ml
Ethyl Violet 0.0 - 2.4 yel to bl
of water
Malachite Green 0.2 - 1.8 yel to bl grn water
Methyl Green 0.2 - 1.8 yel to bl 0.1% in water
2 - (p -
dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridin 0.2 - 1.8, 4.4 - 5.6 yel to bl, red to yel 0.1 % in ETOH
e
o - Cresolsulfonephthalein 0.1 g in 26.2 ml 0.01M NaOH +
0.4 - 1.8, 7.0 - 8.8 yel to red, yel to red
(Cresol Red) 223.8 ml water
Quinaldine Red 1.0 - 2.2 col to red 1 % in ETOH
p - (p - dimethylaminophenylazo)
- benzoic acid, Na - salt 1.0 - 3.0 red to yel ETOH
(Paramethyl Red)
m - (p - anilnophenylazo)benzene
sulfonic acid, Na - salt (Metanil 1.2 - 2.4 red to yel 0.01% in water
Yellow)
0.01 g in 1 ml 1M HCI + 50 ml
4 - Phenylazodiphenylamine 1.2 - 2.6 red to yel
ETOH + 49 ml water
Thymolsulfonephthalein 0.1 g in 21.5 ml 0.01 M NaOH +
1.2 - 2.8, 8.0 - 9.6 red to yel, yel to bl
(Thymol Blue) 229.5 mL water
m - Cresolsulfonephthalein 0.1 g in 26.2 ml 0.01M NaOH +
1.2 - 2.8, 7.4 - 9.0 red to yel, yel to purp
(Metacresol Purple) 223.8 ml water
p - (p -
anilinophenylazo)benzenesulfoni 1.4 - 2.8 red to yel 0.01 % in water
c acid, Na - salt (Orange IV)
4 - o - Tolylazo - o - toluidine 1.4 - 2.8 or to yel water
Erythrosine, disodium salt 2.2 - 3.6 or,to red 0.1% in water
Benzopurpurine 48 2.2 - 4.2 vt to red 0. 1 170 in water
N,N - dimethyl - p - (m -
2.6 - 4.8 red to yel 0.1% in water
tolylazo)aniline
4,4' - Bix(2 - amino - l -
0.1 g in 5.9 ml 0.05 M NaOH +
naphthylazo)2,2' - stil - 3.0 - 4.0 purp to red
94.1 ml water
benedisulfonic acid
Tetrabromophenolphthaleinethyl
3.0 - 4.2 yel to bl 0.1 % in ETOH
ester, K - salt
3',3",5',5" - tetrabromophenol -
0.1 g in 14.9 ml 0.01M NaOH +
sulfonephthalein (Bromophenol 3.0 - 4.6 yel to bl
235.1 ml water
Blue)
2,4 - Dinitrophenol 2.8 - 4.0 colorless to yel saturated water solution
N,N - Dimethyl - p -
0.1 g in 90 ml in ETOH + 10 ml
phenylazoaniline (p - 2.8 - 4.4 red to yel
water
Dimethylaminoazobenzene)
Congo Red 3.0 - 5.0 blue to red 0.1% in water

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 Indicator pH Change Color Change Preparation

Methyl Orange - Xylene Cyanole

3.2 - 4.2 purp to grn ready solution
solution
Methyl Orange 3.2 - 4.4 red to yel 0.01 % in water
0.05 - 0.2% in water or aqueous
Ethyl Orange 3. 4 - 4. 8' red to yel
ETOH
4 - (4 - Dimethylamino - 1 -
naphthylazo) - 3 - 3.5 - 4.8 vt to yel 0.1% in 60% ETOH
methoxybenzenesulfonic acid
3',3",5',5" - Tetrabromo - m -
0.1 g in 14.3 ml 0.01 M NaOH +
cresol - sulfonephthalein 3.8 - 5.4 yel to blue
235.7 ml water
(Bromocresol Green)
Resazurin 3.8 - 6.4 or to vt water
4 - Phenylazo - l - naphthylamine 4.0 - 5.6 red to yel 0.1 % in ETOH
0.1 g in 50 ml MEOH + 50 ml
Ethyl Red 4.0 - 5.8 col to red
water
2 - (p -
Dimethylaminophenylazo) - 0.2 - 1.8, 4.4 - 5.6 yel to red, red to yel 0.1 % in ETOH
pyridine
4 - (p - ethoxyphenylazo) - m -
phenylene - diamine 4.4 - 5.8 or to yel 0.1% in water
monohydrochloride
Lacmoid 4.4 - 6.2 red to bl 0.2% in ETOH
Alizarin Red S 4.6 - 6.0 yel to red 0.2 g in 100 mL of 1.5% HCl
0.02 g in 60 ml ETOH + 40 ml
Methyl Red 4.8 - 6.0 red to yel
water
Propyl Red 4.8 - 6.6 red to yel ETOH
5',5" - Dibromo - o -
0.1 g in 18.5 ml 0.01M NaOH +
cresolsulfone - phthalein 5.2 - 6.8 yel to purp
231.5 ml water
(Bromocresol Purple)
3',3" -
0.1 g in 23.6 ml 0.01 M NaOH +
Dichlorophenolsulfonephthalein 5.2 - 6.8 yel to red
226.4 ml water
(Chlorophenol Red)
p - Nitrophenol 5.4 - 6.6 col to yel 0.1% in water
Alizarin 5.6 - 7.2, 11.0 - 12.4 yel to red, red to purp 0.1 % in MEOH
2 - (2,4 - Dinitrophenylazo) - l -
naphthol - 3, 6 - disulfonic acid, 6.0 - 7.0 yel to bl 0.1% in water
di - Na salt
3',3" -
0.1 gin 16 ml 0.01 M NaOH +
Dibromothymolsulfonephthalein 6.0 - 7.6 yel to bl
234 ml water
(Bromothymol Blue)
6,8 - Dinitro - 2,4 - 25 g in 115 ml M NaOH + 50 ml
(lH)quinazolinedione (m - 6.4 - 8.0 col to yel boiling water 0.292g of NaCl in
Dinitrobenzoylene urea) 100 ml water
Brilliant Yellow 6.6 - 7.8 yel to or 1 % in water
Phenolsulfonephthalein (Phenol 0.1 gin 28.2 ml 0.01M NaOH +
6.6 - 8.0 yel to red
Red) 221.8 ml water
0.01 g in 50 ml ETOH + 50 ml
Neutral Red 6.8 - 8.0 red to amb
water
m - Nitrophenol 6.8 - 8.6 col to yel 0.3170 in water
o - Cresolsulfonephthalein 0.1 g in 26.2 ml 0.01 M NaOH +
0.0 - 1.0, 7.0 - 8.8 red to yel, yel to red
(Cresol Red) 223.8 ml water

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 Indicator pH Change Color Change Preparation

Curcumin 7.4 - 8.6, 10.2 - 11.8 yel to red ETOH

m - Cresolsulfonephthalein 0.1 gin 26.2 ml 0.01M NaOH +
1.2 - 2.8, 7.4 - 9.0 red to yel, yel to purp
(Metacresol Purple) 223.8 ml water
4,4' - Bis(4 - amino - i -
0.1 gin 5.9 ml 0.05 M NaOH +
Daphthylazo) 2,2'stilbene 8.0 - 9.0 bl to red
94.1 ml water
disulfonic acid
Thymolsulfonephthalein 0.1 g in 21.5 ml 0.01 M NaOH +
1.2 - 2.8, 8.0 - 9.6 red to yel
(Thymol Blue) 228.5 ml water
o - Cresolphthalein 8.2 - 9.8 col to red 0.04% in ETOH
p - Naphtholbenzene 8.2 - 10.0 or to bl I % in dil. alkali
0.05 gin 50 mL ETOH + 50 mL
Phenolphthalein 8.2 - 10.0 col to pink
water
Ethyl - bis (2.4 - saturated solution in 50% acetone
8.4 - 9.6 col to bl
dimethylphenyl)acetate alcohol
0.04 g in 50 ml ETOH + 50 ml
Thymolphthalein 9.4 - 10.6 col to bl
water
5 - (p - Nitrophenylazo)salicylic
acid, Na - salt (Alizarin Yellow 10.1 - 12.0 yel to red 0.01 % in water
R)
p - (2,4 -
Dihydroxyphenylazo)benzene - 11.4 - 12.6 yel to or 0.1 % in water
sulfonic acid, Na - salt
5,5' - Indigodisulfonic acid, di -
11.4 - 13.0 bl to yel water
Na - salt
2,4,6 - Trinitrotoluene 11.5 - 13.0 co] to or 0.1 - 0.5% in ETOH
1,3,5 - Trinitrobenzene 12.0 - 14.0 col to or 0.1 - 0.5% in ETOH
Clayton Yellow 12.2 - 13.2 yel to amb 0.1% in water

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