EE 455 Power Systems Dynamics and Protecction

Due Thursday, January 14, 2010

Problems are worth 10 points each.

Problem Set 1 – Solutions

Rich Christie 1/10

1. Problem 5.15, p. 184 of Bergen and Vittal. Note! The generator voltage is 13.8 kV, NOT 138
kV.

The generator impedance is 0.10 p.u. on the correct MVA and voltage bases.

The line impedance is given in actual ohms, so must be converted to per unit. The MVA base is
the *generator* MVA base, 30 MVA. The voltage base would be 132 kV except that the system
voltage base has already been chosen as 13.8 kV at the generator. When the generator voltage
magnitude is 1.0 p.u. the actual voltage is 13.8 kV, and the voltage magnitude at the line will be
138 kV which must be 1.0 p.u. Thus the base voltage for the line is 138 kV.

(Comment: It is unusual but by no means impossible to find oddities in ratings like using a 132
kV transformer on a 138 kV line. However, this would not be good practice as the transformer
would be constantly over voltage and its insulation lifetime would be drastically shortened. But I
digress.)

Then

V B2 (138kV )2
Z BL = = = 635Ω
SB 30 MVA
20 + j100
ZL = = 0.03 + j 0.16 p.u.
635

Now correct the other p.u. impedances for the new base values. Transformer T1 must be
corrected for both MVA and voltage:

2
⎛ VB ⎞ ⎛ S Bn ⎞ 2

X T1 = X T 1o ⎜ o ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.10⎛⎜ 13.2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 30 ⎞⎟ = 0.14 p.u.

⎜ VB ⎟ ⎜ SB ⎟ ⎝ 13.8 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠

It does not matter if the high or low base voltages are used for this correction as long as the same
side is used for both old and new base values.

⎛ SB ⎞
X T 2 = X T 2o ⎜ n ⎟ = 0.12⎛⎜ 30 ⎞⎟ = 0.24 p.u.
⎜ SB ⎟ ⎝ 15 ⎠
⎝ o ⎠

1
 ⎛ SB ⎞
X M = X Mi ⎜ n ⎟ = 0.08⎛⎜ 30 ⎞⎟ = 0.12 p.u.
⎜ SB ⎟ ⎝ 20 ⎠
⎝ o ⎠
Diagram:
I
j0.10 j0.14 0.03 + j0.16 j0.24 j0.12

+ + +

Vtg VSend Vtm

- - -

2. Problem 5.16, p. 184 of Bergen and Vittal.

a. Note that the motor impedance is inside the motor, so the terminals are where marked on the
impedance diagram above. Then motor terminal voltage is

V 13.2kV
Vtm = = = 0.96∠0 p.u.
VB 13.8kV
and current is
Pm 15MW
3φ
S ⋅ pf
= 30MVA ⋅ 0.85 = 0.615 p.u.
Sm P / pf
I = = m = B

Vtm Vtm Vtm 0.96 p.u.

∠I = cos −1 0.85 = 31.8°
Presumably the motor is a synchronous motor used for power factor correction, because the
current is leading, so the sign of the angle is positive. Then
I = 0.615∠31.8° p.u.
and this per unit current flows through the transmission line and generator as well as the motor.
From here it is KVL and Ohm’s Law:
Vtg = Vtm + I Z = 0.96∠0 + 0.615∠31.8° ⋅ [ j 0.14 + 0.03 + j 0.16 + j 0.24]
(Interactive Matlab is great for this sort of calculation, but you might want to practice with a
calculator for the exam.)
Vtg = 0.853∠19.9° p.u.
VSend = Vtm + IZ = 0.96∠0 + 0.615∠31.8° ⋅ [0.03 + j 0.16 + j 0.24]
Vtg = 0.874∠14.5° p.u.
The effect of the leading power factor is that voltage increases as you get closer to the motor.
The motor is providing voltage support to the generator! Generator power

2
 S G = Vtg I * = 0.853∠19.9° ⋅ 0.615∠ − 31.8° = 0.524∠ − 11.9° p.u.
S G = 0.513 − j 0.108 p.u.
Yes, the generator is consuming reactive power, which is not the ideal way to operate the
system. One would generally expect the generator to supply reactive power to the system.

b. It’s a per unit conversion-a-palooza. We know the base values for voltages and power. For
currents,
S B1φ 30MVA / 3 30MVA
I BM = 1φ = = = 1,255 A
V BM 13.8kV / 3 3 ⋅ 13.8kV
I BG = I BM = 1,255 A
30 MVA
I BL = = 125.5 A
3 ⋅ 138kV
And
I M = I ⋅ I BM = 0.615∠31.8° ⋅ 1,255 = 772∠31.8° A
I L = I ⋅ I BL = 0.615∠31.8° ⋅ 125.5 = 77.2∠31.8° A
Sanity check, the line and motor currents should differ by the transformer T2 turns ratio, and do.
I G = I M = 772∠31.8° A
Vtg = Vtgpu ⋅ VB = 0.853∠19.9° ⋅ 13.8kV = 11.8∠19.9°kV
VSend = 0.874∠14.5° ⋅138kV = 120.6∠14.5°kV
S G = S Gpu ⋅ S B = 0.524∠ − 11.9° ⋅ 30MVA = 15.72∠ − 11.9°MVA
S G = 15.4MW − j3.24MVAR

3. Problems 12.1 & 12.2, p. 487 of Bergen and Vittal.

⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡I a ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.33∠0 ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
12.1: ⎢ I a ⎥ = A ⎢ I b ⎥ = 3 ⎢1 α α ⎥ ⎢ 10 ⎥ = ⎢ 5.78∠87° ⎥
⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢Ic ⎥ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣5.78∠ − 87°⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

I a+
I a−
0
I b0 Ic I c0
I a
Ib

Ia I b+ I b− I c− I c+

3
 ⎡ Ea0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.195∠135° ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢
12.2 ⎢ Ea ⎥ = A ⎢ j1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 1.31∠15° ⎥⎥
⎢ Ea− ⎥ ⎢⎣2∠135°⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0.49∠ − 105°⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
Comment: Only the phase “a” components of the symmetrical components (the leading
components) need be calculated unless all nine are specifically required by the problem
statement.

4. Problem 12.3, pp. 457-8 of Bergen and Vittal.

a. 1. Replace the source with sequence components
2. Use superposition to decompose the circuit into symmetric circuits
3. Solve the subcircuits using per-phase analysis
4. Combine symmetrical components to find phase quantities

b. Sequence components of source:

⎡ Ea0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.33∠90° ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ Ea ⎥ = A ⎢− 1⎥ = ⎢0.911∠ − 30°⎥
⎢ Ea− ⎥ ⎢⎣ j1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.244∠30° ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
Positive Sequence:
I a+

a j1

(+) 0.911∠ − 30°

j1

n g n’

0.911∠ − 30°
I a+ = = 0.456∠ − 120°
j2
Vng+ = 0
Negative Sequence

4
 I a−

a j1

(-) 0.244∠30° j1

n g n’

0.244∠30°
I a− = = 0.122∠ − 60°
j2
Vng− = 0
Zero Sequence

The per phase equivalent for zero sequence is open between n and g because the zero sequence
components of current do not sum to zero!
I a0

a j1

(0) 0.33∠90°
j1

n g n’

I a0 = 0
Vng0 = − Ea0 = 0.33∠ − 90°
Then
⎡I a ⎤ ⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡0.528∠ − 108.4°⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ +⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ I b ⎥ = A ⎢ I a ⎥ = ⎢1 α
2
α ⎥ ⎢0.456∠ − 120°⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0.528∠108.4° ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢⎣1 α α 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.122∠ − 60° ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.334∠0° ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
and
Vng = Vng0 + Vng+ + Vng− = 0.33∠ − 90°
Comment: No units are given because the problem statement did not give units!

5. The currents in a Δ connected load, IΔ , are

Iab = 10∠0° A

5
 Ibc = 15∠ − 90° A
Ica = 20∠90° A

+ −
a. Find the “a” phase sequence components of the Δ-load currents, denoted IΔ , IΔ
0
and IΔ .

⎡ I Δ0 ⎤ ⎡ I ab ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 10∠0° ⎤ ⎡ 3.73∠27° ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I Δ ⎥ = A ⎢ I bc ⎥ = 3 ⎢1 α α ⎥ ⎢15∠ − 90°⎥ = ⎢13.46∠ − 3.6°⎥ A
⎢ I Δ− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I ca ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 20∠90° ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6.82∠ − 173° ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦

b. Find the values of the line currents, Ia , Ib and Ic that feed the Δ load.

Ia
Iab
Ica

Ib

b
c
Ic
Ibc

Hence
I a = I ab − I ca = 22.4∠ − 63° A
I b = I bc − I ab = 18.0∠ − 124° A
I c = I ca − I bc = 35.0∠90° A

6
 +
c. Find the values of the “a” phase sequence components of the line currents Ia ,
Ia− and Ia0 .
⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡I a ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I a ⎥ = A ⎢ I b ⎥ = ⎢ 23∠ − 34° ⎥ A
⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢11.8∠ − 143°⎦⎥
⎣ ⎦

d. Show algebraically that, for arbitrary values of IΔ ,

Ia0 = 0
Ia+ = 3IΔ+ ∠ − 30°
Ia− = 3IΔ− ∠30°
(Note that this requires doing with symbols what you did with numbers in parts a,
b and c.)
From
⎡ I Δ0 ⎤ ⎡ I ab ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I ab ⎤
⎢ +⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ I Δ ⎥ = A ⎢ I bc ⎥ = 3 ⎢1 α α ⎥ ⎢ I bc ⎥
−1

⎢ I Δ− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I ca ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I ca ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
obtain
I Δ+ =
1
3
[ ]
I ab + αI bc + α 2 I ca
1
[
I Δ− = I ab + α 2 I bc + αI ca
3
]
Now put the delta current relations in the line current conversion
⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡I a ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I ab − I ca ⎤
⎢ +⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ I a ⎥ = A ⎢ I b ⎥ = 3 ⎢1 α α ⎥ ⎢ I bc − I ab ⎥
⎢ I a− ⎥ ⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 α 2 α ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I ca − I bc ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
obtain
I a0 = [I ab − I ca + I bc − I ab + I ca − I bc ] = 0 QED
1
3
[
I a+ = I ab − I ca + α (I bc − I ab ) + α 2 (I ca − I bc )
1
3
]
group terms of current
1
3
[ ( ) (
I a+ = (1 − α )I ab + α − α 2 I bc + α 2 − 1 I ca ) ]
apply the identity 1 = α 3 and factor out 1 − α

7
 I a+ =
1
3
[ ( )
(1 − α )I ab + α − α 2 I bc + α 2 − α 3 I ca ( ) ]
[
I a+ = (1 − α )I ab + α (1 − α )I bc + α 2 (1 − α )I ca
1
3
]
[
I a+ = (1 − α ) I ab + αI bc + α 2 I ca
1
3
]
+
Recognize I Δ from above
I a+ = (1 − α )I Δ+
Do some 30-60-90 trig
1 − α = 1 − 1∠120° = 3∠ − 30° (It helps to sketch the phasor diagram.)

α
1
30° -α
-α 1-α

I a+ = 3I Δ+ ∠ − 30° QED

Similarly
I a− =
1
3
[(1−α 2 )I ab + (α 2 − α )I bc + (α − 1)I ca ]
I a−
1
[(
= 1−α 2
3
)I ab ( ) (
+ α 2 − α 3 ⋅ α I bc + α − α 3 I ca ) ]
I a−
1
[(
= 1−α 2
3
)I ab + α 2 (1 − α 2 )I bc + α (1 − α 2 )I ca ]
I a−
1
(
= 1−α 2
3
)[I ab + α 2 I bc + αI ca ]
I a+ = (1 − α )I Δ− = 3I Δ− ∠ − 30° QED