Potential Use of Volcanic Pumice as a Construction Material

Khandaker M. Anwar Hossain, M.ASCE1

Abstract: Volcanic pumice (VP) from Papua New Guinea was investigated and assessed for its industrial utilization. The compressive
strength of several concrete mixtures using pumice as lightweight coarse and fine aggregates in different percentages was found acceptable
and satisfied the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) requirement for lightweight structural concrete. Pozzolanic activity
of pumice powder as a cement additive was tested according to the Italian standards and found to be acceptable. The strength activity
index with Portland cement and the effectiveness of pumice admixture as cement additive in controlling alkali–silica reactions and
autoclave expansion, satisfied the ASTM requirements. The utilization of VP as a heat-insulating material was tested and the results were
also found to satisfy the ASTM requirements. This fact suggests that VP can be utilized in the manufacture of building blocks. The
manufacturing of heat-insulating concrete or building blocks using pumice is of prime importance as an energy saver.
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:6(573)
CE Database subject headings: Pumice; Cement; Lightweight concrete; Thermal insulation; Aggregates; Concrete blocks;
Construction materials.

Introduction This research is an attempt to explore the possible utilization

Pumice is a natural material of volcanic origin produced by the
release of gases during the solidification of lava (Neville 1995;
Hossain 1999a,b). The cellular structure of pumice is created by
the formation of bubbles or air voids when gases contained in the
molten lava flowing from volcanoes become trapped on cooling.
The cells are elongated and parallel to one another and are some-
times interconnected. Volcanic pumice has been used as aggregate
in the production of lightweight concrete in many countries of the
world. So far, the use of pumice was dependent on the availability
and limited to the countries where it is locally available or easily
imported. Satisfactory concrete that is lighter than normal con-
crete having good insulating characteristics with high absorption
and shrinkage can be manufactured using volcanic pumice (Nev-
ille 1995).
Volcanic activities are common phenomena in various parts of
the world especially for a country like Papua New Guinea. Due to
frequent volcanic eruption, volcanic debris such as: volcanic ash
and volcanic pumice (VP) are found abundantly. The 1994 volca-
nic eruption that occurred in the East New Britain province of
Papua New Guinea devastated the province and created an envi-
ronmental disaster (Hossain 2001a).
Volcanic Pumice can be utilized in several industrial applica-
tions including the manufacturing of lightweight concrete, as a
source of pozzolan to manufacture Portland–pozzolan cement ad-
ditive, as a heat insulating materials, in addition to other uses such
as low cost fillers, filter materials, absorbents, and other architec-
tural applications (Hossain 2001b).
1
P.Eng., Adjunct Professor and Research Associate, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, Ryerson Univ., 350 Victoria St., Toronto ON, Canada M5B
2K3. E-mail: drគkគmគhossain@hotmail.com; ahossain@ryerson.ca
Note. Associate Editor: Zhishen Wu. Discussion open until May 1,
2005. Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. To
extend the closing date by one month, a written request must be filed with
the ASCE Managing Editor. The manuscript for this paper was submitted
for review and possible publication on January 27, 2003; approved on
October 30, 2003. This paper is part of the Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 6, December 1, 2004. ©ASCE, ISSN 0899-
1561/2004/6-573–577/$18.00.
of volcanic debris in construction, which cannot only provide low
cost cement and concrete, but also can help to decrease environ-
mental hazard. This research is the first detailed engineering in-
vestigation to be done on pumice deposits in Papua New Guinea
(Hossain 2001a,b, 1999a,b, 1998). The objective of this work is to
explore the possible utilization of VP in construction, especially
in the manufacture of blended cement and concrete. The use of
VP as a construction material will help conserve energy (as heat
insulating material) and will provide low cost cement and light-
weight concrete.
This paper presents the results of investigations on the use of
VP as pozzolanic, cement additive, lightweight aggregate, and
heat insulating materials.
Properties of Volcanic Pumice
Volcanic pumice used in this investigation was collected from
Mount Tavurvur and Vulcan craters located in the Rabaul area of
the East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea. The Rabaul
area is situated in the worldwide earthquake and volcanic zone
known as the “belt of fire.”
Chemical and physical properties of VP grounded to fine pow-
der (VPP) and locally available ASTM Type I Portland cement
are presented in Table 1. Chemical analysis indicated that the VPP
is principally composed of silica (about 61%) while the main
components of cement is calcium oxide (maximum 70%). Volca-
nic Pumice Powder has compounds like calcium oxide, alumina,
and iron oxide (total about 30%). The amount of oxides of sodium
and potassium known as “alkalis” is found to be higher in VPP
(7.67%) than that in cement (2.6% maximum). Higher alkali pres-
ence (maximum Na2O allowed as per ASTM C 618 (ASTM
2000b) is about 1.5%) in the VPP may have deleterious effect
leading to disintegration of concrete due to reaction with some
aggregate and affect the rate of gain in strength of cement. The
bulk density of VPP is around 870 kg/ m3. The VPP samples were
tested for their loss on ignition according to ASTM C 311 (ASTM
2000d). The loss on ignition is about 1.52% and satisfies the

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Table 1. Chemical and Physical Properties Table 2. Properties of Aggregates
Volcanic ASTM Type I Bulk density
Absorption
pumice Portland 共kg/ m3兲
24 h
powder cement
Materials SSD Oven dry (%)
Chemical compound (%) (%)
River sand 2,660 2,610 1.14
Calcium oxide (CaO) 4.44 60–67
Volcanic pumice aggregate 1,183 763 37
Silica 共SiO2兲 60.82 17–25
Alumina 共Al2O3兲 16.71 3–8
Iron oxide 共Fe2O3兲 7.04 0.5–6.0
volcanic pumice aggregates (VPA), meet the requirement of light-
Sulphur trioxide 共SO3兲 0.14 1–3
weight aggregate for structural concrete as per ASTM C 330
Magnesia (MgO) 1.94 0.1–4.0
(ASTM 2000a). Locally available river sand was also used as fine
Sodium oxide 共Na2O兲 5.42 0.5–1.3
aggregate. Tables 2 and 3 also present the properties and particle
Potassium oxide 共K2O兲 2.25 0.5–1.3
size distribution of river sand. The locally manufactured ASTM
Loss on ignition 1.52 1.22 Type I Portland cement and clean drinking water were used.
Fineness 共m2 / kg兲 295 320 Two concrete mixes (Mixes 1 and 3) were prepared with dif-
Sp. gravity — 3.5 ferent percentages of VPA as coarse aggregate and river sand as
Unit mass 共kg/ m3兲 — 3,150 fine aggregate. On the other hand, Mix 2 was prepared with VPA
Bulk density 共kg/ m3兲 1,870a — as both coarse and fine aggregate. Superplasticizers were not used
a
Oven dry basis. in the concrete mixtures. Concrete mix designs are presented in
Table 4.
The air content of the mixes was determined by pressure meter
requirement of ASTM C 618 (ASTM 2000b) for natural poz- as per ASTM C 231 (ASTM 1997) and presented in Table 5. The
zolans. air content of the VPCs ranges between 4.1 and 4.7%. The VPC
with VPA as both coarse and fine aggregate (Mix 2) show higher
air content than those of the other two mixes.
Use of Pumice to Produce Lightweight Concrete The workability of VPC mixtures was studied by conducting
slump tests as per ASTM C 143 (ASTM 2000a) and also presented
Lightweight aggregate is used to provide material for lightweight in Table 5. The slump values for VPC mixes with similar water-
structural concrete and precast concrete units as well as for build- to-cement ratio 共W / C兲 of 0.50 are found to decrease
ing blocks. Investigation (Hossain 2001a, b, 1999a, b, 1998) sug- (61 mm for Mix 1, 53 mm for Mix 2, and 56 mm for Mix 3) with
gests that VP can be a suitable material for manufacturing light- the increase of VPA. The lighter the mix, the less the slump val-
weight structural concrete. Volcanic pumice was used as both ues. The reason for this is that the work done by gravity is lower
coarse and fine aggregates in the manufacture of volcanic pumice in the case of lighter VPA. Due to lower aggregate density, struc-
concrete (VPC). The bulk densities of VP samples in SSD and tural low density concrete does not slump as much as normal
oven dry conditions are, respectively, 1,183 and 763 kg/ m3 density concrete with the same workability. A low-density mix-
(Table 2). As per ASTM C 330 (ASTM 2000a), VP satisfies the ture with a slump of 50– 75 mm can be placed under condition
requirement of lightweight aggregate for structural concrete as the that would require a slump of 75– 125 mm for normal density
oven dry density falls within the range of 560– 1,120 kg/ m3. concrete (Kostmatka et al. 2002). This is found to be true in the
However, the water absorption of VP is higher (37%) than the current study.
range of 5–20% as normally occurred in other lightweight aggre- Concrete cubes 共100 mm⫻ 100 mm兲 as per BS1881-part 116
gate (Kostmatka et al. 2002). High water absorption also indicates (BSI 1983) and 150 mm⫻ 300 mm cylinders as per ASTM C-39
high degree of porosity in VP. The particle size distributions of (ASTM 2001a) were cast using three mixes for compressive
the aggregates were performed according to ASTM C 136 (ASTM strength. Four cubes and three cylinders were cast from each of
2001b) and presented in Table 3. Grading of both coarse and fine the mixes. All the specimens were compacted by external vibra-

Table 3. Grading of Aggregates

Coarse aggregate (% finer) Fine aggregate (% finer)

Lightweight Lightweight Normal

Sieve opening Volcanic pumice aggregate (VPA) ASTM C-330 (2000a) VPA ASTM C-330 (2000a) River sand
25 mm 100 95–100 — — —
19 mm 90 — — — —
12.5 mm 58 25–60 — — —
9.5 mm 30 — 100 100 100
4.75 mm 12 0–10 90 85–100 93
2.36 mm — — 72 — 70
1.18 mm — — 61 40–80 51
300 ␮m — — 16 10–35 20
150 ␮m — — 5 5–25 15

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Table 4. Mix Design of Volcanic Pumice Concrete thermal conductivity of bad conductors. The concrete disks were
Mix Water Cement Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate placed between the two brass disks of the apparatus. The disks set
design 共kg/ m3兲 共kg/ m3兲 共kg/ m3兲 共kg/ m3兲 was then suspended in air by nonconducting strings attached to
the lower brass disk. The top brass disk was heated by water
1a 250 500 360 (VPA) 800 (sand)
vapor supplied from a steam heater through rubber tubing. The
2b 250 500 360 (VPA) 370 (VPA) test started by heating the upper brass disk and measuring the
3a 210 420 470 (VPA) 700 (sand) temperature in the two disks by digital thermometers mounted in
a
Sand/lightweight aggregate. them until the temperature reached a steady state.
b
All lightweight aggregate. The heat conductivity value of the tested concrete disks is a
function of the rate of flow of heat of the brass disk, the cross
sectional area of the sample, and the temperature gradient be-
tion using a table vibrator. The specimens were removed from the
tween the upper and lower brass disks. The following equation
moulds after 24 h of casting and cured under water at a tempera-
was used to calculate the heat conductivity 共k兲:
ture of 23± 2 ° C until testing at 28 days.
The average compressive strength of the VPC cubes at 28 days
Hf m . ␣ . Trf

ranges between 23 and 27 MPa depending on the contents of
cement, type of fine aggregate—either sand or VPA, and amount
of coarse VPA (Tables 4 and 5). The use of VPA as fine aggregate
in place of river sand (as in Mix 2) reduces the compressive
strength to 22 MPa compared to 27 MPa in Mix 1. The average
density of VPC is also reduced to 1,620 kg/ m3 (in Mix 2) com-
pared to 1,850 kg/ m3 in Mix 1. This is due to the replacement of
river sand by relatively weak and lightweight VPA. The increase
in the quantity of lightweight and weak VPA as coarse aggregate
also reduces both compressive strength and density of VPC as
observed in Mix 3.
All VPCs develop strength in excess of 15 MPa and have air
dry densities ranging between 1,620 and 1,850 kg/ m3 and satisfy
the criteria for lightweight structural concrete according to CSA
Standard (1994). They also satisfy the criteria of structural light-
weight concrete as per ASTM C 330 (2000a), which requires a
minimum of 28 day cylinder compressive strength of 17 MPa and
maximum dry density of 1,850 kg/ m3. However, proposed light-
weight VPC mixtures can only be used if they meet the require-
ment of the specific job, including strength and durability. On the
other hand, strength and lightweight charactersitics of VPC can be
used as a guideline for further investigations to develop VP based
building blocks. Although no specific tests on blocks is presented
in this paper, it is suggested that lightweight building blocks of
comparable strength properties can be manufactured using VP.
Use of Pumice as Heat Insulating Material
The low density and the good heat insulation properties of the VP
make it highly resistant to heat flow and thus can be used in the
manufacture of heat-insulating building blocks. Concrete disks of
about 20 mm in thickness and 150 mm diameter were prepared
from the VP based concrete mixes given in Table 4. The disks
were tested in Lees’ apparatus, which is used for measuring the
冋 册
k= =
A . Tg T1 − T2
A
t
where A = area of cross section of the concrete samples; H f
= m . ␣, Trf = rate of flow of heat= rate at which heat is emitted
from the lower brass disk; m = mass of the lower brass disk
= 1.9 kg; ␣ = specific heat of brass= 380 J kg−1 K−1; Trf = rate of
fall of temperature 共°C s−1兲 calculated from the cooling curve of
the lower brass disk; Tg = 共T1 − T2兲 / t = temperature gradient; T1
= temperature of the upper disk at the steady state; T2
= temperature of the lower disk at the steady state, and t
= thickness of the concrete disk.
Table 5 presents the thermal conductivity test results of VPC
samples. The ASTM C 332 (ASTM 1999) specification for insu-
lating concrete expects a range of thermal conductivity values
ranging between 0.15 and 0.43 W m−1 K−1 depending on the den-
sity of the concrete. For the tested concrete samples of dry den-
sities in excess of 1,440 kg/ m3, the maximum average thermal
conductivity should be 0.43 W m−1 K−1. The average thermal
conductivity of the concrete samples ranges between 0.163 and
0.231 W m−1 K−1. The thermal conductivity of VPC decreases
with the increase in the percentage of fine pumice in the mix. This
also implies that the heat gradient increases with the increase in
pumice content. All of the obtained values satisfy the require-
ments of insulating concrete as per ASTM C 332 (ASTM 1999).
The thermal conductivity values of 0.93 and 1.16 were reported
for concrete manufactured with 26 and 47% quartz sand with
densities of 1,800 and 2,000 kg/ m3, respectively (FIP 1983). It is
obvious that the VPC can insulate heat five to seven times better
than the quartz sand concrete. Structures built with heat-insulating
VPC can therefore result in substantial savings in energy con-
sumption. Tests on VPC disks suggest that lightwight building
blocks with good insulating characteristics can be made using
volcanic pumice.

Table 5. Properties of Volcanic Pumice Content Pumice as Cement Additive

Average
The pumice has the potential to be used as an additive to Portland
compressive
Air Average strength Average thermal
cement for the manufacture of blended cement like other poz-
Mix Slump content density (MPa) conductivity zolanic materials such as fly ash and volcanic ash. Several tests
design (mm) (%) 共kg/ m3兲 cube (cylinder) 共W m−1 K−1兲 were conducted to study the suitability of VP as a pozzolanic
material.
1a 61 4.1 1,850 27 (22) 0.231
2b 53 4.7 1,620 22 (18) 0.163
3a 56 4.3 1,830 23 (18) 0.201 Pozzolanic Activity
a
Sand/lightweight aggregate. The pozzolanic activity of VP was tested according to the Italian
b
All lightweight aggregate. Standards (Italian Chemical Society 1954) where the samples

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 Table 7. Compressive Strength and Strength Activity Index of Mixes
Volcanic pumice
Volcanic
pumice Average strength (MPa) Strength activity index (%)
content
(%) 7 day 28 day 7 day 28 day
0 (control mix) 27 36 — —
10 26 34 96 94
20 23 30 85 83
30 22 28 81 78
40 21 24 78 67

Fig. 1. Pozzolanic activity test of volcanic pumice

VP content, on the other hand, satisfy the ASTM C 618 (2000b)

were mixed with cement and water and kept for 1 – 2 weeks. The
requirement.
total alkalinity 共OH−兲 and lime concentration (CaO) is then mea-
sured. The material is considered pozzolanically active if the level
of concentration falls below the lime solubility isotherm (Fig. 1). Autoclave Expansion
The results indicate that all the VP samples fall below the lime
solubility isotherm and are therefore pozzolanically active. Being The autoclave expansion test provides an index of potential de-
pozzolanically active, VP has a cementitious characteristic and layed expansion caused by the hydration of CaO, or MgO, or
can economically be used as a cement additive to manufacture both, when present in the Portland cement. This test was per-
blended cement. formed in accordance with ASTM C 151 (ASTM 2000c). In this
study, in addition to the control mix, four other mixes with 10, 20,
Alkali–Silica Reaction 30, and 40% of the cement replaced by finely ground VP passing
through a 45 ␮m sieve were tested. The control mix had 650 g of
Tests were performed to determine the effect of ground pumice on Portland cement (ASTM Type I) and sufficient water to give a
the expansion caused by the alkali–silica reactions. The test was paste of normal consistency in accordance with the procedure
performed, with some modification, according to ASTM C 311 described in ASTM C 187 (ASTM 1998). Cubes, 25 mm
(ASTM 2000d), which requires a control mixture to be prepared ⫻ 25 mm in dimensions, were prepared from these paste mixes.
with 400 g of low alkali cement, 900 g of borosilicate glass, and The change in length of the test specimens was calculated by
water to obtain a flow of 100–115%. The test mix on the other subtracting the length comparator reading before autoclaving
hand, used Portland cement (ASTM type I), clean silica sand from that after autoclaving, and reported as percent of effective
instead of borosilicate glass, and finely ground pumice passing gage length to the nearest 0.01%. The test results are presented in
through a 45 ␮m sieve. The VP replaced the Portland cement by Table 6. The autoclave expansion of the paste mixes is decreased
10, 20, 30, and 40% (by mass) in four different mixes. Mortar with the increase of VP content. All the mixes containing up to
cubes, 50⫻ 50 mm in dimensions, were prepared from these 40% VP, satisfy the ASTM C 618 (2000) requirement of 0.8%
mixes and stored in temperature around 38± 2 ° C. The cube maximum.
lengths were measured periodically to the nearest 0.002 mm for
14 days. The average expansion values of the cubes on Day 14 as
compared to the lengths recorded on Day 1 are given in Table 6. Strength Activity Index
The ASTM C 618 (ASTM 2000c) requires that, for the effective-
ness in the alkali–silica reactions, the reduction in expansion (the The strength activity index test was performed on the VP material
ratio between the length change of the test mix and that of the using a slightly modified form of ASTM C 311 (ASTM 2000b)
control mix) at Day 14, should have a maximum value of 100%. which calls for the replacement of the cement in the mortar mix
Mix 1 with 10% VP content showed the maximum length change by 20% of VP. In this study, in addition to the control mix, four
and the highest reduction in length value. Mixes with 30 and 40% other mixes with 10, 20, 30, and 40% of the cement were replaced
by finely ground VP passing through a 45 ␮m sieve. The control
mix had 500 g of Portland cement (ASTM Type I), 1,375 g of
Table 6. Effect of Volcanic Pumice on Alkali–Silica Reaction and Auto- graded standard sand, and 242 mL of water. Mortar cubes, 50
clave Expansion ⫻ 50 mm in dimensions, were prepared from these mixes and
stored in a saturated limewater solution until tested for their
Alkali–silica reaction
uniaxial compressive strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results are
Length Reduction Autoclave presented in Table 7. It is found that the compressive strength
Volcanic pumice content change in expansion generally decreases with the increase in VP content. The strength
(%) (mm) expansion (%) (%) activity index (SAI), which is the ratio between the strength of the
0 (control mix) 0.089 — 0.40
tested samples and the strength of the control samples, is calcu-
lated for the results of samples at 7 and 28 days (Table 7). The
10 0.115 129 0.28
SAI values range between 78 and 96% at 7 days and between 67
20 0.095 105 0.24
and 94% at 28 days. The SAI values are more than 75% as re-
30 0.087 98 0.19
quired by ASTM C 618 (ASTM 2000b) for mixes with 10, 20, and
40 0.081 91 0.16
30% VP content.

576 / JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING © ASCE / NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004

Discussion
The effect of VP in controlling the alkali–silica reaction shows
that the value for 10% VP mix is much higher than the value of
100% required as per ASTM C618 (ASTM 2000b). Only 40% VP
mix satisfies this requirement clearly. The SAI value for 40% VP
mix, on the other hand, does not satisfy the ASTM C 618 (ASTM
2000b) requirement. It is then safe to conclude that the mixes
with 10 and 40% VP cannot be recommended as additives. The
compressive strength values of the mixes with 30 and 40% VP are
significantly reduced because of the presence of VP. The mix with
a 20% VP content compromises all the required criteria. It shows
a relatively reasonable reduction in expansion value and a reason-
able compressive strength value. As recommended by ASTM C
618 (ASTM 2000b), this study also recommends the use of 20%
VP as a cement additive.
Conclusions
This research assesses a pumice deposit obtained from the high-
land province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and reports its suit-
ability as a construction material. The tested volcanic pumice is
found to be suitable for manufacturing structural lightweight con-
crete and also as an additive to Portland cement for the manufac-
ture blended cement. Cheaper and environmentally friendly light-
weight VPC can be used in the rehabilitation of volcanic disaster
areas of PNG. The pumice is also found to be suitable as a ther-
mal insulating material and has the potential to be utilized in
manufacturing heat-insulating concrete and building blocks espe-
cially where weather is harsh and energy need to be conserved.
Acknowledgments
The writer is grateful to the Papua New Guinea (PNG) University
of Technology and PNG Ready Mixed Concrete Ltd. for provid-
ing assistance in this project. He is also grateful to the technical
staffs of the materials laboratory of the Department of Civil En-
gineering and National Analysis Laboratory. Assistance of the
PNG Halla Cement Factory and The PNG Department of Works
is appreciated.
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