MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS

 
2 1 3
#1. Page 169; Exercise 2. Let A =  −1 2 0 .
3 −2 1
(a) Find adj A.
(b) Compute det(A).
(c) Verify Theorem 3.12; that is, show that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = det(A) I3 .

Solution: (a) First we compute the cofactors of A. We have

% % % % % %
% 2 0 %
1+1 %
%
1+2 % −1 0 %
% % −1 2 %%
A11 = (−1) % %
% −2 1 % = 2 A12 = (−1) % 3 1 %=1 = (−1) % 3 −2 % = −4
1+3
A13
% % % % % %
% 1 3 %
2+1 %
%
2+2 % 2 3 %
% %
2+3 % 2 1 %%
A21 = (−1) %
% −2 1 % = −7 A22 = (−1) % 3 1 % = −7 A23 = (−1) % 3 −2 % = 7
% % % % % %
%
3+1 % 1 3 %
% % 2 3 %
3+2 %
% 2 1 %
A31 = (−1) % 3+3 % %
% 2 0 % = −6 A32 = (−1) % −1 0 % = −3 A33 = (−1) % −1 2 % = 5

Then the adjoint of A is the matrix

   
A11 A21 A31 2 −7 −6
adj A =  A12 A22 A32  =  1 −7 −3 
A13 A23 A33 −4 7 5

(b) We can compute the determinant by expanding along the first row of A:

det(A) = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 = (2) (2) + (1) (1) + (3) (−4) = −7

(c) We have the matrix products

    
2 1 3 2 −7 −6 −7 0 0
A (adj A) =  −1 2 0  1 −7 −3  =  0 −7 0  = det(A) I3 .
3 −2 1 −4 7 5 0 0 −7
    
2 −7 −6 2 1 3 −7 0 0
(adj A) A =  1 −7 −3   −1 2 0 = 0 −7 0  = det(A) I3 .
−4 7 5 3 −2 1 0 0 −7

#2. Page 169; Exercise 4. Find the inverse of the matrix in Exercise 2 by the method given in Corollary
3.4.
1
2 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS

Solution: The inverse of the matrix is

 
− 27 1 6
7
1  
A−1 = (adj A) =  − 17 1 3

det(A) 7
4
7 −1 − 57

#3. Page 172; Exercise 1. If possible, solve the following linear systems by Cramer’s rule:
2 x1 + 4 x2 + 6 x3 = 2
x1 + 2 x3 = 0
2 x1 + 3 x2 − x3 = −5

Solution: Denote the coefficient matrix of the system by

 
2 4 6 % % % % % %
% 0 2 % % 2 %% % 1 0 %%
A= 1 0 2  =⇒ |A| = (2) %% % − (4) % 1 + (6) % = 26.
3 −1 % % 2 −1 % % 2 3 %
2 3 −1
Then we have the values
% %
% 2 4 6 %
% % % % % % % %
% 0 0 2 % % 0 2 %% % 0 2 % % 0 %%
% % (2) %% − (4) %% % + (6) % 0
% −5 3 −1 % 3 −1 % −5 −1 % % −5 3 % −52
x1 = = = = −2
|A| 26 26
% %
% 2 2 6 %
% % % % % % % %
% 1 0 2 % % 0 2 %% % 1 2 % % 0 %%
% % (2) %% − (2) %% % + (6) % 1
% 2 −5 −1 % −5 −1 % 2 −1 % % 2 −5 % 0
x2 = = = =0
|A| 26 26
% %
% 2 4 2 %%
% % % % % % %
% 1 0 0 %% % 0 0 %% % 1 0 % % 0 %%
% (2) %% − (4) %% % + (2) % 1
% 2 3 −5 % 3 −5 % 2 −5 % % 2 3 % 26
x3 = = = =1
|A| 26 26

Hence the solution is x1 = −2, x2 = 0, and x3 = 1.

#4. Page 172; Exercise 3. Solve the following linear system for x3 , by Cramer’s rule:
2 x1 + x2 + x3 = 6
3 x1 + 2 x2 − 2 x3 = −2
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = −4

Solution: Denote the coefficient matrix of the system by

 
2 1 1 % % % % % %
% 2 −2 % % −2 %% % 3 2 %%
A =  3 2 −2  =⇒ |A| = (2) %% % − (1) % 3 + (1) % = 5.
1 2 % % 1 2 % % 1 1 %
1 1 2
 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS 3

Then we have the value

% %
% 2 1 6 %
% % % % % % % %
% 3 2 −2 % % 2 −2 %% % 3 −2 % % 3 2 %%
% % (2) %% %
− (1) % % + (6) %%
% 1 1 −4 % 1 −4 % 1 −4 % 1 1 % 4
x3 = = =
|A| 5 5

( )
−2
#5. Page 187; Exercise 2. Determine the head of the vector whose tail is (−3, 2). Make a sketch.
5

Solution: Say that the tail is P (−3, 2) and the head is Q(x, y). Then we have the directed line segment
( ) ( )
−−→ x − (−3) −2
PQ = = .
y−2 5

Since x + 3 = −2 and y − 2 = 5, we see that x = −5 and y = 7. Hence the head is (−5, 7). A sketch can
be found below.
y#

•!! (−5,7) 7 −
!!
!!
!! −
!!
!! 5 −
!!
!!
!! −
!!
!!
!! 3 −
!
• −
(−3,2)
1 −

| | | | | | | | | | "x
−5 −3 −1 1 3 5

( ) ( )
a−b 4
#6. Page 187; Exercise 5. For what values of a and b are the vectors and equal?
2 a+b

Solution: Upon equating both components, we find the system of equations

a − b = 4
a + b = 2
Adding these two equations together gives 2 a = 6, so that a = 3. Similarly, subtracting the two equations
gives −2 b = 2, so that b = −1. Hence the values are a = 3 and b = −1.
4 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS

−−→
#7. Page 187; Exercise 7. In Exercises 7 and 8, determine the components of each vector P Q.
(a) P (1, 2), Q(3, 5)
(b) P (−2, 2, 3), Q(−3, 5, 2)

Solution: (a) We form the directed line segment by subtracting:

* ( ) ( )
P (1, 2) −−→ 3−1 2
=⇒ PQ = = .
Q(3, 5) 5−2 3

Hence the components are 2 and 3.

(b) Again, we form the directed line segment by subtracting:
*    
P (−2, 2, 3) (−3) − (−2) −1
−−→   =  3 .
=⇒ PQ = 5−2
Q(−3, 5, 2) 2−3 −1
Hence the components are −1, 3, and −1.

#8. Page 187; Exercise 12. Compute u + v, 2 u − v, 3 u − 2 v, and 0 − 3 v if

   
1 2
(a) u =  2 , v =  0 ;
3 1
   
2 1
(b) u =  −1 , v =  2 ;
4 −3
   
1 −1
(c) u =  0 , v =  1 .
−1 4

+ ,T + ,T
Solution: (a) We perform operations component-wise on u = 1 2 3 and v = 2 0 1 :
       
3 0 −1 −6
u + v =  2 , 2u − v =  4 , 3u − 2v =  6 , 0 − 3v =  0 
4 5 7 −3
+ ,T + ,T
(b) For u = 2 −1 4 and v = 1 2 −3 :
       
3 3 4 −3
u + v =  1 , 2 u − v =  −4  , 3 u − 2 v =  −7  , 0 − 3 v =  −6 
1 11 18 9
+ ,T + ,T
(c) For u = 1 0 −1 and v = −1 1 4 :
       
0 3 5 3
u + v =  1 , 2 u − v =  −1  , 3 u − 2 v =  −2  , 0 − 3 v =  −3 
3 −6 −11 −12
 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS 5

#9. Page 187; Exercise 14. Let

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 −3 r −2
x= , y= , z= , and u= .
2 4 4 s
Find r and s so that
(a) z = 2 x,
(b) 32 u = y,
(c) z + u = x.

Solution: (a) We have the equation

( ) ( )
r 2
= z = 2x = =⇒ r=2
4 4
(b) We have the equation
( ) ( )
−3 −3 8
= 3
u=y= =⇒ 3
s=4 =⇒ s=
3
2 s
2 4 2 3
(c) We have the equation
( ) ( )
r−2 1 r−2 = 1 r = 3
=z+u=x= =⇒ =⇒
4+s 2 s+4 = 2 s = −2

#10. Page 187; Exercise 16. If possible, find scalars c1 and c2 so that
( ) ( ) ( )
1 3 −5
c1 + c2 = .
−2 −4 6

Solution: The left-hand side of the equation simplifies to give the equation
( ) ( )
c1 + 3 c2 −5 c1 + 3 c2 = −5
= =⇒
−2 c1 − 4 c2 6 −2 c1 − 4 c2 = 6
Upon adding twice the first equation to the second equation, we see that 2 c2 = −4, so that c2 = −2.
Substituting this back into the first equation, we see that c1 − 6 = −5, so that c1 = 1. Hence the desired
scalars are c1 = 1 and c2 = −2.

#11. Page 187; Exercise 17. If possible, find scalars c1 , c2 , and c3 so that
       
1 −1 −1 2
c1  2  + c2  1  + c3  4  =  −2  .
−3 1 1 3
6 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS

Solution: The left-hand side of the equation simplifies to give the equation
   
c1 − c2 − c3 2 c1 − c2 − c3 = 2
 2 c1 + c2 + 4 c3  =  −2  =⇒ 2 c1 + c2 + 4 c3 = −2
−3 c1 + c2 − c3 3 −3 c1 + c2 − c3 = 3
We list the augmented matrix for this system, and its reduced row echelon form:
   
1 −1 −1 2 1 0 1 0
 2 1 4 −2  =⇒  0 1 2 0 
−3 1 −1 3 0 0 0 1

Hence the system is inconsistent, so it is impossible; the scalars c1 , c2 , and c3 do not exist.

()
a b
#12. Page 196; Exercise 2. Let V be the set of all 2×2 matrices A = such that the product a b c d =
c d
0. Let the operation ⊕ be standard addition of matrices and the operation & be standard multiplication of
matrices.
(a) Is V closed under addition?
(b) Is V closed under scalar multiplication?
(c) What is the zero vector in the set V ?
(d) Does every matrix A in V have a negative that is in V ? Explain.
(e) Is V a vector space? Explain.

Solution: (a) No, it is not closed under addition. Consider the matrices
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 0 1 1 1
A= and B= =⇒ A⊕B = .
1 0 0 1 1 1
Then A, B ∈ V yet A ⊕ B (∈ V .
(b) Yes, it is closed under scalar multiplication. For any scalar r ∈ R, we have the matrix
( ) ( )
a b ra rb
A= =⇒ rA = =⇒ (r a) (r b) (r c) (r d) = r4 (a b c d) = r4 · 0 = 0.
c d rc rd
( )
0 0
(c) The zero vector is O2 = .
0 0
(d) Yes, every matrix has a negative that is in V . For any A ∈ V , we can choose the negative −A = (−1) A.
Since V is closed under scalar multiplication, this element is in V .
(e) No, V is not a vector space. This is because V is not closed under ⊕.

#13. Page 196; Exercise 8. In Exercises 7 through 11, the given set together with the given operations is
not a vector space. List the properties of Definition 4.4 that fail to hold: The set of all ordered pairs of real
numbers with the operations
(x, y) ⊕ (x" , y " ) = (x + x" , y + y " )
and
r & (x, y) = (x, r y) .
 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS 7

Solution: All properties hold except for Property (6). If we denote If we denote scalars c, d ∈ R and vectors
u = (x, y), v = (x" , , y " ), and w = (x"" , y "" ), then we have
(1) u ⊕ v = (x + x"-, y + y " ) = (x" + x, y " + y) = . v⊕- u. .
(2) u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) = x + (x" + x"" ), y + (y " + y "" ) = (x + x" ) + x"" , (y + y " ) + y "" = (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w.
(3) 0 = (0, 0) satisfies u ⊕ 0 = 0 ⊕ u = u.
(4) −u = (−x, −y) - satisfies u ⊕ −u.= −u ⊕ u = 0.
(5) c & (u ⊕ v) = x + x" , c (y + y " ) = (x, c y) ⊕ (x" , c y " ) = c & u ⊕ c & v.
(7) c & (d & u) = (x, c d y) = (c d) & u.
(8) 1 & u = (x, 1 · y) = (x, y) = u.
For (6), denote c = d = 1 and u = (1, 1). Then we have
* /
(c + d) & u = 2 & (1, 1) c & u ⊕ d & u = 1 & (1, 1) ⊕ 1 & (1, 1) = (1, 1) ⊕ (1, 1)
yet
= (1, 2) = (2, 2) .

#14. Page 197; Exercise 9. In Exercises 7 through 11, the given set together with the given operations is
not a vector space. List the properties of Definition 4.4 that fail to hold: The set of all ordered triples of
real numbers with the operations
(x, y, z) ⊕ (x" , y " , z " ) = (x + x" , y + y " , z + z " )
and
r & (x, y, r) = (x, 1, z) .

Solution: All properties hold except for Properties (5), (6), and (8). If we denote scalars c, d ∈ R and
vectors u = (x, y, z), v = (x" , y " , z " ), and w = (x"" , y "" , z "" ), then we have
(1) u ⊕ v = (x + x-" , y + y " , z + z " ) = (x" + x, y " + y, z " .+ z)-= v ⊕ u. .
(2) u⊕(v ⊕ w) = x+(x" +x"" ), y +(y " +y "" ), z +(z " +z "" ) = (x+x" )+x"" , (y +y " )+y "" , (z +z " )+z "" =
(u ⊕ v) ⊕ w.
(3) 0 = (0, 0, 0) satisfies u ⊕ 0 = 0 ⊕ u = u.
(4) −u = (−x, −y, −z) satisfies u ⊕ −u = −u ⊕ u = 0.
(7) c & (d & u) = c & (x, 1, z) = (x, 1, z) = (c d) & u.
For (5), (6), and (8), we have the following counterexamples:
(5) Let c = 1 and u = v = (1, 0, 0). Then c & (u ⊕ v) = (2, 1, 0), yet c & u ⊕ c & v = (2, 2, 0).
(6) Let c = d = 1 and u = (1, 0, 0). Then (c + d) & (u ⊕ v) = (1, 1, 0), yet c & u ⊕ d & v = (2, 2, 0).
(8) Let u = (1, 0, 0). Then 1 & u = (1, 1, 0) is different from u.

#15. Page 197; Exercise 10. In Exercises 7 through 11, the given set together with the given operations ( )is
x
not a vector space. List the properties of Definition 4.4 that fail to hold: The set of all 2 × 1 matrices ,
y
where x ≤ 0, with the usual operations in R .2

Solution: All properties hold except for Properties (4) and (b). The set V is closed under addition because
( ) ( " )
x x
if we choose the vectors u = and v = for some x ≤ 0 and x" ≤ 0, then x + x" ≤ 0 so that
y y"
u ⊕ v ∈ V as well. Properties (1) and (2) hold because ⊕ is the usual operation for R2 . Property (3)
8 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS

holds because the 2 × 1 zero(matrix ) has a nonpositive x-coordinate. For (4) and (b), denote the scalar
−1
c = −1 and the vector u = . It is a vector in V because it has negative x-coordinate. However
0
( )
1
c & u = −u = is not in V because it has positive x-coordinate. Hence V does not contain negatives,
0
and it is not closed under scalar multiplication.

#16. Page 197; Exercise 12. Let V be the set of all positive real numbers; define ⊕ by u ⊕ v = u v (⊕ is
ordinary multiplication) and define & by c & v = vc . Prove that V is a vector space.

Solution: V is closed under ⊕ and & because both u v and vc are positive real numbers. In order to
check that V is a vector space, we verify eight properties. For scalars c, d ∈ R and positive real numbers
u, v, w ∈ V , we have
(1) u ⊕ v = u v = v u = v ⊕ u.
(2) u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) = u (v w) = (u v) w = (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w.
(3) Denote 0 = 1. This is a positive real number, so 0 ∈ V . Moreover, u ⊕ 0 = 0 ⊕ u = u 1 = u.
(4) Denote −u = (1/u). This is a positive real number, so −u ∈ V . Moreover, u ⊕ −u = −u ⊕ u =
u (1/u) = 1 = 0.
c
(5) c & (u ⊕ v) = c & (u v) = (u v) = uc vc = c & u ⊕ c & v.
(6) (c + d) & u = u c+d
= u u = c & u ⊕ d & u.
c d

(7) c & (d & u) = c & ud = uc d = (c d) & u.

(8) 1 & u = u1 = u.
Hence, according to Definition 4.4, we see that V is a vector space.

#17. Page 205; Exercise 2. Let W be the set of all points in R3 that lie in the x y-plane. Is W a subspace
of R3 ? Explain.

Solution: Yes, W is a subspace of R3 . Let us write W in the form

   
 x % 
%
W = x =  y  ∈ R3 %% z = 0 .
 
z
We verify three properties according to Theorem 4.3. First, W is nonempty because the origin 0 ∈ W . If
u, v ∈ W , then
   "   
x x x + x"
u= y  and v =  y"  =⇒ u + v =  y + y "  ∈ W.
0 0 0
Hence W is closed under addition. Similarly, if c is any real number and u ∈ W , then
   
x cx
u= y  =⇒ c u = u =  c y  ∈ W.
0 0
Hence W is closed under scalar multiplication. This shows that W is indeed a subspace.
 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS 9

#18. Page 206; Exercise (4. Consider

) the unit square shown in the accompanying figure. Let W be the set
x
of all vectors of the form , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. That is, W is the set of all vectors whose tail
y
is at the origin and whose head is a point inside or on the square. Is W a subspace of R2 ? Explain.

Solution: No, W is not a subspace of R2 . W is not closed under either addition or scalar multiplication,
because if we choose
( ) ( )
1 2
u=v= ∈W =⇒ 2u = u + v = (∈ W.
1 2

#19. Page 206; Exercise 6. In Exercises 5 and 6, which of the given subsets of R3 are subspaces? The set
of vectors
 of 
the form
a
(a)  b 
0
 
a
(b)  b , where a > 0.
c
 
a
(c)  a 
c
 
a
(b)  b , where 2 a − b + c = 1.
c

Solution: (a) This is a subspace. This follows from Exercise 2 (Problem #17 above).
(b) This is not a subspace. We define
   
 a % 
%
W = x =  b  ∈ R3 %a>0∈R .
 % 
c
If W were a subspace, then it would be closed under scalar multiplication. In particular 0 u = 0 would be
an element. However,    
a 0
 b = 0  0 = a ≤ 0.
c 0
This means 0 (∈ W . Hence W cannot be a subspace.
(c) This is a subspace. We define
   
 a % 
%
W = x =  a  ∈ R3 %% a, c ∈ R .
 
c
We verify three properties according to Theorem 4.3. First, W is nonempty because the origin 0 ∈ W ; this
can be seen by choosing a = c = 0. If u, v ∈ W , then
     
a1 a2 a 6
a = a1 + a2
u =  a1  and v =  a2  =⇒ u+v= a  in terms of
c = c1 + c2
c1 c2 c
10 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS

Similarly, if r is any real number and u ∈ W , then

   
a1 a 6
a = r a1
u =  a1  =⇒ ru+v =  a  in terms of
c = r c1
c1 c
(d) This is not a subspace. We define
   
 a % 
%
W = x =  b  ∈ R3 % 2a − b + c = 1 ∈ R .
 % 
c
If W were a subspace, then it would be closed under scalar multiplication. In particular 0 u = 0 would be
an element. However,    
a 0
 b = 0  0 = a − 2 b + c (= 1.
c 0
This means 0 (∈ W . Hence W cannot be a subspace.

#20. Page 206; Exercise 10. In Exercises 9 and 10, which of the given subsets of the vector space, M23 , or
2 × 3 matrices are subspaces? The set of all matrices of the form
( )
a b c
(a) , where a = 2 c + 1.
d e f
( )
0 1 a
(b)
b c 0
( )
a b c
(c) , where a + c = 0 and b + d + f = 0
d e f

Solution: (a) This is not a subspace. If W were a subspace, then it would be closed under scalar multipli-
cation. In particular 0 u = 0 would be an element. However,
( ) ( )
a b c 0 0 0
= =⇒ 0 = a (= 2 c + 1 = 1.
d e f 0 0 0
This means 0 (∈ W . Hence W cannot be a subspace.
(b) This is not a subspace. The 2 × 3 zero matrix is not in the space because
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 1 a
(=
0 0 0 b c 0
for any real numbers a, b, and c.
(c) This is a subspace. We define
6( ) % 7
a b c %
W = ∈ M23 %% a + c = 0, b + d + f = 0 .
d e f
We verify three properties according to Theorem 4.3. First, W is nonempty because the origin 0 ∈ W ; this
can be seen by choosing a = b = c = d = e = f = 0. If u, v ∈ W , then
( ) ( ) ( )
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a1 + a2 b1 + b2 c1 + c2
u= and v = =⇒ u+v= .
d1 e1 f1 d2 e2 f2 d1 + d2 e1 + e2 f1 + f2
We verify that this is in W :
(a1 + a2 ) + (c1 + c2 ) = (a1 + c1 ) + (a2 + c2 ) = 0 + 0 = 0
(b1 + b2 ) + (d1 + d2 ) + (f1 + f2 ) = (b1 + d1 + f1 ) + (b2 + d2 + f2 ) = 0 + 0 = 0
 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #6 SOLUTIONS 11

Similarly, if r is any real number and u ∈ W , then

( ) ( )
a1 b1 c1 r a1 r b1 r c1
u= =⇒ ru = .
d1 e1 f1 r d1 r e1 r f1
We verify that this is in W :
(r a1 ) + (r c1 ) = r (a1 + c1 ) = r 0 = 0
(r b1 ) + (r d1 ) + (r f1 ) = r (b1 + d1 + f1 ) = r 0 = 0