Analog and Digital

Communication (ELE-323)

Lecture # 6
Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

Course Instructor: Dr. Uzma Nawaz

 Contents

• Amplitude Modulation: Single Sideband (SSB)

• Generation of AM-SSB Signals
• Demodulation of AM-SSB Signals
• Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

 Amplitude Modulation: SSB
 The DSB spectrum has two sidebands: the upper sideband (USB) and the lower sideband (LSB).

 Both USB and LSB contain complete information of the baseband signal.

A scheme in which only one sideband is transmitted is known as single-sideband ( SSB) transmission.

 In SSB transmission the required bandwidth is half compared to DSB signal.

 An SSB signal can be coherently (synchronously) demodulated. For example multiplying USB/LSB
signal by cos ωc t shifts its spectrum to the left and right by ωc .

Low pass filtering will give the

required baseband signal at the
receiver.

The demodulation of SSB

Signals (without additional
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carrier i.e. SSB-SC) is
Dr. Uzma Nawaz identical to DSB-SC Signals.
 Amplitude Modulation: SSB
Time-Domain Representation of SSB Signals:
The building block of SSB are the sidebands. The time domain expression for each sideband is:
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑚+ 𝑡 + 𝑚− (𝑡)

USB
𝑀+ 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 𝑢(𝜔)

LSB 𝑀− 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 𝑢(−𝜔)

The spectrum of USB:

∅𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝜔 = 𝑀+ 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑀− (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 )

Dr. Uzma Nawaz

The spectrum of USB: 7/5/2020
∅𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝜔 = 𝑀+ 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑀− (𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 )
Amplitude Modulation: SSB
∅𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝜔 = 𝑀+ 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑀− (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 )
Taking inverse Laplace transform;
∅𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 =𝑚+ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚− (𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑚+ 𝑡 + 𝑚− (𝑡)
1
𝑚+ 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑚ℎ (𝑡)
2
1
𝑚− 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 − 𝑗𝑚ℎ (𝑡)
2
∅𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)
To determine 𝑚ℎ (𝑡), consider USB ⟺ 𝑀+ 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 𝑢(𝜔)
𝑀+ 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 𝑢(𝜔)
1
𝑀+ 𝜔 = 𝑀𝜔 1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝜔)
2
1 1
𝑀+ 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝑀 𝜔 𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝜔 𝑗𝑚ℎ (𝑡)⟺ 𝑀 𝜔 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝜔)
2 2

𝑚Dr.
ℎ (𝑡) is the Hilbert transform of m(t) i.e. 𝐻(𝜔 = −𝑗𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝜔)
Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020
Amplitude Modulation: SSB
If m(t) is passed through a transfer function Hω , the output is mh (t).
Hilbert Transform Hω ,
𝐻𝜔 = −𝑗𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝜔
𝜋
−𝑗
−𝑗 = 1𝑒 2 𝜔>0
𝐻𝜔 = 𝜋
𝑗
𝑗 = 1𝑒 2 𝜔<0
𝜋
Thus, if we delay the phase of every component of m(t) by (without changing
2
amplitude), the resulting signal is 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 𝐻𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑡 .

∅𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)

Similarly,
∅𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)

∅𝑺𝑺𝑩 𝒕 = 𝒎(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 ± 𝒎𝒉 (𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝑪 (𝒕)

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020
Generation of SSB Signals

Two methods are generally used to generate SSB signals.

1) Selective Filtering Method

2) Phase Shifting Networks

In terms of BW requirement, SSB is similar to QAM.

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

Generation of SSB Signals
1. Selective Filtering Method:

In this method the DSB-SC signal is passed through a sharp cutoff filter to eliminate the
undesired sideband. This is the most commonly used method.

 To obtain USB , the filter should allow all components above 𝜔𝑐 to pass, and attenuate
and completely suppress all the components below 𝜔𝑐 .

 Such an operation requires an ideal filter that is possible if there is some separation
between the passband and stopband.
Tests have shown that for speech signals,
 This can be achieved in application of voice signals frequency components below 300Hz are not
important.
 Voice signals spectrum shows little power content at the origin.

 Filtering the unwanted sideband is relatively easy for speech signals.

Speech signals have 600Hz transition region

around the cutoff frequency wc , makes
Dr. Uzma Nawaz filtering of unwanted sideband easy and 7/5/2020
minimize the channel interference
 Generation of SSB Signals
2. Phase-Shift Method:

The basis of this method is the following equation;

∅𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ± 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 (𝑡)

-/2 is /2 phase shifters,

delay the phase of every Ideal phase shifter is not possible but
spectral component by /2. it is possible to realize a filter with two
(Hilbert transformer) outputs having same amplitude
spectrum and phase spectrum differ
by /2 over a given band of
frequencies.

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

Demodulation of SSB-SC Signals
SSB-SC signals can be coherently demodulated. The demodulator is identical to the
synchronous demodulator used for DSB-SC. Any DSB-SC demodulator is used to
demodulate SSB-SC signal.
∅𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ± 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)
Using Synchronous demodulator,
1 1
∅𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 [1 + cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ] ± 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 2𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)
2 2
1 1
∅𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + [𝑚(𝑡)cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ] ± 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 2𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)]
2 2
 The product of ∅𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 gives the baseband signal and SSB Signal with a
carrier of 2𝜔𝐶 . The spectrum is;

A low pass filter will suppress unwanted SSB terms, resulting in desired baseband signal m(t)/2.
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Dr. Uzma Nawaz
Demodulation of SSB-SC Signals
Envelope detection of SSB Signals with a Carrier (SSB+C):

Consider SSB signal ∅𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ± 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡) with a carrier Acos𝜔𝑐 𝑡 .

∅𝑆𝑆𝐵+𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)

m(t) can be recovered by synchronous detection i.e multiplying ∅𝑆𝑆𝐵+𝐶 𝑡

by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 if A (carrier amplitude) i.e. large enough, m(t) can also be recovered from
∅𝑆𝑆𝐵+𝐶 𝑡 by envelope or rectifier detection.
∅𝑆𝑆𝐵+𝐶 𝑡 = [𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 ] cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝐶 (𝑡)
∅𝑆𝑆𝐵+𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐸(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + θ
Where E(t), the envelope of ∅𝑆𝑆𝐵+𝐶 is;
1
𝐸 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) 2 + 2
𝑚ℎ (𝑡) 2

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Dr. Uzma Nawaz

Demodulation of SSB-SC Signals
1
2𝑚 𝑡 𝑚2
𝑡 𝑚ℎ 2 (𝑡) 2
𝐸 𝑡 =𝐴 1+ + +
𝐴 𝐴2 𝐴2
If A>>|m(t)|, then A>>|𝑚ℎ (t)|, so square terms are very small and neglected.
1/2
2𝑚 𝑡
𝐸 𝑡 =𝐴 1+
𝐴
Using binomial expansion and neglecting higher terms because m(t)/A is <<1,
𝑚 𝑡
𝐸 𝑡 =𝐴 1+
𝐴
𝐸 𝑡 =𝐴+ 𝑚 𝑡
Summary:
 Using a large carrier, SSB+SC can be demodulated by an envelope detection.
 The condition for envelope detection of SSB+SC is A >>|m(t)|
 The resulting efficiency is very low. Condition for envelope detection
Dr. Uzma Nawaz of AM (with carrier) is A+m(t) ≥ 0 7/5/2020

i.e. A ≥ |m(t)|
Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
Problem:
 Generation of DSB signals is easy but requires twice signal BW.
 Generation of SSB is difficult as DC null in modulating signal spectrum is required in
Selective filtering method and phase shifter is required to generate SSB using phase
shift method.
Solution:
 Combining advantages of DSB and SSC and reducing their disadvantages and
generating another kind of AM signal known is called Vestigial Sideband (VSB).
 VSB is also called asymmetric sideband which is a compromise between DSB and
SSB.

VSB is easy to generate and BW is only 25% greater than SSB signals.

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
In VSB, instead of rejecting one sideband completely (as in SSB),a gradual cutoff of
one sideband is done.

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

 Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
 The baseband signal can be recovered exactly by a synchronous detector in
conjunction with an appropriate equalizer filter 𝐻𝑜 𝜔 at the receiver output.
 If a large carrier is transmitted along with the VSB signal, the baseband signal can
be recovered by an envelope/rectifier detector.

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

 Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

If the vestigial shaping filter that produces VSB from DSB is 𝐻𝑖 𝜔 , then the resulting
VSB signal spectrum is:

∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 𝐻𝑖 (𝜔)

This VSB shaping filter 𝐻𝑖 𝜔 allows the transmission of one sideband and gradually
(not completely) suppressing other sideband which make it easy to realize but
transmission BW is higher then SSB.
The BW of VSB is 25-33% higher than SSB Signals.
We want to recover m(t) from ∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 using synchronous demodulation at the
receiver i.e. multiplying ∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 by 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 .

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 Demodulation of VSB
Demodualtion of VSB can be done by multiplying VDB signal ∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 (𝑡) by 2cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

𝑒 𝑡 = 2∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 (𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

𝑒 𝑡 = ∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐
The signal e(t) is further passed through low-pass equalizer filter of transfer function
𝐻𝑜 𝜔 .
The output of the filter is required to be m(t).
The output of signal spectrum is:
𝑀 𝜔 = ∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 𝐻𝑜 (𝜔)
Eliminating the spectrum at ±2𝜔𝑐 (i.e. suppressed by low-pass filter 𝐻𝑜 𝜔 .
𝑀 𝜔 = 𝑀(𝜔) 𝐻𝑖 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐻𝑖 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 𝐻𝑜 (𝜔)
Hence,
Dr. Uzma Nawaz 1 7/5/2020
𝐻𝑜 𝜔 = |𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵
𝐻𝑖 𝜔+𝜔𝑐 +𝐻𝑖 𝜔−𝜔𝑐
Example 4.8

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

Demodulation of VSB
Envelope Detection of VSB+C Signals:
VSB signals with carrier can be detected using envelope detector in exactly the same
way as in SSB+C signals.
 Both SSB and VSB modulated signals have same form with 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) in SSB replaced
by some other signals 𝑚𝑠 (𝑡) in VSB.
 This is because the VSB signal is bandpass signal, which can be express in terms
of the quadrature components.
 SSB+C requires a much larger carrier than DSB+C (AM) for envelope detection.
 As, VSB+C is an in-between case, the added carrier required in VSB is larger than
that in AM, but smaller than that in SSB+C.

Dr. Uzma Nawaz 7/5/2020

 Home Exercise
 Use of SSB in Broadcast Television
 Use of VSB in Broadcast Television

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