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Prepared by:

Kezia Queen G. Espia RM, RPh


A. Introduction
a. Brief History of Vaccines
b. Importance of Vaccine
c. How does vaccine works
B. Type of Immunity
a. Active
b. Passive
C. Type of Vaccines
D. Routes of Administration
E. Routine Schedule of Vaccination (Philippines)
F. Vaccines
Modern vaccine history began in the late 18th century
with the discovery of smallpox immunization by Edward
Jenner.

On May 14, 1796, Jenner took fluid from a cowpox blister


and scratched it into the skin of James Phipps, an eight-
year-old boy. A single blister rose up on the spot, but
James soon recovered. On July 1, Jenner inoculated the
boy again, this time with smallpox matter, and no
Edward Jenner, FRS FRCPE FLS
disease developed. The vaccine was a success. ( see
(17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) notes for the detailed story)

Jenner called his new method ‘vaccination’ after the


Latin word for cow (vacca)

He is the “Father of Immunology” , but some articles


stated that the title belongs to Louis Pasteur -kqge
Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and
eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases and is
estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths
each year.

It is one of the most cost-effective health


investments, with proven strategies that make it
accessible to even the most hard-to-reach and
vulnerable populations - WHO

Vaccination protects children from serious illness and


complications of vaccine-preventable diseases which
can include amputation of an arm or leg, paralysis of
limbs, hearing loss, convulsions, brain damage, and
death
Image from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/2/acquired-immunity
There are 4 main types of vaccines:

•Live-attenuated vaccines

•Inactivated vaccines

•Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and


conjugate vaccines

•Toxoid vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccines

Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that
causes a disease.

Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help
prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or
2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a
germ and the disease it causes.

Live vaccines are used to protect against:


 Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine)
 Rotavirus
 Smallpox
 Chickenpox
 Yellow fever
Inactivated Vaccines

Inactivated vaccines contain whole bacteria or viruses which


have been killed, or small parts of bacteria or viruses, such as
proteins or sugars, which cannot cause disease

Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection)


that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses
over time (booster shots) in order to get ongoing immunity
against diseases.

Inactivated vaccines are used to protect against:


 Hepatitis A
 Flu
 Polio
 Rabies
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific


pieces of the germ — like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the
germ).

Because these vaccines use only specific pieces of the germ, they give a very
strong immune response that’s targeted to key parts of the germ. They can
also be used on almost everyone who needs them, including people with
weakened immune systems and long-term health problems.

These vaccines are used to protect against:


 Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease
 Hepatitis B
 HPV (Human papillomavirus)
 Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine)
 Pneumococcal disease
 Meningococcal disease
 Shingles
Toxoid vaccines

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the


germ that causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts
of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That
means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of
the whole germ.

Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against:


 Diphtheria
 Tetanus
(In relation with vaccination)
Bacillus Calmette−Guérin (BCG)

BCG vaccination of newborns and infants is routinely administered.


Unvaccinated young children who are brought to an environment of high
prevalence for tuberculosis should be offered vaccination according to the
respective national recommendations.

Cause: The tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Nature of the disease:


In most cases, exposure to M. tuberculosis results in latent infection,
which only occasionally turns into active disease. Tuberculosis may
affect any organ but, from a public health perspective, active pulmonary
disease with mycobacterial dissemination is the most important
manifestation. In infants, tuberculous meningitis or disseminated disease
may occur. Multidrug resistance of M. tuberculosis is a rapidly increasing
problem
Hepatitis B

Cause: Hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Transmission May be transmitted perinatally from infected mothers to


babies, through injection or transfusion of contaminated blood
products, or through penetration of the skin with contaminated
needles. In addition, hepatitis B is frequently transmitted by sexual
intercourse.

Nature of the disease When contracted perinatally or in early


childhood, the infection is rarely symptomatic but is likely to develop
into chronic liver disease that may develop into cirrhosis and/or cancer
in the course of decades. Infection in older children and adults more
often causes acute hepatitis, but rarely chronic liver disease.
DIPHTHERIA

Cause: Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and in tropical


climates occasionally toxigenic C. ulcerans.

Transmission: C. diphtheriae residing in the respiratory tract


is transmitted through droplets and close physical contact; C.
ulcerans by close contact.

Nature of the disease: Clinical manifestations are usually mild


but, occasionally, potent bacterial toxins cause obstructive
membranes in the upper respiratory tract (croup) or damage
to the myocardium and other tissu
Along with this ppt, I’ll just attach the module of
WHO, Vaccine Safety Basics, chapter 6. Please
read on the cause of the disease and at least
familiarize yourself with their mode of
transmission.

-kgqe

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