THE INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

UNIT-9 Transport in Animals

Assessment 2 (Heart, blood vessels and lymphatic system)
DATE: 6/21/2020
Mammals have a double circulatory system. Blood flows between:
 the heart and the lungs
 The heart and the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
a) Fig. below shows a cross-section of an artery.

i) Explain how the structure of an artery, as shown in the above fig, is related to its

functions.

 Thick wall needed to withstand the pulsing of the blood as it is pumped

through the heart in high pressure.

 Muscular tissue to resist rupture and also to withstand the pressure so the

arteries can contract easily.

 Elastic tissue allows the artery to stretch and recoil to maintain the high

pressure of blood and smooth blood flow.

  Endothelium allows like elastic tissue to stretch, allowing a larger volume of

blood to pass through.

 It has a small lumen to maintain the high blood pressure

 It also has fibrous tissue to prevent bursting and to maintain its shape

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ii) Differentiate between arteries, capillaries and veins on the basis of the given parameters.

Parameter Artery Capillary Vein

Blood is carried away Supplies cell with the Blood is carried towards the
From the heart. required substances and takes aHeart.
Function
Away the waste products.

I t has thick and strong It has only one cell thick wall. The walls are very thin
Walls containing muscles Containing less muscles and
Structure of wall
And elastic tissues. Elastic tissues than arteries.

The lumen is small and The lumen is very small, The lumen is wide and contains
varies with the heart beat Wide enough for RBC to pass
valves.
Width of lumen
As it stretches and recoils. through.

Strength and Elasticity There is no requirement for There is no requirement for

needed to withstand the strong walls as most of the strong walls as most of the
Advantage of
pulsing of the blood as it blood pressure is lost; thin blood pressure is lost; wide lumen
adaptations is pumped through the walls and narrow lumen bring offers less resistance to blood
heart in high pressure. blood into close contact with Flow; valves prevent backflow.
Body tissues.

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2. Figure below shows a vertical section of a human heart.

Pulmonic Valve

Aortic Valve

Tricuspid Valve Bicuspid valve

a) Identify the blood vessels labeled J to M.

J Aorta

K Pulmonary Vein

L Vena Cava

M Pulmonary Artery [4]

b) Sensors that detect changes in blood pressure were placed into the blood vessels surrounding the heart.
Recordings were taken at the times when the ventricles contracted and when they relaxed.
The blood pressures recorded are shown in the table given below.

blood pressure / Kpa

blood vessel
contraction of the ventricles relaxation of the ventricles

J 16.0

K 0.3 0.3

L 0.3 0.3

M 2.0 0.5
 i) Explain why the pressure in blood vessel J is greater than the pressure in blood vessel M.

J can be considered as the aorta which passes the blood from left ventricle where blood goes to the whole body that

means blood flows a greater distance than M, whereas in M can be considered as pulmonary artery where blood goes

to the lungs from right ventricle that travels a shorter distance. This is due to blood is pumped by, more muscular,

ventricle that is left ventricle in J while M the blood is pumped by, less muscular, ventricle that is right ventricle. [2]

ii) Explain why the pressure in blood vessels K and L is much less than the pressure in blood vessels J and M.
Blood in K and L can be considered traveling through the capillaries that has a wider lumen so there is a lower blood

pressure than blood vessels in J and M. [2]

c) Label four major valves in shown in the section of heart given in the above figure. Use label lines and names of

the valves to label each valve. [4]

d) Describe the function of valves inside the heart.

Valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract. These valves are called

atrioventricular valves. [2]

e) Other than in the heart, state where valves similar to those in heart are found in the circulatory system. Explain
why those valves are important to be present there.

Veins too have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.[2]

3. The lymphatic system consists of:
 thin-walled lymph vessels that drain tissue fluid from many organs of the body
 lymph nodes that contain the cells of the immune system
The fluid in the lymph vessels is moved in a way similar to the movement of blood in veins. Figure below
shows part of the lymphatic system. From head

Vena cava

Direction of
flow of
lymph

Ileum

From legs
a) Describe how lymph is formed.

The walls of the capillaries are so thin that water, dissolved solutes and dissolved gases easily leak out of
them and pass through the walls from the plasma into the tissue fluid surrounding the cells.
Cells exchange materials (such as water, oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, mineral ions) across their cell
membranes with the tissue fluid surrounding them by diffusion, osmosis or active transport. More fluid
leaks out of the capillaries than is returned to them and this excess fluid passes into the lymphatic
system and becomes lymph fluid. [3]
b) Suggest how lymph is moved in the lymph vessels.
The lymph is moved through the body in its own vessels making a one-way journey to the subclavian

veins. Since the lymphatic system does not have a heart to pump it, its upward movement depends on the

motions of the muscle and joint pumps. [2]

c) After a meal rich in fatty foods, the lymph leaving the ileum is full of fat droplets.

Explain why there are fat droplets in the lymph leaving the ileum.

Fatty acids and glycerol is absorbed in ileum to making fat water soluble. This enters lacteals and passes

it to lymph vessels i.e. part of lymphatic system. This transport of fat in lymph may reduce risk of plaque

in arteries. [2]

d) State the functions of lymphatic system.

 Fluid Balance: Returns tissue fluid to blood.

 It produces WBC like lymphocytes to protect us from infection.

 It also helps in absorption of fats to transport the digested fats (fatty acid and glycerol) from villi

to blood stream [3]

 4. Figure below shows a cross section of a heart of human. Label the parts I the given boxes

Superior vena cava Aorta

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Vein

Right Atrium Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Left Atrium

Septum
Inferior vena cava

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