2 Marks & 16marks

UNIT-IV PERFORMANCE OF CW MODULATION SYSTEMS

1. Compare the noise performance of an AM and FM system?

            The figure of merit of AM system is 1/3 when the modulation is 100 percent and that of
FM is (3/2) mf2.The use of FM offers improved noise performance over AM when (3/2)mf2 >
1/3.mf –modulation index in FM. 

2. What is threshold effect in AM receivers?

 The loss of the message signal x (t) in an envelope detector due to the presence of the
large noise is known as the Threshold effect.
 The threshold effect is also defined as when a noise is large compared to the signal at the
input of the envelope detector, the detected output has a message signal completely
mingled with noise. it means that if the i/p signal to noise ratio(Si/Ni) is below a certain
level called threshold level.

3. Write the figure of merit (g) for an AM system?

                                  (OR)

     What is the for AM (with envelope detection in small noise 

       Case? [Nov-05]

4. Define Noise-Quieting effect?

 Noise power of FM detector varies inversely with carrier power. The decrease in noise
power with an increase in carrier power is called noise-quieting effect.

 
 5. Write the figure of merit (g) for an FM system?

      

6. Define capture effect in FM? [Nov-05]

 When the interference is stronger then it will suppress the desired FM input. When the
interference signal and FM input are of equal strength, the receiver fluctuates back and
forth between them .This phenomenon is known as the capture effect.
 We may also define as in low noise case; the distortion produced by the noise at the o/p
of FM detector is negligible in comparison to the desired modulating signal. And noise
almost suppressed by the signal. This phenomenon is called as capture effect.

7. Define FM threshold effect?[April-04]

 As the input noise power is increased the carrier to noise ratio is decreased the receiver
breaks and as the carrier to noise ratio is reduced further crackling sound is heard and the
output SNR cannot be predicted by the equation. This phenomenon is known as threshold
effect.
 It is also defined as when the SNR becomes even slightly less than unity, an impulse of
noise is generated. This noise impulse appears at the output of the detector in the form of
click sound. If the SNR ratio is further decreased so that the ratio is moderately less than
unity, the impulses are generated rapidly and clicks merge in to spluttering sound. This
phenomenon is known as “threshold effect”.

8. How is threshold reduction achieved in FM systems?[Nov-03,04]

 Threshold reduction is achieved in FM system by using an FM demodulator with

negative feedback or by using a phase locked loop demodulator. Such devices are
referred to as extended-threshold demodulators.

9. What is Pre-emphasis?

 The pre modulation filtering in the transistor, to raise the power spectral density of the
base band signal in its upper-frequency range is called pre emphasis (or pre distortion)

            Pre emphasis is particularly effective in FM systems which are used for  
            Transmission of audio signals.

10. Define de-emphasis.

            A de-emphasis in the receiver used to restore relative magnitude of different

improvement in AF signal and to suppress noise is called de-emphasis.

11. What is the figure of merit of a AM system with 100 percent 

     Modulation?

            The figure of merit of an AM system with 100 percent modulation is 1/3.This means that
other factors being equal an AM system must transmit three times as much average power as a
suppressed system in order to achieve the same quality of noise performance.

12. What is Nyquist rate?

            The sampling rate of 2fm samples per second for a signal bandwidth of fm Hertz is called
the Nyquist rate. Its reciprocal 1/fm is called the Nyquist interval.

13. Compare AM to FM

 * In AM system there are three frequency
components and hence the bandwidth is
finite.
*The amplitude of modulated wave in AM
is dependent of modulation index.
*In AM, most of the transmitted Power is
wasted
FM system has infinite number of sidebands in
addition to a single carrier.  Hence its Bandwidth is
infinite.
The amplitude of frequency modulated wave in FM
is independent of modulation index.
In FM, noise is very less.

14. Draw the phasor representation of FM noise?[Nov-05]

      
 

r (t) and q(t) are the amplitude and phase of the band pass signal noise. And y(t) is the relative
phase.

15. Draw the phasor representation of AM noise using envelope

     Detection?

DESCRIPTIVE ANSWERS:

1. 1.     Discuss the Noise performance of an AM system using envelope Detection?

[Nov-04,April-04]

Noise Performance in Amplitude modulation systems in envelope detector method.

We know that in amplitude modulation system, a large carrier is accompanied with the two upper
and lower sidebands. For calculating the noise performance we have to take the input and output
signal power and noise power and then we have to calculate the figure of merit by using the
equation,

S0ào/p Signal power, N0 à o/p Noise power.

Siài/p signal power, Ni à i/p Noise power.

Input signal power Si

The i/p signal with carrier and two sidebands is

              Vm (t) = VmCoswmt

               VC (t) = VCCoswCt

VAM (t) = VC (1+Vm/VcCoswmt) Coswmt

             = VC CoswCt+VmCoswmt

Take VC=A and vmcoswmt =x (t)

S (t) AM = [A+x (t)] CoswCt.

Therefore the input power is the mean square value of carrier and message component then

Input noise power Ni

 W.k.t in general especially in AM, FM the i/p noise Narrow Band noise is assumed as
white Gaussian noise.  And we know the power spectral density of white noise, is

 
 

             Ni=hfm                       

Output power:

 The o/p of envelope detector contains the detected o/p with noise, hence equation will
become

S (t) AM = [A+x (t)] CoswCt+ni (t)

Where  

(Output contains Band pass filter)

There fore

 S (t) AM = [A+x (t)] CoswCt + nC(t) CoswCt-nS (t) SinwCt

S (t) AM = [A+x (t) + nC (t)] CoswCt -nS (t) SinwCt

 If we take trigonometric expression then A(t),f(t) will be varying amplitude and phase
and

 
  The time varying amplitude A(t) is the envelope of S(t)AM and therefore the output of the
envelope detector will be envelope A(t).

 The envelope A (t) contains both signal and noise components.

 We are taking the analysis in two cases

                         i. small noise case

                        ii. Large noise case

Small noise case:

 In small noise case the noise is taken to be much smaller than signal. that is 

                      Ni (t) << [A+x (t)]

 If  we draw the phasor representation of In phase of Quadrature component  then

 
  It is clear from the phasor diagram, that if nS (t) is much smaller then f(t) is also much
smaller. So it may be assumed to be zero.

                So A (t) = A+x (t) +nC (t)

 This equation implies the o/p of envelope detector contains a carrier component and
useful information x (t) and noise component nC(t).

Large noise case:-

 In large noise case the noise is taken as ni(t) >> [A+x(t)]

 Under large noise case the noise is dominated mostly hence the performance of the
envelope detector varies fully.

 That is

 
 

 It is clear that a from the above equation w.k.t the o/p x (t) (modulating signal) is
multiplied with large noise.  So it carries no useful information.

 The loss of the message x (t) is an envelope detector due to the presence of the large
noise is known as the threshold effect.
 The threshold effect is defied as when a noise is large compared to the signal at the
i/p of the envelope detector, the detected o/p has a message signal completely
mingled with noise.
 It means that if the i/p signal to noise ratio (Si/Ni) is below a certain level called
threshold level.

O/p signal power (S0): (In small noise case)

     [Useful information is only in x (t).  A and nC (t) are rejected 

                          Component.  So o/p signal power is mean square value of s(t).]

O/p noise power(N0):

 The o/p noise signal n0(t) at the o/p of the detector is nC (t).  so the power spectrum is

[Contains only nC (t) terms, so Sno (w) =Snc (w).so o/p power spectral density is h]           

     There fore   

            

                 N0=h.2fm=2hfm     
 

Figure of merit (g):-

 From this equation it is clear that the noise performance improves in reduction in carrier
amplitude A. And w.k.t if figure of merit is increased noise will be reduced.
 So the greatest values of g that may be achieved depend on the minimum possible value
of carrier amplitude A.
 When we use synchronous detection method rather than envelope detection method for
AM demodulation the noise performance is identical in small noise case but it is very
quite and complex compare to Envelope method.

1. 2.     Discuss the Noise performance of an FM system.

                                       (OR)

    Derive the noise power spectral density of the FM demodulator  

    And explain its performance with diagram.[Nov-03]

 Ø We have discussed the noise performance of amplitude modulated systems.  In a

similar manner, we will discuss the noise performance of angle modulated systems, i.e. 
FM systems. 

 
 

 An FM detector consists of a frequency discriminator followed by envelope detector.

And the o/p signal at the detector is x(t).

Let the modulating signal

Vm (t) = VmCoswmt

VC (t) = VCCos (wC t+q) = VCCosf = ACosf

Where f =wC t+q

And df/dt = wC

 We know that the final output

      Where   Vcà Amplitude of carrier

                       Фi à Instantaneous phase angle. And it is calculated from

                            Where                   

There fore
 

Input signal power (Si)

Output signal power (S0):

 The o/p signal is dependent on instantaneous frequency wi. So  

In which useful information is only in x (t) not in carrier.

 So

                 S0 = Mean square Value of S0 (t)

Noise power:

Input noise power (Ni)

 
W.k.t the power spectrum density of a white Gaussian noise

Output noise power (N0)

The output noise power may be computed assuming the message signal term x (t) to be zero. I.e.
assume the signal at the detector

gi (t) = ACoswCt+ni(t) [ The i/p signal to the detector will have a carrier + noise
term                               

                                       The message is inside the carrier]

There fore

gi (t) = ACoswCt+nC(t) CoswCt- nS(t) SinwCt

gi (t)  = [A+nC(t)] CoswCt - nS(t) SinwCt

Writing in trigonometric form

 In which we are not considering about amplitude parameter A(t), we are considering only
frequency component q(t).

 And it can also written as gi(t) = A(t) Cos(wC t+ q(t))

                                                       gi(t) = A (t) Cosf(t)

                         There fore

                       f(t)=wC(t)+q(t)

 Now we will consider two noise case. That is whether the noise signal is low or high
compare to carrier amplitude, in q(t)

i.e.  1) A>>nC (t) and nS (t) (Small noise case)

       2) A<< nC (t) and nS (t) (large noise case)

i) Small noise case

If A>>nC (t) and nS (t) then nC (t) can be eliminated

Therefore

For small angleq, tanq = q then

W.k.t the o/p noise power also depends on instantaneous frequency (wi)

So

nd (t) α wi
 

And nd (t) =K wi

We have to calculate wi from q(t).and we know that

Sno (w) =SnS (w)

            (Or)

Sno (f) =SnS (f)

 Now to determine average o/p noise power the noise at discriminator nd (t) o/p is
proportional to the derivative of nS (t).  so nd(t) is calculated by passing nS(t) through
differentiator and w.k.t the property of Fourier transform that the differentiation w.r.t
time ‘t‘corresponds to multiplication of Fourier transform by j2πf.

Therefore

And due to Gaussian noise SnS (f) = h

Therefore Sn0 (f) = 

And

 
Sn0 (f) =   

 
  

Therefore

Figure of merit g for FM:

Noise – quieting effect:

 

Equation (1) states that noise power of FM detector varies inversely with carrier power.  The
decrease in noise power with an increase in carrier power is called noise – quieting effect

Figure of merit by considering single tone FM signal

If we are taking x (t) = Vmcoswmt

Then

3. Compare the Noise performance of FM with AM

W.k.t

 
 

4. Write short notes on Capture effect and FM threshold effect?

Capture effect:-

 The phase deviation produced by the noise signal in FM is much smaller than the phase
deviation produced by the modulating signal provided that noise is smaller than carrier.
 Hence in low noise case, the distortion produced by noise at the output of FM detector is
negligible in comparison to the desired modulating signal.  And noise is almost
suppressed by the signal.  This phenomena is called “capture effect”

 Whenever FM signals from two transmitters operated on the same or nearly same carrier
freq.  The signal of a weak magnitude is suppressed by the strong signal.  The weak
signal is noise.

FM Threshold effect:

 The output signal to noise ratio of an FM receiver is valid only if the carrier – to – noise
ratio, measured at the discriminator input, is high compared with unity.

 The input nose power is reduced by increasing carrier- noise - ratio.  If the carrier –
noise- ratio is less, then it will produce a crackling sound.  This phenomenon is known as
the threshold effect.

 For a qualitative discussion of the FM threshold effect, consider the first case when there
is no signal present, so that the carrier wave is unmodulated.  Then the frequency
discriminator input will be

                                     x (t) = (A+nC (t))CoswCt – nS(t) SinwCt

 
  If we take the phasor diagram if carrier to noise ratio is large, nC (t) and nS (t) is smaller
than carrier amplitude.

 If it is small, then nC (t) and nS(t) will be large.

 W.k.t the o/p signal is taken as the receiver o/p measured in the absence of noise. 
 The carrier to noise ratio is calculated when there is unmodulated carrier signal.  It is
represented as r

 Practically the threshold effect may be avoided when carrier to noise ratio is more than
20dB
 Phasor representation of FM:-

5. Write short notes on FM threshold reduction?

                           (OR)

     How Threshold reduction is achieved in FM systems?

 

 In communication systems for reducing the threshold level we are using FMFB
technique. (Frequency modulated feedback loop technique).  This contains a VCO
(Voltage controlled oscillator).

 From the above diagram we may note that a conventional FM Receives Local Oscillator
may be replaced with a VCO.

 W.K.T The operation of the block diagram. Here we are providing a negative feed back
from output, because this process provides a high signal-noise-ratio, because Local
Oscillator frequency is taken from demodulated output.

 
  So it provides high SNR at the input side for that we are using FMFB technique for
threshold reduction.

6. Explain Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM. [April-04] [Nov-05]

                                    (OR)

    Explain the significance of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM 

    Systems. [Nov-03]

 The noise Power density at the demodulated output rises parabolically with increase in
frequency.                                   

 I.e. The power spectral density of the message usually falls off at the higher frequencies.

    
   
  
 

 
  The Power spectral density of the noise is usually increases with frequency.

 Therefore the high frequency components of the message signal suffers.

 In order to avoid this we are using pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuit.

 We are increasing the magnitude of high frequency components of the modulating signal
by pre-emphasis circuit. Hence the signal to noise ratio is increased. As a De-emphasis
circuit is used to restore the original information.

 In this process the high frequency components of the noise at the discriminator Output
are also reduced. Therefore the o/p signal to noise ratio is increased. This is used in
commercial FM Radio transmission and reception.
 In order to produce an undistorted version of the original message at the receiver output,
the pre-emphasis filter in the transmitter and de-emphasis filter in the receiver must
ideally have frequency responses that are the inverse of each other.
  That is ,if HPe(f) designates the frequency response of the pre-emphasis filter, then the
frequency response Hde(f) of the de-emphasis filter must ideally be(ignoring transmission
delay)

                         Hde (f) =

Hde (f)à Frequeny response of De-emphasis filter

HPe (f) à frequeny response of pre – emphasis filter

We are taking a simple RC filter as pre and De emphasis filters.

The HPe (f) =  assuming R<<r

And the Hde (f) =   From the Simple RC network.

 But generally from our noise analysis in FM systems, assuming high carrier to noise ratio
the power spectrum density is calculated as
 

                  | Hde (f) |2 Snd (f) =  

Therefore the average o/p noise power is

                                N0 =

 Because of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis the output signal to noise ratio improvement
factor is

There fore

 So by using a simple pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit we can provide significant

improvement in noise performance of the receiver.
 The use of simple linear and non-linear pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters is used to
calculate the differences between the signals and noise in the system. These simple filters
are also used in auto tape recording. Specially non-linear pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
filters have been applied successfully to tape recording.
  These techniques use a combination of filtering and dynamic range compression to
reduce the effects of noise, particularly when the signal level is low.

7. Compare the performance of AM and FM systems? [Nov-05]

S.NO Amplitude modulation Frequency  modulation

Amplitude of the carrier is varied
Frequency of the carrier is varies according to
1 according to amplitude of modulating
amplitude of the modulating signal
signal
Am has poor fidelity due to narrow band
2 Since the band width is large, fidelity is better
width
 Most of the power is in carrier hence less
3 All the transmitted power is useful.
efficient
4 Noise interference is more Noise interference is minimum.
Adjacent channel interference is avoided due to
5 Adjacent channel interference is present
guard bands.
AM broad cast operates in MF and HF
6 FM broadcast operates in VHF and UHF range.
range.
In AM only carrier and two side bands
7 Infinite number of sidebands are present.
are present.
8 The transmission equipment is simple. The transmission equipment is complex.
Transmitted power varies according to Transmitted power remains constant irrespective
9
modulation index. of modulation index.
Depth of modulation has limitations. It Depth of modulation has no limitation. It can be
10
can be increased above 1. increased by increasing frequency deviation.

8. Write the advantages and disadvantages of FM over AM.

FM has the following advantages over AM.

 The amplitude of FM is constant. It is independent of depth of modulation. Hence

transmitter power remains constant in FM whereas it varies in AM.

 Since amplitude of FM is constant, the noise interference is minimum in FM.Any noise

superimposing an amplitude can be removed with the help of amplitude limits. Whereas
it is difficult to remove amplitude variations due to noise in AM.

 The depth of modulation have limitation in AM. But in FM the depth of modulation can
be increased to any value by increasing the deviation. This does not cause any distortion
in FM signal.

 
  Since guard bands are provided in FM, there is less possibility of adjacent channel
interference.

 Since space waves are used for FM, the radius of propagation is limited to line of sight.
Hence it is possible to operate several independent transmitters on same frequency with
minimum interference.
 A special case of narrow band FM (or) PM where mf is less than one has a limited
number of side band pairs. Hence FM and PM is similar to AM except that it has superior
noise behaviour than AM.

 Since FM uses UHF and VHF ranges the noise interference is minimum compared to AM
which uses MF and HF ranges.

There are some disadvantages of FM compared to AM as follows:-

 The band width requirement of FM is much higher than that of AM.

 The FM transmitting and receiving equipment is more complex and costly.

 Since FM uses UHF and VHF range of frequencies, its area of reception is limited only to
line of sight. This is much lower than area covered by AM.

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