John Middleton was the author of a book titled “The Lugbara of Uganda” a Reprint published in

1983, Waveland Press, Inc. He was a professor of Anthropology at Yale University. After his
doctoral studies at Oxford in 1953, he taught anthropology at the universities of London and cape
Town (South Africa). He did a field research among the LÖgbari and Madi of Uganda for about
4 years from 1949-1953. He also wrote (authored) another book titled “Lugbara Religion” in
1960. In his first book “The Lugbara of Uganda” (1953) he gave a clear picture of the setting of
LÖgbari behavior and then an analysis of how the LÖgbari conceive of their society. He also
wrote articles for the Uganda Journal; for example an article entiled “The social Significance of
Lugbara Personal Names” in the Uganda Journal Vol.25 No.1, March 1961.

O.J.E Shiroya was a contributor in a book titled “State Formation in Eastern Africa” published in
1984 by Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, Nairobi 22 Bedford Square, London WCIB 3HH.
His contribution in chapter 8 titled “The Lugbara states in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries”, is based mainly on oral traditions collected among the LÖgbari through personal
interviews during the years: 1970 and 1971. However, he also relied much on the two works of
John Milton, that is “Lugbara Religion” London 1960 and “The Lugbara of Uganda”, London,
1965

Rev. Fr. J.P. CRAZZOLARA was a Comboni (Verona) Missionary who worked in the Sudan
and Northern Uganda during the early years of the Comboni/Verona Missionaries from Italy. He
wrote a number of articles in the Uganda Journal; especially about the Lwo; for example an
article titled “The Lwoo People” in the Uganda Journal vol.4 (1) 1937; which enabled this author
of “A History of the LÖgbari clans of West Nile” to critically analyse the so-called Lwo (Luo)
origin of the ‘Banale group (descent) of the LÖgbari of West Nile; which evidence clearly shows
as NOT from Lwoo (Acooli) BUT Bari of the Jaki descent from mount Liru in West Nile.

R.N. POSNETT was a researcher and writer whose articles in the Uganda Journal; especially, the
one titled “ Some Notes on West Nile Hills and History” in the Uganda Journal Vol.15 No.1
March 1951, enabled this author to analyse the events of the encounter of the LÖgbari with the
colonialists. For example the Anglo-Egyptian-Sudan British and the Belgian Congo influence in
the West Nile region.

J.P. BIRCH was a researcher and a writer who wrote articles for the Uganda Journal which this
author reviewed during his research on the LÖgbari history; especially Birch’s article titled
“Migration movements of the Madi, with some tentative conclusions” in the Uganda Journal
vol.vi, No.1, July 1938.

Mario Cisternino was a Comboni (Verona) Missionary researcher and author of a book titled
“PASSION FOR AFRICA: Missionary and Imperial papers on the Evangelization of Uganda
and Sudan 1848-1923” published in 2004 by Fountain publishers Ltd, Kampala His book helped
this author in tracing and reviewing the geographical maps on the origins of the ancestral parents
of the LÖgbari.
Fr. Antonio (Toni) La Salandra was a Comboni (Verona) missionary who came from Italy in the
1950s to do his missionary work among the LÖgbari in West Nile. He worked among the
LÖgbari mainly in Maracha until 2010 when he returned to Italy and later died on 7th August
2015 (RIP). He was a scholar and among the books he authored was a one titled: “The History of
the Catholic church in West Nile-Arua, Uganda (1910-2000)”, Ombaci, Arua, 2004; a book
which this author quoted quite often in his work.

Lulua odu was a scholar and an elder and a member of a literature Association in Arua known as
“Lugbara Literature Association” (LULA). He wrote a book titled: “A short History of the
Lugbara (Madi)” printed at Marianum press, kisubi in 1996; which book this author quoted quite
often in the course of the critique on the origins and identity of the LÖgbari.

APPENDIX II:

List of Selected Informants Interviewed

Abejua M. (71) Elder, Rue Clan, Ayiko Parish, Oluvu, 2009.

Abeku J. T. (73), Elder, Ariapi Clan, Ajia Sub County, Vurra 2008.

Abiria S. (86), Elder, Kubo Clan, Adumi, Ayivu, 2009.

Abiria Y. I. (78), Elder, Padruku, Oluvu-Anzupi, Kijomoro, 2009.

Abuni Y. O. (90), Elder, Madi-Uyuyi, Adjumani District, 2009.

Acile I.A. (65), Elder, Yumbe-Oku'banga, Yumbe District, 2007.

Adaa Y. (72) Elder, Katri Clans, Terego County, 2009.

Adia J. S. (87), Elder, Erea-Odravu, Terego County, 2009.

Adra K. (81) Elder, Robu-Bongilo, Otravu, Maraca, 2009.

Adripio E.O. O. (92), Elder, Edrivu Clan, Logiri, Vurra, 2008.

Adroko V. (65), Elder, Kamaka-Bura, Maraca, 2009.

Aga Ismael (55), Elder, Retrico-Bangilo, Otravu, Oleba, Maraca, 2008

Agarile Y. A. A. (87), Elder, Paraca-Odravu, Terego County, 2007.

Agolea P. O. (70), Elder, Imvepi-Owavu, Udupi, Terego, 2007

Agodri M. (62), Elder, Retriko-Bango, Oleba, Maraca 2008.

Agupio E. (77), Elder, Ocoko Clan, Vurra County, 2009.

Ajabo L. (66), Elder, Riki-Arau, Oluko, Ayivu, 2008

Ajiani C. D. (78) Elder, Olevu Clan, Ajia, Vurra, 2008.

Ajobe P. (70), Elder, Odropi Clan, Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Akule M.K. (71), Elder, Lomuga-Aputra, Yumbe District, 2009.

Akura R. (45), Elder, A'di'ba-Moju, Midigo, Yumbe District; 2007.

Aliga C. M. (63), Elder, Primary Teacher, Tara-Yiddu Clan, Maraca, 2007.

Alindua D. (75), Elder, Mitika Clan, Ole'ba, Maraca 2008.

Alio'be V. A. (76) Elder, Yivu-Okuvu Kissudu, Jinja, 2008.

Alionyiria A. (66), Elder, Robu Village, Ole'ba Maraca, 2008.

Alioti J. B. (52), Elder, Ombokoro, Oluko, Ayivu, 2008.

Aliotia L. (83), Elder, Vurra-Eru'ba, Vurra, 2008.

Alua D. (65), Elder, Ambidro clan Kijomoro, 2009.

Alu U. (65), Elder 'Yure-Nyai, Mbaraka, Adumi, 2009.

Alu'di L. Draku (50), Elder' Oguno Clan, Terego County, 2007.

Aluma S. M. (80) Elder, Ocoko-Yendu, Yumbe District, 2007.

Amabua D. (75) Elder, Aripia-Orogbo, Terego County, 2007.

Ame S. (69) Elder, Kerulo Clan, Yumbe District, 2007.

Ambotu S. (60) Elder, Aroi-Kadria Clan, Ayivu, 2007.

Amaku S. (60) Elder, Kasua, Pajulu, Ayivu County, 2006.

Amagule S. D. (84), Ibia Clan, Umogo, Terego, 2009.

Amvea D. (67), Elder, Jila-Lici, Omugo, Terego, 2007 .

Amvo B.M. (84), Elder, Mundruu, Kijomoro, Maraca, 2009.

Anandiku J. (61), Elder, Irea-Obi, Omugo, Terego, 2007.

Anatia A. (54), Elder, Alia-Odravu, Omugo, Terego, 2007.

Andema P.W. (69), Elder, Joyia Clan, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

Angandi F. O. (61), Elder, Lazebu Clan, Logiri, Vurra, 2008.

Angunda A. I. (87), Elder, Awo'ba Clan, Kei, Yumbe, 2007.

Angueza Z.W. (86), Elder, Bari-Urivu, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

Angujabo N. (37) Elder, Oleko Clan, Maraca, 2009.

Angupale J. (69), Elder, Aroi, Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Aniku A. (59), Elder, Ayaa Clan, Ajia, Vurra, 2008.

Anile Y. A (73), Elder, Olua, Katrini, Terego, 2009.

Anyayo R. (74), Elder,Ombokoro, Oluko, Ayivu, 2007.

Anyi Y. ADO (88), Elder, Retriko-Bango, Oleba, Maraca 2008.

Ariaku T. (75), Elder, Omoo Clan, Ajia, Vurra, 2008

Arike Z. (63), Elder, Monobu-Padruku, Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Ariku G. M. (60), Elder, Gimere-Palaja, Kei, Yumbe, 2007.

Ariku J. (78), Elder, Uzu-Ludari, Adumi, Ayivu, 2007.

Ariku S. (54), Elder, Olaka Clan, Lazebu, Vurra, 2010.

Arube P. B. (65), Monobu-Padruku,Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Asega D. K. (82), Elder, Nyai Clan, Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Aseri M. (68), Elder, Omba-Aligo, Nyadri, Maraca, 2008.

Atabua S. A. (80), Elder, Azaapi Clan, Terego, 2007.

Atama K. (75), Elder, Riki-Kura, Oluko, Ayivu 2008.

Atayo A. (67), Elder, Omugo- Yiddu, Terego, 2007.

Atiku J. (73), Elder, Retriko-Loondre, Ole'ba, 2010.

Atiku P. (55), Elder, Paranga-Rigbo, Ole'ba, 2008

Atiku s.A (57), Elder, Maraca-Irivu, Maraca County, 2009.

Atrabi T. N. (72), Elder, O’bica Clan, Oluvu, Maraca, 2009

Avinzo R. (70), Elder, Omugo-Owayi, Terego County, 2007.

Avuru Onesta (60), Elder, Women Elder of Olevu Clan, Omugo, Terego, 2008.

Awongo A. (18), Student from Kaliko, Morobo, Sudan, Interviewed in Koboko, 2008.

Awomgo S. (68),' Elder, Godria, Midia Sub County, Koboko, 2008.

Ayikonya Aliasi K. (68) Elder, Lurujo, Lobule, Koboko, 2008

Aziga G. N. (74), Elder, Omba-Riqbo, Kuru, Yumbe, 2007

Bakole D. (48), Elder, Gila-Robu, Kei Sub County, Yumbe, 2007.

Balala S. (68), Elder, Gala'ba Clan, Drajini, Yumbe, 2007.

Bandema E. B. (72), Elder, Pajulu, Ayivu County, 2009.

Bileao N. (84), Elder, Nyio-Vura-Okasia, Ayivu, 2007.

Buatre D. (90), Elder, Ayivu Onzivu, Ayivu County, 2007.

Buga A. G. (65), Elder, Imvepi-Lui-Drimu, Terego, 2007.

Bule A. E. (77), Elder, Wolo Clan, Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Bule D. (75), Elder, Alipi-Kozinga,Yumbe District, 2007.

Buruga Z. (60), Elder, Asso-Dipi, Kamaka, Maraca, 2009;

Buruku A. A. (95), Elder, Yumbe-Pena, Kuru, Yumbe, 2007.

Butiga M. (60), Elder, Romogi Clan, 'Barakala, Yumbe, 2007.

Butiga S. (92), Elder, Kemeru Clan, Kuru, Yumbe, 2007.

Candia A. (48), Elder, Azaapi-Andiku, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

Cema S. (74), Elder, Orinzi, Tara Sub County, Maraca, 2007.

Co'ba Y. (71), Elder, Riki-lini,Oluko, Ayivu, 2008.

Conga A. (70), Elder, Yumbe-Mijale, Kuru, Yumbe, 2007.

Dada A. (80), Elder, Itori-Padruku, Midia, Koboko, 2008.

Da-ada C. A (20) Student, Mouru-Miza, Koboko, 2008.

Daudi H. K. (71), Elder, Ora'ba-Godu, Kuluba, Koboko, 2008.

De'bo O. (82), Elder, Nyio-Vurra-Onivu, Ayivu, 2007.

Diliga A. J. (72), Elder, Yumele-Pani, Drajini, Yumbe, 2007.

Drabua F. (70), Elder, Imvepi-Ombavu, Terego, 2007.

Draburu S. R. (94), Elder, Mundruu, Maraca, 2009.

Drabua Y. (84), Elder, Retriko-Londre, Oleba, 2011.

Drajole L. (66), Elder, Ulupi Clan, Arivu, Vurra, 2009.

Drakani A. BENONE (97), Nio (Nyio), Bileafe, 2007.

Drania D. (85), Elder, IIefe-Nyai, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

Drani L. (61) Elder, Omoo-Alukuru, Arivu, Vurra, 2009.

Drudra O. (90) Elder, Nyaala, ,Bura-Madi, Ole'ba, 2008

Draku A. (70) Elder, Nyai Clan, Lobule, Koboko, 2008.

Endreku G. T. (60), Elder, Alivu-Ndu, Ariru, Vurra, 2009.

Enyatia G.L. (60), Elder, Urube clan, Katrini, Terego, 2009.

Eretia C. R. (75) Elder, Olevu, Bileafe, Terego, 2010.

Esetile G. (65), Elder, Yaule clan, Eleku Parish, Ayivu, 2009.

Ewama A. (76), Elder, Jeako clan, Bura, Maraca, 2009.

Ezati A. S. (75), Elder, Alivu Clan, Bura, Maraca, 2009.

Ezoga P. (60), Elder, Asso-Dipi, Kamaka, Maraca, 2009.

Falea N. (72), K. A. R, ritired Sub County Chief, Ayivu, 2010.

Guma R. D. (73), Elder, Rodo clan, Kei, Yumbe, 2007.

HuseinM. (68), Elder, Moje clan, Yaya village Lobule, 2008.

Ijoga Primo (90), Elder, Odravu-Lui, Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Indrea Musa (76), Elder, Erea-Orinzi, Omugo, Terego, 2007.

Inzikoa O. A. (75), Elder, Kozia clan, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

Irima J. I. (60), Elder, Orivu-Univu, Omugo, 2007.

Itima M. (66), Elder, Pabura-Omoo, Maraca, 2009.

Jadri G. (61), Elder, Kebu-Angali, Logiri, Vurra, 2008.

Jodria J. (68), Elder, Aupi clan, Drajini, Yumbe, 2007.

Katria J. (96), Elder, Orra clan, Omugo, Terego, 2007.

Kawuga G. (91), Elder, Narro-Aaa, Katrini, Terego, 2009.

Keni L.B. (86), Elder, Gimoro, Midigo, Yumbe, 2007.

Langa D. (72), Elder, Ewadri clan, Manibe, Ayivu, 2008.

Lam Cosmos(41 ), Elder, Atyak, Amuru District, Gulu, 2007.

Leeti P.A. (80), Elder,Ombokoro clan, Logiri, Vurra, 2008.

Leku P. (82), Elder, Erepi-Lukwa, Metu, Moyo, 2009.

Luambo E.(54), Elder, Paranga, Ole'ba, Maraca, 2008.

Lu'bo K. (78), Elder,Azipi Clan, Ole'ba, Maraca, 2008.

Luluga A. (80), Elder, Aupi Clan,Drajini, Yumbe, 2007

Mabuzu C. K. (90), Elder, Munzu-Kalira, Odravu, 2007

Madraru N. (75), Elder, Erepi-Palida, Metu, 2009.

Mgbaya A. (93), Elder, Midia-Ali'ba, Midia Sub County Koboko, 2008.

Mboli Sadad (75), Elder, Aringa-Rendra, Kuru, Yumbe, 2007

Midrea L.(75), Elder, Eyama, Ewa'dri Clan, Ayivu, 2008.

Moru K.A. A. (58), Elder, Itori-Pakayo, Kulu'ba, Koboko, 2008.

Mua Silvano (67), Elder, Aivu clan Pajulu,Ayivu, 2010.

Mua Silo P. B. (85), Elder, Etori Clan, Adumi, Ayivu, 2007.

Munduga C. (69), Elder, Luggu-Lui-Kozia, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

Musa A. (60), Elder, Gurepi-Jumuni, Ludara, Koboko, 2008.

Ndaga K. O. (78), Elder, Kamaka Clan, Maraca County, 2009.

Nyadri Yoti D. T. (85), Elder,Aka Clan, Oluvu, Maraca, 2009.

Nyambi R.A (76), Elder, Deji'ba, Midia, Koboko, 2008.

Nyakuni J. (61), Elder, Ulupi-Peeri, Ole'ba, Maraca, 2008.

Nzee K. (70), Elder, Obi-Roi, Omugo, Terego, 2007.

Obiga A. (96), Elder, Lugbari clan, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

O'buku J. (73), Elder, Aree-Mali, Oleba, Maraca, 2008.

Ocinale I. (71 ), Elder, Azaapi, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

Ocola O. (82), Elder, Paginmoro, Atyak, Amuru, Gulu, 2009.

Odiki G. (74), Elder, Wali, Opia, Logiri, Vurra, 2008.

Odoro P.(87), Elder, Aiivu-Otrevu, Terego County, 2007.

Odrokimadria S. O. (49), Elder, Aw'hu clan, Maraca, 2008.

Odugo F.(84), Elder, Mooca-Bura, Midigo Sub County, Yumbe, 2007.

Ogajo S.O. (57), Elder, Jayia, Arivu Sub County, Vurra, 2009.

Ogarinya S. (72), Elder, Ezoo-Oliru, Okoro, Nebbi, 2008.

Ojodria Y. O. (73), Elder, Ayaa-Noki, Bileafe, Terego, 2009.

Okot J. (67), Elder, Parwaca-Atyak, Amuru, Gulu, 2009.

Okua S.D. (61), Elder, Yagule-Opeci, Kuru, Yumbe, 2007.

Okudra S. (72), Elder, Oli'ba clan, Logiri, Vurra, 2008 .

Oleaku A. (64), Elder, Olevu clan, Ajia, Vurra, 2008.

Olega A. A (59), Elder, Yi'ba-Urube, Drajini, Yumbe, 2007.

Olego M. B.A. (60), Elder, Romogi, Romogi Sub County, Yumbe, 2009.

Olima S. (71), Elder, AIi'ba-Bura, Kuru Sub County, Yumbe, 2007.

Olok C. (89), Elder, Parwaca-Atyak, Amuru District, Gulu, 2009.

Ombagara S.O. (59), Elder, Worogbo-Mundruu, Oluvu, 2009 .

Omvia K. (76), Elder, Okuvu, Yivu Sub County, Maraca, 2006.

Ondia C. D. (70), Elder, Ombaci-Ole'ba, Adumi, Ayivu, 2009.

Onyua Isara J. (79), Elder, Ezuku-Vurra,Vurra County, 2008.

Opigo A. (82), Elder, Ambala-Pakoco, Kuru Sub County, Yumbe, 2007

Opita E. E. (80), Elder, Ombaci clan, Adumi Sub County, Ayivu, 2009.

Oriamba D. A. (87L Elder, Alarapi, Yivu Sub County, Maraca, 2009.

Orochi J. A. (80), Elder, Jupacil clan, Padyere, Nebbi, 2011.

Osoga C. T. (68), Elder, Rendu clan, Kamaka, Oluvu, 2009.

Ozia D. (48) Elder, Katri, Katrini Sub County, Terego, 2009.

Sadia R. (51 ), Elder, Woman Elder, Avokaya, Resident in Koboko, 2008 .

Sialu C. (81), Elder, Ombia and Yivu, Maraca County, 2008.

Taaku G. (93), Elder, Orivu, Addu, Aiivu, Terego, 2007.

Taban A. O. (57), Elder, Alipi-Poponi, Kulu'ba, Koboko, 2008.

Tado'boka A. (90), Elder, Orivu-Univu, Terego, 2007.

Tauka M. Y. (78), Elder, Robu-lini, Kijomoro, 2009.

Tionzia A. (75L Elder, Lamila-Awupi, Kijomoro, 2009.

Titiga S. (70), Elder, Okavu, Udupi, Terego, 2007.

To'doko Y. K. (90), Elder, Midia-Drunyo, Koboko, 2008.

Toko Y. J. (90), Elder, Are-Anori, Ocoopi Parish, Terego, 2009.

Tole K. L. (75), Elder, Aripi-Cina, Akinio, Terego, 2009.

Tongiatayo M. (50), Elder, Woman Elder, Logo-Lolia, Congo, 2009. \-

Toro I. (68), Elder, Ginyako clan, Koboko, 2008.

Totiga F. Y. (81), Elder, Ombaci-Buraa, Oluvu, Maraca, 2009.

Ubaligo H. N. (65), Elder, Ocoko -Yendu, Yumbe District, 2007.

Ubi B. (74), Elder, Kuniro, Lobule Sub County, Koboko, 2008.

Uriku G. (60), Elder, Kebu-Azavu, Logiri, Vurra, 2008.

Vuni M. (67), Elder, Kerekula, Odravu, Yumbe, 2007.

Wani R.A. D. (93), Elder, 'Belia, Midigo, Yumbe, 2007

Wolo A. (79), Elder, Pokea-Ayivu, Pajulu, Ayivu, 2007.

Yaba A. (63), Elder, Obi-Langi, Omugo, Terego, 2007.

Ya'da A. (54), Elder, Wandi-Opeci, Yumbe, 2007.

Yandua J. (67), Elder, Tara-Ombavu, Tara sub-county, Maraca, 2007.

Ye’buga Omar A. (67), Elder, Orogbo-padroko, Drajini, Yumbe, 2007.

Yobuta A.W. (93) , Elder, Metino-Kuludri, Lobule, Koboko, 2008 ..

Yuku F.T. (81), Elder, Ombaci-Buraa, Oluvu, Maraca, 2009.

Zegi M. (28), a Zande, philosophy student, katigondo, 2010.