Climate Change & the Paris Deal

In December 2015, representatives from 195 nations gathered in Paris and signed
an international agreement to address climate change, which many observers called
a breakthrough for several reasons. First, the fact that a deal was struck at all was a
major accomplishment, given the failure of previous climate change talks. Second,
unlike previous climate change accords that focused exclusively on developed
countries, this pact committed both developed and developing countries to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. However, the voluntary targets established by nations in
the Paris climate deal fall considerably short of what many scientists deem
necessary to achieve the stated goal of the negotiations: limiting the global
temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, since the established
targets are voluntary, they may be lowered or abandoned due to political resistance,
short-term economic crises, or simply social fatigue or disinterest.

As philosophy professor Stephen Gardiner aptly explains, the challenge of climate

change presents the world with several fundamental ethical dilemmas. It is
simultaneously a profoundly global, intergenerational, and philosophical problem.
First, from a global perspective, climate change presents the world with a collective
action problem: all countries have a collective interest in controlling global carbon
emissions. But each individual country also has incentives to over-consume (in this
case, to emit as much carbon as necessary) in response to societal demands for
economic growth and prosperity.

Second, as an intergenerational problem, the consequences of actions taken by the

current generation will have the greatest impact on future generations yet to be born.
Thus, the current generation must forego benefits today in order to protect against
possibly catastrophic costs in the future. This trade-off is particularly difficult for
developing countries. They must somehow achieve economic growth in the present
to break out of a persistent cycle of poverty, while limiting the amount of greenhouse
gasses emitted into the atmosphere to protect future generations. The fact that
prosperous, developed countries (such as the U.S. and those in Europe) arguably
created the current climate problems during their previous industrial economic
development in the 19th and 20th centuries complicates the trade-offs between
economic development and preventing further climate change.

Finally, the global and intergenerational nature of climate change points to the
underlying philosophical dimensions of the problem. While it is intuitive that the
current generation has some ethical responsibility to leave an inhabitable world to
future generations, the extent of this obligation is less clear. The same goes for
individual countries who have pledged to reduce carbon emissions to help protect
environmental health, but then face real economic and social costs when executing
those pledges. Developing nations faced with these costs may encounter further
challenges as the impact of climate change will most likely fall disproportionally on
the poor, thus also raising issues of fairness and inequality.

(1) To what extent do humans have a moral responsibility to future generations that
are yet to be born? Explain your reasoning based on relevant ethical principles.

(8 marks)

(2) Discuss the issues mentioned in the case by applying the concept of ecological
ethics.

(6 marks)

(3) If you were in a position to recommend environmental policy changes or actions,

what would you advocate and why?

(6 marks)