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measurement system
1. Introduction to Measurement System(PHASE I)
1.1 Definition and Importance
1.2 Basic Functional Elements
1.3 Types of Measurement Systems
2. Resistors(PHASE I)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ohm’s Law and Joule’s Law
2.3 Importance of Resistors in Measurement Systems
3. Variable Resistors(PHASE II)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Variable Resistors
3.3 Specification of Variable Resistor
3.4 Applications of Variable Resistor
4. Variable Resistors in Measurement Systems(PHASE II)
4.1 Objectives of using Variable resistors
4.2 Devices using Variable Resistors
4.3 Application of Variable resistors in Everyday life
5. Evolving Use of Variable Resistors(PHASE III)
5.1. Recent research trends regarding variable resistors
5.2. New domains of application for variable resistors in
measurement systems
1. Transduction Element
2. Signal Processing Element
3. Data Presentation Element
Resistors are electrical circuit elements which have the ability to hinder
the flow of electric current. This property is called resistance.
● A resistor is a two-terminal device that is used to resist the flow of
current. It is one of the most commonly used components in
electrical circuits.
● Resistance of any resistor is described in ohms. Ohm is denoted by
the Greek letter omega (Ω). More the value of resistance more is
the capability of resisting the current.
● Resistance will be considered as 1 ohm if the potential difference
between the two ends of the conductor is 1 V
and a current flowing through it is 1 Ampere.
● Resistance can be derived from Ohm's law
V= I * R
A resistor dissipates power when a current passes through it. The energy
is released in the form of heat. The power is a function of the current I
and the applied voltage V:
where P is the power in watts. Combined with Ohm’s law, the
● Each resistor comes with two wires, also called as leads. Between
these two leads there lies a ceramic part which actually resists the
flow of current. Resistor consists of three colored strips that
indicate the value of resistance.
● Some resistors come with four colored strips. In such cases, the
fourth strip indicates the value of tolerance. Tolerance is the value
of the deviation of resistance from its given value on the resistor.
Gold color of the fourth strip indicates tolerance is 5% and silver
color indicates tolerance is 10%. Where there is no forth strip,
tolerance is considered as 20%. Suppose, if resistance has 50-ohm
resistance with no forth strip. Then tolerance of such a resistor can
be 50 ±20%.
● Resistance of any resistor also depends on its resistivity, its length
and cross-sectional area.
● Resistors also indicate temperature coefficient. Temperature
coefficient is known as a resistance due to the change in
temperature. There are two types of temperature coefficients.
Positive temperature coefficient and negative temperature
coefficient. If resistance increases with the increase in temperature
then it is called positive temperature coefficient and if resistance
decreases with the decrease in temperature then it is called
negative temperature coefficient.
● High-Frequency Instruments
● Oscillators
● Voltage Regulators
● Medical Instruments
● Digital Multimeter
● Amplifiers
● Telecommunication
● Modulators and Demodulators
● Feedback Amplifiers
Variable Resistors
3. Potentiometers or POTs
� A three-terminal variable resistor in which two terminals are
fixed and the third is variable (wiper/slider) terminal.
The relative motion between shaft and wiper along the shaft
axis leads to continuous variation in resistance. They are of two
types: Linear and Angular, as shown in the above figure.
� Potentiometers are used as trimmers in electronic circuits to
calibrate equipment after manufacturing, by adjusting
(trimming) the resistance of circuits.
In recent years, the size as well as the weight of such devices have been
greatly reduced which make them more suitable for any field of
electronic applications.
1. In electronic circuits
For trimming (reducing a parameter to calibrate a new instrument)
In operational amplifiers (extensively used as signal processor)
For setting trip points (to prevent thermal overloading)
Adjusting voltage, current and frequency, etc.
2. In electrical circuits
Limiting current flow
Adjusting power input and output