Faculty of Engineering University of Moratuwa Level 1-Semester 1- 2009

MA 1012- MATHEMATICS
_________________________________________________________________________________
ASSIGNMENT 11
(Distributed on the week starting on 09/11/2009)
1. Prove the following identities for vectors 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 and 𝒅 in 𝑹𝟑 .
𝒂∙𝒂 𝒂∙𝒃 𝒂∙𝒄
2
i. 𝒂 , 𝒃, 𝒄 = 𝒃 ∙ 𝒂 𝒃 ∙ 𝒃 𝒃 ∙ 𝒄 ii. 𝒂×𝒃 ∙ 𝒄×𝒅 = 𝒂∙𝒄 𝒃∙𝒅 − 𝒃∙𝒄 𝒂∙𝒅 .
𝒄∙𝒂 𝒄∙𝒃 𝒄∙𝒄

iii. 𝒂 × 𝒃 × 𝒄 × 𝒅 = 𝒂 , 𝒃 , 𝒅 𝒄 − 𝒂 , 𝒃 , 𝒄 𝒅 = 𝒂 , 𝒄 , 𝒅 𝒃 − 𝒃 , 𝒄, 𝒅 𝒂

2.
i. Decompose a vector 𝒓 as a linear combination of a vector 𝒂 and another vector perpendicular to
𝒂 and coplanar with 𝒓 and 𝒂.
ii. Solve simultaneously for 𝒖 where 𝒖 × 𝒃 = 𝒄 × 𝒃 and 𝒖 ∙ 𝒂 = 0

3.
i. Given two vectors 𝒑 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌; 𝒒 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌,
Find a unit vector 𝒔, perpendicular to the vector 𝒑 and co-planar with 𝒑 and 𝒒. Find also a unit vector
𝒗 perpendicular to both 𝒑 and 𝒔.
ii. Show that the lines
𝒓 = 8𝒂 − 9𝒃 + 10𝒄 + 𝑡1 3𝒂 − 16𝒃 + 7𝒄 and 𝒓 = 15𝒂 + 29𝒃 + 5𝒄 + 𝑡2 (3𝒂 + 8𝒃 − 5𝒄)
are non coplanar; 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 being non-coplanar vectors.

4.
i. There are 12 students in a class. In how many ways can the 12 students take three different tests if
4 students are to take each test?
ii. There are 6 roads between A & B and 4 roads between B & C.
a. In how many ways can one drive from A to C by way of B?
b. In how many ways can one drive roundtrip from A to C by way of B?
c. In how many ways can one drive roundtrip from A to C without using the same road more than
one?

5. In a railway reservation office in Fort station, two clerks are engaged in checking reservation
forms. On an average the first clerk (A1) checks 55% of the forms while the second clerk (A2)
checks the remaining. While A1 has an error rate of 0.03, that of A2 is 0.02. A reservation form is
selected at random from the total number of forms checked during a day and is discovered to have
an error. Find the probability that it was checked by A1 and A2 separately.

6. Prove, by verifying the appropriate definition that

1
i. lim𝑥→1− 𝑕 𝑥 = 2 ii. lim𝑥→∞ 𝑕 𝑥 = 1 iii. lim𝑥→0− 𝑕 𝑥 = 0 , where 𝒉 is given by
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥
𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑕(𝑥) = 2
𝑥2
𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
Sketch the graph of 𝒉.

7. Suppose ∃ 𝛿 > 0 such that 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑕(𝑥) , ∀𝑥𝜖 𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿 and 𝑔 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑕(𝑎).
It is also given that 𝒈 and 𝒉 are continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎. Prove that 𝒇 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎
Department of Mathematics, 11/11/2009
 Faculty of Engineering University of Moratuwa Level 1-Semester 1- 2009

MA 1012- MATHEMATICS
_________________________________________________________________________________
ASSIGNMENT 10
(Write answers to all questions and submit during the week starting on 23/11/2009)
1. Suppose that 𝒖 , 𝒗 and 𝒘 are vectors in 𝑹𝟑 such that the scalar triple product 𝒖 ∙ (𝒗 × 𝒘) ≠ 0. Let
𝒗×𝒘 𝒘×𝒖 𝒖×𝒗
𝒖′ = 𝒗′ = 𝒘′ = .
𝒖 ∙ (𝒗 × 𝒘) 𝒖 ∙ (𝒗 × 𝒘) 𝒖 ∙ (𝒗 × 𝒘)
i. Show that 𝒖′ ∙ 𝒖 = 1.
ii. Show that 𝒖′ ∙ 𝒗 = 𝒖′ ∙ 𝒘 = 0.
iii. Use the properties of the scalar triple product to find 𝒗′ ∙ 𝒗 and 𝒘′ ∙ 𝒘 as well as
𝒗′ ∙ 𝒖 , 𝒗′ ∙ 𝒘, 𝒘′ ∙ 𝒖 and 𝒘′ ∙ 𝒗.
iv. Evaluate 𝒖 , 𝒗 , 𝒘 𝒖′ , 𝒗′ , 𝒘′ .
v. Express 𝒖 , 𝒗 and 𝒘 in terms of 𝒖′ , 𝒗′ and 𝒘′ .

2. Prove the following for vectors 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄.

i. 𝒂 + 𝒃 ,𝒃 + 𝒄 ,𝒄 + 𝒂 = 2 𝒂 ,𝒃 ,𝒄 . ii. 𝒂 × 𝒃 ,𝒃 × 𝒄 ,𝒄 × 𝒂 = 𝒂 ,𝒃 ,𝒄 2 .
3.
𝑑𝒂 𝑑𝒃 𝑑(𝒂 × 𝒃)
i. If =𝒄×𝒂, = 𝒄 × 𝒃 prove that = 𝒄× 𝒂×𝒃 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
ii. If 𝒓 = 𝜇 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝒊 + 𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝒋 + 𝜇𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝒌 . Find
𝑑𝒓 𝑑 2 𝒓 𝑑𝒓 𝑑2 𝒓 𝑑 3 𝒓
× 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , ,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 3
4. Consider an experiment consisting of the observation of six successive pulse positions on a
communication link. Suppose that at each of the six possible pulse positions there can be a positive
pulse, a negative pulse, or no pulse. Suppose also that the individual experiments that determine
the kind of pulse at each possible position are independent. Denote the event that the 𝑖th pulse is
positive by 𝑥𝑖 = +1 , that it is negative by 𝑥𝑖 = −1 , and that it is zero by 𝑥𝑖 = 0 . Assume that
𝑃 𝑥𝑖 = +1 = 0.4 , 𝑃 𝑥𝑖 = −1 = 0.3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1,2, … 6
i. Find the probability that all pulses are positive.
ii. Find the probability that the first three pulses are positive, the next two are zero and the last is
negative

5. In a factory, a certain brand of chocolates is packed into boxes on four different production lines
A1, A2, A3 and A4. Records show that a small percentage of boxes are not packed properly for sale:
1% from A1, 4% from A2, 2% from A3 and 2% from A4. The percentage of total output that have
come from the production lines are 35% from A1, 20% from A2, 24% from A3 and 21% from A4.
i. What is the probability, that a box chosen at random from the whole output came from
production lines A1 or A4?
ii. What is the probability, that a box chosen at random from the whole output is not properly
packed?
iii. If we find a box, which is packed properly, what is the probability it came from production line
A3?

6. 𝒇 and 𝒈 are functions. Prove the following results.

i. 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 , ∀𝑥𝜖 𝑎, ∞ for some 𝑎 𝜖 𝑹 and lim𝑥→∞ 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞ ⇒ lim𝑥→∞ 𝑔 𝑥 = ∞
ii. 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 , ∀𝑥𝜖 −∞, 𝑏 for some 𝑏 𝜖 𝑹 and lim𝑥→−∞ 𝑔 𝑥 = −∞ ⇒ lim𝑥→−∞ 𝑓 𝑥 = −∞

7. Let 𝒇 be a function which is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎

i. If 𝑓(𝑎) > 0, prove that ∃ 𝛿 > 0 such that 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 , ∀𝑥𝜖 𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿
ii. If 𝑓(𝑎) < 0, prove that ∃ 𝛿 > 0 such that 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 , ∀𝑥𝜖 𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿
Department of Mathematics, 11/11/2009