Nobility

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"Nobles" redirects here. For other uses, see Nobles (disambiguation).

For "nobility" in the personal characteristic sense, see Honor.

For a list of British and European noble houses, see List of noble houses.

The House of Lords of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (old chamber, burned down in
1834) as drawn by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson for Ackermann's Microcosm of London
(1808–1811).

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Ministerialis

 v
 t
  e

Nobility is a social class normally ranked immediately below royalty and found in some
societies that have a formal aristocracy. Nobility possesses more acknowledged privileges and
higher social status than most other classes in society. The privileges associated with nobility
may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles, or may be largely
honorary (e.g., precedence), and vary by country and era. As referred to in the Medieval
chivalric motto noblesse oblige ("nobility obliges"), nobles can also carry a lifelong duty to
uphold various social responsibilities, such as honourable behaviour, customary
service,[clarification needed] or leadership positions. Membership in the nobility, including rights
and responsibilities, is typically hereditary.

Membership in the nobility has historically been granted by a monarch or government, unlike
other social classes where membership is determined solely by wealth, lifestyle, or
affiliation.[clarification needed] Nonetheless, acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, military
prowess, or royal favour has occasionally enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility.[1]

There are often a variety of ranks within the noble class. Legal recognition of nobility has
been more common in monarchies, but nobility also existed in such regimes as the Dutch
Republic (1581–1795), the Republic of Genoa (1005–1815), the Republic of Venice (697–
1797), and the Old Swiss Confederacy (1300–1798), and remains part of the legal social
structure of some non-hereditary regimes, e.g., San Marino, and the Vatican City in Europe.

Hereditary titles and styles added to names (such as "Prince" or "Lord" or "Lady"), as well as
honorifics often distinguish nobles from non-nobles in conversation and written speech. In
many nations most of the nobility have been un-titled, and some hereditary titles do not
indicate nobility (e.g., vidame). Some countries have had non-hereditary nobility, such as the
Empire of Brazil or life peers in the United Kingdom.

Contents
 1 History
 2 Noble privileges
 3 Ennoblement
 4 Rank within the nobility
 5 Other terms
 6 Europe
 7 Asia
o 7.1 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal
o 7.2 China
o 7.3 Islamic world
o 7.4 Japan
o 7.5 Philippines
 7.5.1 Recognition by the Spanish Crown
 7.5.2 Filipino nobles during the Spanish era
 7.5.3 Current status questionis
  8 Africa
o 8.1 Ethiopia
o 8.2 Madagascar
o 8.3 Nigeria
 9 Latin America
o 9.1 Bolivia
o 9.2 Brazil
 10 Nobility by nation
o 10.1 Africa
o 10.2 America
o 10.3 Asia
o 10.4 Europe
o 10.5 Oceania
 11 See also
 12 References
 13 External links

History

Nobility offered protection in exchange for service

French aristocrats, c. 1774

The term derives from Latin nobilitas, the abstract noun of the adjective nobilis ("noble but
also secondarily well-known, famous, notable").[2] In ancient Roman society, nobiles
originated as an informal designation for the political governing class who had allied interests,
including both patricians and plebeian families (gentes) with an ancestor who had risen to the
consulship through his own merit (see novus homo, "new man").

In modern usage, "nobility" is applied to the highest social class in pre-modern societies,
excepting the ruling dynasty.[3] In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the nobility
were generally those who held a fief, often land or office, under vassalage, i.e., in exchange
for allegiance and various, mainly military, services to a suzerain, who might be a higher-
ranking nobleman or a monarch. It rapidly came to be seen as a hereditary caste, sometimes
associated with a right to bear a hereditary title and, for example in pre-revolutionary France,
enjoying fiscal and other privileges.

While noble status formerly conferred significant privileges in most jurisdictions, by the 21st
century it had become a largely honorary dignity in most societies,[4] although a few, residual
privileges may still be preserved legally (e.g., Netherlands, Spain, UK) and some Asian,
Pacific and African cultures continue to attach considerable significance to formal hereditary
rank or titles. (Compare the entrenched position and leadership expectations of the nobility of
the Kingdom of Tonga.)

Nobility is a historical, social and often legal notion, differing from high socio-economic
status in that the latter is mainly based on income, possessions or lifestyle. Being wealthy or
influential cannot ipso facto make one noble, nor are all nobles wealthy or influential
(aristocratic families have lost their fortunes in various ways, and the concept of the 'poor
nobleman' is almost as old as nobility itself).

Various republics, including former Iron Curtain countries, Greece, Mexico, and Austria have
expressly abolished the conferral and use of titles of nobility for their citizens. This is distinct
from countries which have not abolished the right to inherit titles, but which do not grant legal
recognition or protection to them, such as Germany and Italy, although Germany recognizes
their use as part of the legal surname. Still other countries and authorities allow their use, but
forbid attachment of any privilege thereto, e.g., Finland, Norway and the European
Union,[citation needed] while French law also protects lawful titles against usurpation.

Although many societies have a privileged upper class with substantial wealth and power, the
status is not necessarily hereditary and does not entail a distinct legal status, nor differentiated
forms of address.

Noble privileges

A French political cartoon of the three orders of feudal society (1789). The rural third estate carries
the clergy and the nobility.
Not all of the benefits of nobility derived from noble status per se. Usually privileges were
granted or recognised by the monarch in association with possession of a specific title, office
or estate. Most nobles' wealth derived from one or more estates, large or small, that might
include fields, pasture, orchards, timberland, hunting grounds, streams, etc. It also included
infrastructure such as castle, well and mill to which local peasants were allowed some access,
although often at a price. Nobles were expected to live "nobly", that is, from the proceeds of
these possessions. Work involving manual labour or subordination to those of lower rank
(with specific exceptions, such as in military or ecclesiastic service) was either forbidden (as
derogation from noble status) or frowned upon socially. On the other hand, membership in the
nobility was usually a prerequisite for holding offices of trust in the realm and for career
promotion, especially in the military, at court and often the higher functions in the
government, judiciary and church.

Prior to the French Revolution, European nobles typically commanded tribute in the form of
entitlement to cash rents or usage taxes, labour or a portion of the annual crop yield from
commoners or nobles of lower rank who lived or worked on the noble's manor or within his
seigneurial domain. In some countries, the local lord could impose restrictions on such a
commoner's movements, religion or legal undertakings. Nobles exclusively enjoyed the
privilege of hunting. In France, nobles were exempt from paying the taille, the major direct
tax. Peasants were not only bound to the nobility by dues and services, but the exercise of
their rights was often also subject to the jurisdiction of courts and police from whose authority
the actions of nobles were entirely or partially exempt. In some parts of Europe the right of
private war long remained the privilege of every noble.[5]

During the early Renaissance, duelling established the status of a respectable gentleman, and
was an accepted manner of resolving disputes.[6]

Since the end of World War I the hereditary nobility entitled to special rights has largely been
abolished in the Western World as intrinsically discriminatory, and discredited as inferior in
efficiency to individual meritocracy in the allocation of societal resources.[7] Nobility came to
be associated with social rather than legal privilege, expressed in a general expectation of
deference from those of lower rank. By the 21st century even that deference had become
increasingly minimised.

Ennoblement

Hungarian hussar troops set up by the Hungarian nobility, during the Austro–Turkish War of 1787–
1791.
In France, a seigneurie (lordship) might include one or more manors surrounded by land and
villages subject to a noble's prerogatives and disposition. Seigneuries could be bought, sold or
mortgaged. If erected by the crown into, e.g., a barony or countship, it became legally entailed
for a specific family, which could use it as their title. Yet most French nobles were untitled
("seigneur of Montagne" simply meant ownership of that lordship but not, if one was not
otherwise noble, the right to use a title of nobility, as commoners often purchased lordships).
Only a member of the nobility who owned a countship was allowed, ipso facto, to style
himself as its comte, although this restriction came to be increasingly ignored as the ancien
régime drew to its close.

In other parts of Europe, sovereign rulers arrogated to themselves the exclusive prerogative to
act as fons honorum within their realms. For example, in the United Kingdom royal letters
patent are necessary to obtain a title of the peerage, which also carries nobility and formerly a
seat in the House of Lords, but never came without automatic entail of land nor rights to the
local peasants' output.

Rank within the nobility

Polish magnates 1576–1586

Polish magnates 1697–1795

Main article: Royal and noble ranks

Nobility might be either inherited or conferred by a fons honorum. It is usually an

acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e. the status descends exclusively to some or
all of the legitimate, and usually male-line, descendants of a nobleman. In this respect, the
nobility as a class has always been much more extensive than the primogeniture-based titled
nobility, which included peerages in France and in the United Kingdom, grandezas in
Portugal and Spain, and some noble titles in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Prussia and
Scandinavia. In Russia, Scandinavia and non-Prussian Germany, titles usually descended to
all male-line descendants of the original titleholder, including females. In Spain, noble titles
are now equally heritable by females and males. Noble estates, on the other hand, gradually
came to descend by primogeniture in much of western Europe aside from Germany. In
Eastern Europe, by contrast, with the exception of a few Hungarian estates, they usually
descended to all sons or even all children.[8]

In France, some wealthy bourgeois, most particularly the members of the various parlements,
were ennobled by the king, constituting the noblesse de robe. The old nobility of landed or
knightly origin, the noblesse d'épée, increasingly resented the influence and pretensions of
this parvenu nobility. In the last years of the ancien régime the old nobility pushed for
restrictions of certain offices and orders of chivalry to noblemen who could demonstrate that
their lineage had extended "quarterings", i.e. several generations of noble ancestry, to be
eligible for offices and favours at court along with nobles of medieval descent, although
historians such as William Doyle have disputed this so-called "Aristocratic Reaction".[9]
Various court and military positions were reserved by tradition for nobles who could "prove"
an ancestry of at least seize quartiers (16 quarterings), indicating exclusively noble descent
(as displayed, ideally, in the family's coat of arms) extending back five generations (all 16
great-great grandparents).

Hungarian count Nicholaus Eszterházy of Galántha (1583–1645)

This illustrates the traditional link in many countries between heraldry and nobility; in those
countries where heraldry is used, nobles have almost always been armigerous, and have used
heraldry to demonstrate their ancestry and family history. However, heraldry has never been
restricted to the noble classes in most countries, and being armigerous does not necessarily
demonstrate nobility. Scotland, however, is an exception.[10] In a number of recent cases in
Scotland the Lord Lyon King of Arms has controversially (vis-à-vis Scotland's Salic law)
granted the arms and allocated the chiefships of medieval noble families to female-line
descendants of lords, even when they were not of noble lineage in the male line, while
persons of legitimate male-line descent may still survive (e.g. the modern Chiefs of Clan
MacLeod).
In some nations, hereditary titles, as distinct from noble rank, were not always recognised in
law, e.g., Poland's Szlachta. European ranks of nobility lower than baron or its equivalent, are
commonly referred to as the petty nobility, although baronets of the British Isles are deemed
titled gentry. Most nations traditionally had an untitled lower nobility in addition to titled
nobles. An example is the landed gentry of the British Isles.[11][12] Unlike England's gentry,
the Junkers of Germany, the noblesse de robe of France, the hidalgos of Spain and the nobili
of Italy were explicitly acknowledged by the monarchs of those countries as members of the
nobility, although untitled. In Scandinavia, the Benelux nations and Spain there are still
untitled as well as titled families recognised in law as noble.

In Hungary members of the nobility always theoretically enjoyed the same rights. In practice,
however, a noble family's financial assets largely defined its significance. Medieval Hungary's
concept of nobility originated in the notion that nobles were "free men", eligible to own
land.[13] This basic standard explains why the noble population was relatively large, although
the economic status of its members varied widely. Untitled nobles were not infrequently
wealthier than titled families, while considerable differences in wealth were also to be found
within the titled nobility. The custom of granting titles was introduced to Hungary in the 16th
century by the House of Habsburg. Historically, once nobility was granted, if a nobleman
served the monarch well he might obtain the title of baron, and might later be elevated to the
rank of count. As in other countries of post-medieval central Europe, hereditary titles were not
attached to a particular land or estate but to the noble family itself, so that all patrilineal
descendants shared a title of baron or count (cf. peerage). Neither nobility nor titles could be
transmitted through women.[14]

Some con artists sell fake titles of nobility, often with impressive-looking documentation.
This may be illegal, depending on local law. They are more often illegal in countries that
actually have nobilities, such as European monarchies. In the United States, such commerce
may constitute actionable fraud rather than criminal usurpation of an exclusive right to use of
any given title by an established class.[citation needed]

Other terms
"Aristocrat" and aristocracy, in modern usage, refer colloquially and broadly to persons who
inherit elevated social status, whether due to membership in the (formerly) official nobility or
the monied upper class.

Blue blood is an English idiom recorded since 1834 for noble birth or descent; it is also
known as a translation of the Spanish phrase sangre azul, which described the Spanish royal
family and other high nobility who claimed to be of Visigothic descent,[15] in contrast to the
Moors. The idiom originates from ancient and medieval societies of Europe and distinguishes
an upper class (whose superficial veins appeared blue through their untanned skin) from a
working class of the time. The latter consisted mainly of agricultural peasants who spent most
of their time working outdoors and thus had tanned skin, through which superficial veins
appear less prominently.

Robert Lacey explains the genesis of the blue blood concept:

It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion that an aristocrat's blood is not red but
blue. The Spanish nobility started taking shape around the ninth century in classic military
fashion, occupying land as warriors on horseback. They were to continue the process for more
than five hundred years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from its Moorish occupiers,
and a nobleman demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree
of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skin—proof that his birth had not been contaminated
by the dark-skinned enemy.[16]

Europe

Russian boyars

European nobility originated in the feudal/seignorial system that arose in Europe during the
Middle Ages.[17] Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to
their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for an allocation of land (usually
together with serfs living thereon). During the period known as the Military Revolution,
nobles gradually lost their role in raising and commanding private armies, as many nations
created cohesive national armies.

The Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471. Large numbers of English nobility perished in the Wars of the
Roses

This was coupled with a loss of the socio-economic power of the nobility, owing to the
economic changes of the Renaissance and the growing economic importance of the merchant
classes, which increased still further during the Industrial Revolution. In countries where the
nobility was the dominant class, the bourgeoisie gradually grew in power; a rich city
merchant came to be more influential than a nobleman, and the latter sometimes sought inter-
marriage with families of the former to maintain their noble lifestyles.

However, in many countries at this time, the nobility retained substantial political importance
and social influence: for instance, the United Kingdom's government was dominated by the
(unusually small) nobility until the middle of the 19th century. Thereafter the powers of the
nobility were progressively reduced by legislation. However, until 1999, all hereditary peers
were entitled to sit and vote in the House of Lords. Since then, only 92 of them have this
entitlement, of whom 90 are elected by the hereditary peers as a whole to represent the
peerage.

The countries with the highest proportion of nobles were Castile (probably 10%),[citation needed]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (15% of an 18th-century population of 800,000),[citation
needed]
Spain (722,000 in 1768 which was 7–8% of the entire population)[citation needed] and other
countries with lower percentages, such as Russia in 1760 with 500,000–600,000 nobles (2–
3% of the entire population), and pre-revolutionary France where there were no more than
300,000 prior to 1789,[citation needed] which was 1% of the population (although some scholars
believe this figure is an overestimate). In 1718 Sweden had between 10,000 and 15,000
nobles, which was 0.5% of the population.[citation needed] In Germany it was 0.01%.[citation needed]

In the Kingdom of Hungary nobles made up 5% of the population.[18] All the nobles in 18th-
century Europe numbered perhaps 3–4 million out of a total of 170–190 million
inhabitants.[19][20] By contrast, in 1707, when England and Scotland united into Great Britain,
there were only 168 English peers, and 154 Scottish ones, though their immediate families
were recognised as noble.[21]

Apart from the hierarchy of noble titles, in England rising through baron, viscount, earl, and
marquess to duke, many countries had categories at the top or bottom of the nobility. The
gentry, relatively small landowners with perhaps one or two villages, were mostly noble in
most countries, for example the Polish landed gentry, but not in others, such as the English
equivalent. At the top, Poland had a far smaller class of "magnates", who were hugely rich
and politically powerful. In other countries the small groups of Spanish Grandee or Peer of
France had great prestige but little additional power.

Asia
Maratha Peshwa Madhavrao II, surrounded by nobles in his court in 18th-century India.

Illustration of Nair nobles in 18th century Kerala, India. The Nair caste was a martial nobility, similar
to the Samurai of Japan.
In Korea, royalty and yangban aristocrats were carried in litters called gama. A Korean gama, circa
1890.

An aristocratic family in Lhasa, Tibet in 1936.

Emperor Farrukhsiyar Bestows a Jewel on a Nobleman

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal

In the Indian Subcontinent during the British Raj, many members of the nobility were
elevated to royalty as they became the monarchs of their princely states and vice versa as
many princely state rulers were reduced from royals to noble Zamindars. Hence, many nobles
in the subcontinent had royal titles of Raja, Rai, Rana, Rao, etc. In Nepal, Kaji (Nepali: काजी)
was a title and position used by nobility of Gorkha Kingdom (1559–1768) and Kingdom of
Nepal (1768–1846). Historian Mahesh Chandra Regmi suggests that Kaji is derived from
Sanskrit word Karyi which meant functionary.[22]

Other noble and aristocratic titles were Thakur, Sardar, Dewan, Pradhan, Kaji etc.

For the historical hierarchy of the Indian subcontinent, see princely state.

China

In East Asia the system was often modelled on imperial China, the leading culture. Emperors
conferred titles of nobility. Imperial descendants formed the highest class of ancient Chinese
nobility, their status based upon the rank of the empress or concubine from which they
descend maternally (as emperors were polygamous). Numerous titles such as Taizi (crown
prince), and equivalents of "prince" were accorded, and due to complexities in dynastic rules,
rules were introduced for Imperial descendants. The titles of the junior princes were gradually
lowered in rank by each generation while the senior heir continued to inherit their father's
titles.

It was a custom in China for the new dynasty to ennoble and enfeoff a member of the dynasty
which they overthrew with a title of nobility and a fief of land so that they could offer
sacrifices to their ancestors, in addition to members of other preceding dynasties.

China had a feudal system in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, which gradually gave way to a
more bureaucratic one beginning in the Qin dynasty (221 BC). This continued through the
Song dynasty, and by its peak power shifted from nobility to bureaucrats.

This development was gradual and generally only completed in full by the Song dynasty. In
the Han dynasty, for example, even though noble titles were no longer given to those other
than the Emperor's relatives, the fact that the process of selecting officials was mostly based
on a vouching system by current officials as officials usually vouched for their own sons or
those of other officials meant that a de facto aristocracy continued to exist. This process was
further deepened during the Three Kingdoms period with the introduction of the Nine-rank
system.

By the Sui dynasty, however, the institution of the Imperial examination system marked the
transformation of a power shift towards a full bureaucracy, though the process would not be
truly completed until the Song dynasty.

Titles of nobility became symbolic along with a stipend while governance of the country
shifted to scholar officials.

In the Qing dynasty titles of nobility were still granted by the emperor, but served merely as
honorifics based on a loose system of favours to the Qing emperor.

Under a centralized system, the empire's governance was the responsibility of the Confucian-
educated scholar-officials and the local gentry, while the literati were accorded gentry status.
For male citizens, advancement in status was possible via garnering the top three positions in
imperial examinations.

The Qing appointed the Ming imperial descendants to the title of Marquis of Extended Grace.
The oldest held continuous noble title in Chinese history was that held by the descendants of
Confucius, as Duke Yansheng, which was renamed as the Sacrificial Official to Confucius in
1935 by the Republic of China. The title is held by Kung Tsui-chang. There is also a
"Sacrificial Official to Mencius" for a descendant of Mencius, a "Sacrificial Official to
Zengzi" for a descendant of Zengzi, and a "Sacrificial Official to Yan Hui" for a descendant
of Yan Hui.

The bestowal of titles was abolished upon the establishment of the People's Republic of China
in 1949, as part of a larger effort to remove feudal influences and practises from Chinese
society.

Islamic world

In some Islamic countries, there are no definite noble titles (titles of hereditary rulers being
distinct from those of hereditary intermediaries between monarchs and commoners). Persons
who can trace legitimate descent from Muhammad or the clans of Quraysh, as can members
of several present or formerly reigning dynasties, are widely regarded as belonging to the
ancient, hereditary Islamic nobility. In some Islamic countries they inherit (through mother or
father) hereditary titles, although without any other associated privilege, e.g., variations of the
title Sayyid and Sharif. Regarded as more religious than the general population, many people
turn to them for clarification or guidance in religious matters.

In Iran, historical titles of the nobility including Mirza, Khan, ed-Dowleh and Shahzada ("Son
of a Shah), are now no longer recognised. An aristocratic family is now recognised by their
family name, often derived from the post held by their ancestors, considering the fact that
family names in Iran only appeared in the beginning of the 20th century. Sultans have been an
integral part of Islamic history .

During the Ottoman Empire in the Imperial Court and the provinces there were many
Ottoman titles and appellations forming a somewhat unusual and complex system in
comparison with the other Islamic countries. The bestowal of noble and aristocratic titles was
widespread across the empire even after its fall by independent monarchs. One of the most
elaborate examples is that of the Egyptian aristocracy's largest clan, the Abaza family.

Japan

Japanese samurai, 1798

Medieval Japan developed a feudal system similar to the European system, where land was
held in exchange for military service. The daimyō class, or hereditary landowning nobles,
held great socio-political power. As in Europe, they commanded private armies made up of
samurai, an elite warrior class; for long periods, these held the real power without a real
central government, and often plunged the country into a state of civil war. The daimyō class
can be compared to European peers, and the samurai to European knights, but important
differences exist.

Feudal title and rank were abolished during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, and was replaced
by the kazoku, a five-rank peerage system after the British example, which granted seats in the
upper house of the Imperial Diet; this ended in 1947 following Japan's defeat in World War
II.

Philippines
Left to right: Images from the Boxer Codex illustrating ancient Filipino nobility wearing the distinctive
colours of their social status: [1] a Visayan noble couple; [2] a Visayan royal couple dressed in colours
distinctive of their class (gold or imperial yellow, red and blue), which are also used by royalty in Asia;
[3] a native princess; and [4] a Tagalog royal and his consort.

Like other Southeast Asian countries, many regions in the Philippines have indigenous
nobility, partially influenced by Hindu, Chinese, and Islamic custom. Since ancient times,
Datu was the common title of a chief or monarch of the many pre-colonial principalities and
sovereign dominions throughout the isles; in some areas the term Apo was also used.[23] With
the titles Sultan and Rajah, Datu (and its Malay cognate, Datok) are currently used in some
parts of the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. These titles are the rough
equivalents of European titles, albeit dependent on the actual wealth and prestige of the
bearer.

Recognition by the Spanish Crown

Upon the islands' Christianisation, the datus retained governance of their territories despite
annexation to the Spanish Empire. In a law signed 11 June 1594,[24] King Philip II of Spain
ordered that the indigenous rulers continue to receive the same honours and privileges
accorded them prior their conversion to Catholicism. The baptised nobility subsequently
coalesced into the exclusive, landed ruling class of the lowlands known as the Principalía.[25]

On 22 March 1697, King Charles II of Spain confirmed the privileges granted by his
predecessors (in Title VII, Book VI of the Laws of the Indies)[26] to indigenous nobilities of
the Crown colonies, including the Principales of the Philippines, and extended to them and to
their descendants the preeminence and honors customarily attributed to the Hidalgos of
Castile.[27]

Filipino nobles during the Spanish era

The Laws of the Indies and other pertinent Royal Decrees were enforced in the Philippines
and benefited many indigenous nobles. It can be seen very clearly and irrefutably that, during
the colonial period, indigenous chiefs were equated with the Spanish Hidalgos, and the most
resounding proof of the application of this comparison is the General Military Archive in
Segovia, where the qualifications of "Nobility" (found in the Service Records) are attributed
to those Filipinos who were admitted to the Spanish Military Academies and whose ancestors
were caciques, encomenderos, notable Tagalogs, chieftains, governors or those who held
positions in the municipal administration or government in all different regions of the large
islands of the Archipelago, or of the many small islands of which it is composed.[28] In the
context of the ancient tradition and norms of Castilian nobility, all descendants of a noble are
considered noble, regardless of fortune.[29]

Typical costume of a family belonging to the Principalía of the late 19th century Philippines. Exhibit in
the Villa Escudero Museum, San Pablo, Laguna.

At the Real Academia de la Historia, there is a substantial number of records providing

reference to the Philippine Islands, and while most parts correspond to the history of these
islands, the Academia did not exclude among its documents the presence of many
genealogical records. The archives of the Academia and its royal stamp recognized the
appointments of hundreds of natives of the Philippines who, by virtue of their social position,
occupied posts in the administration of the territories and were classified as "nobles".[30] The
presence of these notables demonstrates the cultural concern of Spain in those Islands to
prepare the natives and the collaboration of these in the government of the Archipelago. This
aspect of Spanish rule in the Philippines appears much more strongly implemented than in the
Americas. Hence in the Philippines, the local nobility, by reason of charge accorded to their
social class, acquired greater importance than in the Indies of the New World.[31]

With the recognition of the Spanish monarchs came the privilege of being addressed as Don
or Doña,[32] a mark of esteem and distinction in Europe reserved for a person of noble or royal
status during the colonial period. Other honors and high regard were also accorded to the
Christianized Datus by the Spanish Empire. For example, the Gobernadorcillos (elected leader
of the Cabezas de Barangay or the Christianized Datus) and Filipino officials of justice
received the greatest consideration from the Spanish Crown officials. The colonial officials
were under obligation to show them the honor corresponding to their respective duties. They
were allowed to sit in the houses of the Spanish Provincial Governors, and in any other
places. They were not left to remain standing. It was not permitted for Spanish Parish Priests
to treat these Filipino nobles with less consideration.[33]

The Gobernadorcillos exercised the command of the towns. They were Port Captains in
coastal towns. They also had the rights and powers to elect assistants and several lieutenants
and alguaciles, proportionate in number to the inhabitants of the town.[34]

Current status questionis

Heraldic Crown of Hispanic Hidalgos.

A pre-colonial Tagalog couple belonging to the Datu class or nobility as depicted in the Boxer Codex
of the 16th century.

The recognition of the rights and privileges accorded to the Filipino Principalía as Hijosdalgos
of Castile seems to facilitate entrance of Filipino nobles into institutions of under the Spanish
Crown, either civil or religious, which required proofs of nobility.[35](p235) However, to see
such recognition as an approximation or comparative estimation of rank or status might not be
correct since in reality, although the principales were vassals of the Crown, their rights as
sovereign in their former dominions were guaranteed by the Laws of the Indies, more
particularly the Royal Decree of Philip II of 11 June 1594, which Charles II confirmed for the
purpose stated above in order to satisfy the requirements of the existing laws in the Peninsula.

It must be recalled that ever since the beginning of the colonialization, the conquistador
Miguel López de Legazpi did not strip the ancient sovereign rulers of the Archipelago (who
vowed allegiance to the Spanish Crown) of their legitimate rights. Many of them accepted the
Catholic religion and were his allies from the very beginning. He only demanded from these
local rulers vassalage to the Spanish Crown,[36] replacing the similar overlordship, which
previously existed in a few cases, e.g., Sultanate of Brunei's overlordship of the Kingdom of
Maynila. Other independent polities which were not vassals to other States, e.g.,
Confederation of Madja-as and the Rajahnate of Cebu, were more of
Protectorates/Suzerainties having had alliances with the Spanish Crown before the Kingdom
took total control of most parts of the Archipelago. An interesting question remains after the
cessession of the Spanish rule in the Philippines, that is, what is the equivalent of the rank of
the Filipino Principalía, freed from vassalage yet not able to exercise their sovereignty within
the democratic society in the Archipelago?

One logical conclusion would be the reassumption of their ancestral Royal and noble title as
Datus while retaining the Hidalguía of Castile (their former protector State), as a subsidiary
title, appears most suitable to the hispanized Filipino nobles. Besides, as stated in the above-
mentioned Royal Decree of Charles II, the ancient nobility of the Filipino Principales "is still
retained and acknowledged".
Just like the deposed royal families elsewhere in the world, which still lay claim to their
hereditary rights as pretenders to the former thrones of their ancestors, the descendants of the
Principalía have the same de iure claims to the historical domains of their forebears.

See also: Lakan of the island of Luzon

Africa
Africa has a plethora of ancient lineages in its various constituent nations. Some, such as the
numerous sharifian families of North Africa, the Keita dynasty of Mali, the Solomonic
dynasty of Ethiopia, the De Souza family of Benin and the Sherbro Tucker clan of Sierra
Leone, claim descent from notables from outside of the continent. Most, such as those
composed of the descendants of Shaka and Moshoeshoe of Southern Africa, belong to peoples
that have been resident in the continent for millennia. Generally their royal or noble status is
recognized by and derived from the authority of traditional custom. A number of them also
enjoy either a constitutional or a statutory recognition of their high social positions.

Ethiopia

Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (center) and members of the imperial court

Ethiopia has a nobility that is almost as old as the country itself. Throughout the history of the
Ethiopian Empire most of the titles of nobility have been tribal or military in nature. However
the Ethiopian nobility resembled its European counterparts in some respects; until 1855, when
Tewodros II ended the Zemene Mesafint its aristocracy was organised similarly to the feudal
system in Europe during the Middle Ages. For more than seven centuries, Ethiopia (or
Abyssinia, as it was then known) was made up of many small kingdoms, principalities,
emirates and imamates, which owed their allegiance to the nəgusä nägäst (literally "King of
Kings"). Despite its being a Christian monarchy, various Muslim states paid tribute to the
emperors of Ethiopia for centuries: including the Adal Sultanate, the Emirate of Harar, and
the Awsa sultanate.

Ethiopian nobility were divided into two different categories: Mesafint ("prince"), the
hereditary nobility that formed the upper echelon of the ruling class; and the Mekwanin
("governor") who were appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the
nobility (cf. the Ministerialis of the Holy Roman Empire). In Ethiopia there were titles of
nobility among the Mesafint borne by those at the apex of medieval Ethiopian society. The
highest royal title (after that of emperor) was Negus ("king") which was held by hereditary
governors of the provinces of Begemder, Shewa, Gojjam, and Wollo. The next highest seven
titles were Ras, Dejazmach, Fit'awrari, Grazmach, Qenyazmach, Azmach and Balambaras.
The title of Le'ul Ras was accorded to the heads of various noble families and cadet branches
of the Solomonic dynasty, such as the princes of Gojjam, Tigray, and Selalle. The heirs of the
Le'ul Rases were titled Le'ul Dejazmach, indicative of the higher status they enjoyed relative
to Dejazmaches who were not of the blood imperial. There were various hereditary titles in
Ethiopia: including that of Jantirar, reserved for males of the family of Empress Menen
Asfaw who ruled over the mountain fortress of Ambassel in Wollo; Wagshum, a title created
for the descendants of the deposed Zagwe dynasty; and Shum Agame, held by the descendants
of Dejazmach Sabagadis, who ruled over the Agame district of Tigray. The vast majority of
titles borne by nobles were not, however, hereditary.

Despite being largely dominated by Christian elements, some Muslims obtained entrée into
the Ethiopian nobility as part of their quest for aggrandizement during the 1800s. To do so
they were generally obliged to abandon their faith and some are believed to have feigned
conversion to Christianity for the sake of acceptance by the old Christian aristocratic families.
One such family, the Wara Seh (more commonly called the "Yejju dynasty") converted to
Christianity and eventually wielded power for over a century, ruling with the sanction of the
Solomonic emperors. The last such Muslim noble to join the ranks of Ethiopian society was
Mikael of Wollo who converted, was made Negus of Wollo, and later King of Zion, and even
married into the Imperial family. He lived to see his son, Iyasu V, inherit the throne in 1913—
only to be deposed in 1916 because of his conversion to Islam.

Madagascar

King Radama I of Madagascar was from the Andriana stratum of the Merina people.

The nobility in Madagascar are known as the Andriana. In much of Madagascar, before
French colonization of the island, the Malagasy people were organised into a rigid social caste
system, within which the Andriana exercised both spiritual and political leadership. The word
"Andriana" has been used to denote nobility in various ethnicities in Madagascar: including
the Merina, the Betsileo, the Betsimisaraka, the Tsimihety, the Bezanozano, the
Antambahoaka and the Antemoro.
The word Andriana has often formed part of the names of Malagasy kings, princes and
nobles. Linguistic evidence suggests that the origin of the title Andriana is traceable back to
an ancient Javanese title of nobility. Before the colonization by France in the 1890s, the
Andriana held various privileges, including land ownership, preferment for senior
government posts, free labor from members of lower classes, the right to have their tombs
constructed within town limits, etc. The Andriana rarely married outside their caste: a high-
ranking woman who married a lower-ranking man took on her husband's lower rank, but a
high-ranking man marrying a woman of lower rank did not forfeit his status, although his
children could not inherit his rank or property (cf. morganatic marriage).

In 2011, the Council of Kings and Princes of Madagascar endorsed the revival of a Christian
Andriana monarchy that would blend modernity and tradition.

Nigeria

The Emir of Kano, Muhammadu Sanusi II, on his throne in 2016

Contemporary Nigeria has a class of traditional notables which is led by its reigning
monarchs, the Nigerian traditional rulers. Though their functions are largely ceremonial, the
titles of the country's noblemen and women are often centuries old and are usually vested in
the membership of historically prominent families in the various subnational kingdoms of the
country.

Membership of initiatory societies that have inalienable functions within the kingdoms is also
a common feature of Nigerian nobility, particularly among the southern tribes, where such
figures as the Ogboni of the Yoruba, the Nze na Ozo of the Igbo and the Ekpe of the Efik are
some of the most famous examples. Although many of their traditional functions have
become dormant due to the advent of modern governance, their members retain precedence of
a traditional nature and are especially prominent during festivals.

Outside of this, many of the traditional nobles of Nigeria continue to serve as privy
counsellors and viceroys in the service of their traditional sovereigns in a symbolic
continuation of the way that their titled ancestors and predecessors did during the pre-colonial
and colonial periods. Many of them are also members of the country's political elite due to
their not being covered by the prohibition from involvement in politics that governs the
activities of the traditional rulers.

Holding a chieftaincy title, either of the traditional variety (which involves taking part in ritual
re-enactments of your title's history during annual festivals, roughly akin to a British peerage)
or the honorary variety (which does not involve the said re-enactments, roughly akin to a
knighthood), grants an individual the right to use the word "chief" as a pre-nominal honorific
while in Nigeria.

Latin America
In addition to a variety of indigenous peoples (such as the Aymara and the Quechua, who
have long traditions of being led by monarchs and nobles called Apu Mallkus and Mallkus),
aristocratic connections exist among a number of other groups. Peerage traditions dating to
the colonial period of such countries as Brazil, Cuba and Mexico have left noble families in
each of them that have ancestral ties to those nations' native tribes, while such figures as the
Afro-Bolivian king and the high priestess of the Ile Maroia Laji sect of Brazilian Candomblé
trace their ancestries to and derive their prestige from ancient monarchs and nobles of the pre-
colonial African continent.

Bolivia

Angélica Larrea, Queen Consort of the Afro-Bolivians, in 2012. The queen is the wife of King Julio
Pinedo.

In addition to the casta upperclass that dates to the era of Colonial Bolivia and that has
ancestral ties to the Spanish nobility, the South American country also has a ceremonial
monarchy that is recognized as part of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and that is led by a
titular ruler that is known as the Afro-Bolivian king.

The members of the royal house that he belongs to are the direct descendants of an old
African tribal monarchy that were brought to Bolivia as slaves. They have provided
leadership to the Afro-Bolivian community ever since that event and have been officially
recognized by Bolivia's government since 2007. [37]

Brazil
Portrait of Marquis of Paraná, Prime Minister of Brazil.

The nobility in Brazil began during the colonial era with the Portuguese nobility. When Brazil
became a united kingdom with Portugal in 1815, the first Brazilian titles of nobility were
granted by the King of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

With the independence of Brazil in 1822 as a constitutional monarchy, the titles of nobility
initiated by the King of Portugal were continued and new titles of nobility were created by the
Emperor of Brazil. However, according to the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, the Emperor
conferred titles of nobility, which were personal and therefore non-hereditary, unlike the
earlier Portuguese and Portuguese-Brazilian titles, being inherited exclusively to the royal
titles of the Brazilian Imperial Family.[citation needed]

During the existence of the Empire of Brazil, 1,211 noble titles were acknowledged.[citation
needed]
With the proclamation of the First Brazilian Republic, in 1889, the Brazilian nobility
was extinguished. It was also prohibited, under penalty of accusation of high treason and the
suspension of political rights, to accept noble titles and foreign decorations without the proper
permission of the State. In particular, the nobles of greater distinction, by respect and
tradition, were allowed to use their titles during the republican regime. The Imperial Family
also could not return to the Brazilian soil until 1921, when the Banishment Law was
repealed.[citation needed]

Nobility by nation
Regent of Bandung, Java, Dutch East Indies, with his pajung bearer – 1863–1865

Sons of Crown Prince Krom Loeang of Siam, Bangkok, 1862

A Siamese noble in a hammock, 1900

A list of noble titles for different European countries can be found at Royal and noble ranks.

For the proper address of holders of these titles, see Royal and noble title styles.

For the English Wikipedia category, see Category:Nobility by nation.

Africa

 Botswanan chieftaincy
o Kgosi
 Burundian nobility
 Egyptian nobility
 Ethiopian nobility
 Ghanaian chieftaincy
o Akan chieftaincy
 Malagasy nobility
 Malian nobility
 Nigerian chieftaincy
o Nigerian traditional rulers
 Lamido
 Hakimi
 Oba
 Ogboni
 Eze
 Nze na Ozo
 Rwandan nobility
 Somali nobility
 Zimbabwean chieftaincy

America

 Canadian peers and baronets

 Brazilian nobility
 Cuban nobility
 Mexican nobility
o Pipiltin
 In the United States, establishment of a nobility is prohibited by the Title of Nobility Clause of
the country's constitution. Nevertheless, a number of contemporary American families
 would be considered armigerous due to their descent from the pre-revolutionary American
gentry.

Asia

 Armenian nobility
 Chinese nobility
 Filipino nobility
 Indian peers and baronets
 Kaji (Nepal)
o Pande family
o Basnyat family
o Thapa family
o Kunwar family or Rana dynasty
 Indonesian (Dutch East Indies) nobility
o Noblesse de robe
 Japanese nobility
o Kuge
o Daimyō
 Korean nobility
 Vietnamese nobility
 Malay nobility
 Mongolian nobility
 Ottoman titles
 Thai royal and noble titles

Europe

 Albanian nobility
 Austrian nobility
 Baltic nobility related to the modern area of Estonia and Latvia
 Belgian nobility
 British nobility
o British peerage
 English peerage
 Welsh Peers
 Scottish peerage
 Barons in Scotland
 Irish peerage
 Peerage of Great Britain
 Peerage of the United Kingdom
Burmese nobles and servants

 Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy

o Phanariotes
 Croatian nobility
 Czech nobility
 Danish nobility
 Dutch nobility
 Finnish nobility
 French nobility
 German nobility
o Freiherr
o Graf
o Junker
 Hungarian nobility
 Icelandic nobility
 Irish nobility
o Chiefs of the Name
 Italian nobility
o Black Nobility
 Lithuanian nobility
 Montenegrin nobility
 Norwegian nobility
 Polish nobility
 Portuguese nobility
 Russian nobility
o Boyars
 Serbian nobility
 Spanish nobility
 Swedish nobility
 Swiss nobility

Oceania

 Australian peers and baronets

 Fijian nobility
 Polynesian nobility
o Samoan nobility
 o Tongan nobles

See also
 Almanach de Gotha
 Aristocracy (class)
 Ascribed status
 Baig
 Caste (social hierarchy of India)
 Debutante
 False titles of nobility
 Gentleman
 Gentry
 Grand Burgher (German: Großbürger)
 Heraldry
 Honour
 Kaji (Nepal)
 King
 List of fictional nobility
 List of noble houses
 Magnate
 Military elite
 Military Revolution
 Nobiliary particle
 Noblesse oblige
 Nze na Ozo
 Ogboni
 Pasha
 Patrician (ancient Rome)
 Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
 Peerage
 Petty nobility
 Princely state
 Raja
 Redorer son blason
 Royal descent
 Social environment
 Symbolic capital

References
1.

 "Move Over, Kate Middleton: These Commoners All Married Royals, Too". Vogue. Retrieved 2018-
10-24.
  Oliver, Revilo P. (1978). "Tacitean "Nobilitas"" (PDF). Illinois Classical Studies. University of Illinois
Press. 3: 238–261. hdl:2142/11694. JSTOR 23062619. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (12 June 2018). "The Wealth of
the Richest: Inequality and the Nobility in Sweden, 1750–1900" (PDF). Taylor & Francis: 1–28.
doi:10.1080/03468755.2018.1480538. Retrieved 15 September 2018 – via Lund University Libraries.

  Lukowski, Jerzy (2003). Hall, Lesley; Lilley, Keith D.; MacMaster, Neil; Spellman, W. M.; Waite,
Gary K.; Webb, Diana (eds.). The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century (PDF). Palgrave
Macmillan. p. 243. ISBN 0-333-74440-3 – via Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries.

  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nobility" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press. p. 728.

  Jonathan, Dewald (1996). The European nobility, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
ISBN 0-521-42528-X.

  Pine, L.G. (1992). Titles: How the King became His Highness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
pp. 77. ISBN 978-1-56619-085-5.

  The consolidation of Noble Power in Europe, c. 1600–1800

  W. Doyle, Essays on Eighteenth Century France, London, 1995

  An opinion of Innes of Learney differentiates the system in use in Scotland from many other
European traditions, in that armorial bearings which are entered in the Public Register of All Arms
and Bearings in Scotland by warrant of the Lord Lyon King of Arms are legally "Ensigns of Nobility",
and although the historical accuracy of that interpretation has been challenged, Innes of Learney's
perspective is accepted in the Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia entry, 'Heraldry' (Volume 11), 3, The Law
of Arms. 1613. The nature of arms.

  Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) [first published 1824]. The nobility of the British Gentry or the
political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent (2nd ed.).
London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and Marshall. Retrieved 2013-01-06.

  Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words
'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of
Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this
nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a ‘titled nobility’ and that the estait of the
Baronage (i.e., Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland". This title is not,
however, a peerage, thus Scotland's noblesse ranks in England as gentry.

  Ölyvedi Vad Imre. (1930) Nemességi könyv. Koroknay-Nyomda. Szeged, Hungary. 45p.

  Ölyvedi Vad Imre. (1930) Nemességi könyv. Koroknay-Nyomda. Szeged, Hungary. 85.p

  The politics of aristocratic empires by John Kautsky

  Robert Lacey, Aristocrats. Little, Brown and Company, 1983, p. 67

  Karl Ferdinand Werner, Naissance de la noblesse. L'essor des élites politiques en Europe. Fayard,
Paris 1998, ISBN 2-213-02148-1.
  Jonathan, Dewald (1996). The European nobility, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
ISBN 0-521-42528-X.

  Jean, Meyer (1973). Noblesses et pouvoirs dans l'Europe d'Ancien Régime, Hachette Littérature.
Hachette.

  Jean-Pierre, Labatut (1981). Les noblesses européennes de la fin du XVe siècle à la fin du XVIIIe
siècle. Presses universitaires de France.

  Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession
of George the Third, 11th ed. Volume I, Chapter 5, pp.273–281. London: Longmans, Green and Co.

  Regmi 1979, p. 43.

  The Olongapo Story, July 28, 1953 – Bamboo Breeze – Vol.6, No.3

  "It is not right that the Indian chiefs of Filipinas be in a worse condition after conversion; rather
they should have such treatment that would gain their affection and keep them loyal, so that with
the spiritual blessings that God has communicated to them by calling them to His true knowledge,
the temporal blessings may be added and they may live contentedly and comfortably. Therefore, we
order the governors of those islands to show them good treatment and entrust them, in our name,
with the government of the Indians, of whom they were formerly lords. In all else the governors shall
see that the chiefs are benefited justly, and the Indians shall pay them something as a recognition, as
they did during the period of their paganism, provided it be without prejudice to the tributes that are
to be paid us, or prejudicial to that which pertains to their encomenderos." Felipe II, Ley de Junio 11,
1594 in Recapilación de leyes, lib. vi, tit. VII, ley xvi. Also cf. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander
Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1493–1898), Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1903, Vol. XVI,
pp. 155-156.

  SCOTT, William Henry (1982). Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, and Other Essays in Philippine
History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-9711000004. OCLC 9259667, p. 118.

  Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias

  Por cuanto teniendo presentes las leyes y cédulas que se mandaron despachar por los Señores
Reyes mis progenitores y por mí, encargo el buen tratamiento, amparo, protección y defensa de los
indios naturales de la América, y que sean atendidos, mantenidos, favorecidos y honrados como
todos los demás vasallos de mi Corona, y que por el trascurso del tiempo se detiene la práctica y uso
de ellas, y siento tan conveniente su puntual cumplimiento al bien público y utilidad de los Indios y al
servicio de Dios y mío, y que en esta consecuencia por lo que toca a los indios mestizos está encargo a
los Arzobispos y Obispos de las Indias, por la Ley Siete, Título Siete, del Libro Primero, de la
Recopilación, los ordenen de sacerdotes, concurriendo las calidades y circunstancias que en ella se
disponen y que si algunas mestizas quisieren ser religiosas dispongan el que se las admita en los
monasterios y a las profesiones, y aunque en lo especial de que quedan ascender los indios a puestos
eclesiásticos o seculares, gubernativos, políticos y de guerra, que todos piden limpieza de sangre y por
estatuto la calidad de nobles, hay distinción entre los Indios y mestizos, o como descendentes de los
indios principales que se llaman caciques, o como procedidos de indios menos principales que son los
tributarios, y que en su gentilidad reconocieron vasallaje, se considera que a los primeros y sus
descendentes se les deben todas las preeminencias y honores, así en lo eclesiástico como en lo secular
que se acostumbran conferir a los nobles Hijosdalgo de Castilla y pueden participar de cualesquier
comunidades que por estatuto pidan nobleza, pues es constante que estos en su gentilismo eran
nobles a quienes sus inferiores reconocían vasallaje y tributaban, cuya especie de nobleza todavía se
les conserva y considera, guardándoles en lo posible, o privilegios, como así se reconoce y declara por
todo el Título de los caciques, que es el Siete, del Libro Seis, de la Recopilación, donde por distinción
de los indios inferiores se les dejó el señorío con nombre de cacicazgo, transmisible de mayor en
mayor, a sus posterioridades... Cf. DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de Nobleza y
Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in
Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de «Hidalguia», 19531–993: 40 años de un
pensamiento (in Castellano). Madrid: HIDALGUIA, pp. 234-235.

  Por ella se aprecia bien claramente y de manera fehaciente que a los caciques indígenas se les
equiparada a los Hidalgos españoles y la prueba más rotunda de su aplicación se halla en el Archivo
General Militar de Segovia, en donde las calificaciones de «Nobleza» se encuentran en las Hojas de
Servicio de aquellos filipinos que ingresaron en nuestras Academias Militares y cuyos ascendientes
eran caciques, encomenderos, tagalos notables, pedáneos, por los gobernadores o que ocupan cargos
en la Administración municipal o en la del Gobierno, de todas las diferentes regiones de las grandes
islas del Archipiélago o en las múltiples islas pequeñas de que se compone el mismo. DE CADENAS Y
VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se
Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de
"Hidalguia", 1953-1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA.
ISBN 9788487204548, p. 235.

  Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, Alfonso, ed. (2016). Los Saberes de la Nobleza Española y su Tradición:
Familia, corte, libros in Cuadernos de Ayala, N. 68 (Octubre-Diciembre 2016, p. 4

  Por otra parte, mientras en las Indias la cultura precolombiana había alcanzado un alto nivel, en
Filipinas la civilización isleña continuaba manifestándose en sus estados más primitivos. Sin embargo,
esas sociedades primitivas, independientes totalmente las unas de las otras, estaban en cierta
manera estructuradas y se apreciaba en ellas una organización jerárquica embrionaria y local, pero
era digna de ser atendida. Precisamente en esa organización local es, como siempre, de donde nace
la nobleza. El indio aborigen, jefe de tribu, es reconocido como noble y las pruebas irrefutables de su
nobleza se encuentran principalmente en las Hojas de Servicios de los militares de origen filipino que
abrazaron la carrera de las Armas, cuando para hacerlo necesariamente era preciso demostrar el
origen nobiliario del individuo. DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de Nobleza y
Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in
Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia", 1953-1993: 40 años de un
pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA. ISBN 9788487204548, p. 232.

  También en la Real Academia de la Historia existe un importante fondo relativo a las Islas
Filipinas, y aunque su mayor parte debe corresponder a la Historia de ellas, no es excluir que entre su
documentación aparezcan muchos antecedentes genealógicos… El Archivo del Palacio y en su Real
Estampilla se recogen los nombramientos de centenares de aborígenes de aquel Archipiélago, a los
cuales, en virtud de su posición social, ocuparon cargos en la administración de aquellos territorios y
cuya presencia demuestra la inquietud cultural de nuestra Patria en aquéllas Islas para la preparación
de sus naturales y la colaboración de estos en las tareas de su Gobierno. Esta faceta en Filipinas
aparece mucho más actuada que en el continente americano y de ahí que en Filipinas la Nobleza de
cargo adquiera mayor importancia que en las Indias.DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las
Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar
Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia", 1953-
1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA. ISBN 9788487204548, p. 234.

  Durante la dominación española, el cacique, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales y

administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de don y se reconocía capacidad para ser
gobernadorcillo. Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana. VII. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S.A.
1921, p. 624.

  BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–
1898. Volume 27 of 55 (1636-37). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord
BOURNE; additional translations by Arthur B. Myrick. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company.
ISBN 978-1-333-01347-9. OCLC 769945242. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the
islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in
contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious
conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the
nineteenth century, pp. 296-297.

  BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–
1898. Volume 27 of 55 (1636-37). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord
BOURNE; additional translations by Arthur B. Myrick. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company.
ISBN 978-1-333-01347-9. OCLC 769945242. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the
islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in
contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious
conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the
nineteenth century, pp. 329.

  DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los
Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en
los Editoriales de "Hidalguia", 1953-1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid:
HIDALGUIA. ISBN 9788487204548.

  FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870–1872). Historia de los PP. Dominicos en
las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa (Vol. 1 of 6 vols) (in Spanish).
Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra, p. 146

37.  El retorno del rey negro boliviano a sus raíces africanas - El País

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