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  • ME 122 Chapter 14

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    Paul Rodgers
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    Chapter 14 Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications , SI Metric Edition

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    Chapter 14 Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications , SI Metric Edition

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    6 просмотров6 страниц

    ME 122 Chapter 14

    Загружено:

    Paul Rodgers
    Chapter 14 Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications , SI Metric Edition

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 6
    FOURTEEN SIMILARITY LAWS AND _ FACTORS FOR TURBOMACHINES In tis ant the next bree chapters oer dacuson wil be conf 1 ‘machines (ey thon that flats) conveying constant Sensty tide Chas fnd 16 deal with bydraube turbines while centrfugal and aual-fow onsen Chap. 17 tn Ses. 69,610, and 611 there em dscaion tongue developed in rtiing machinery and of flow i rlaing channel ‘sagt that the reader review that material before proeeding further. Iypes of fid machinery, one of which wil be considered in ths text, seam turbine. lowers, compressors, and positvedsplacement pumps Fotary pumps and pston-n--eyinder reciprocating pumps 141 EFFICIENCY DEFINITIONS ‘The eine) of turbiae or up canbe broken doen nto tre coms tolumerc eeny,hydroal eiency, and mechancalefleny. Turbine ‘The overall effceny of «turbine is died as _vower delivered tothe sa (bake power) _ To ower taken rom the water (work power) ~ 70h 140 pny Deftns 7 ere Tis the torque delivered tothe sat by the turbine, i the roaive speed radaoe per seco, Q is the Row rte and hi he et bead on the UPIDE rs 154 and 167) ‘he vollmeti efisiency 9, refer 9 the possible loss of eficiency through ge aod the outs ofthe rotor or rotating element Ta ober words not tn id owing i eceary elective nthe nergy tran proces In he of turbine Oy represeat dis leakage while represents the net flow sing through the turbine. Then Q~ Qy epresets tbe fow thal i eBeately ing on the rotor. Conequenty, the vlumetieefiiecy 0-0 an inary this leakage isa very small percentage of the Now and for some chines i does oot exit, but under nlavorble conditions it may be he hydrle efiiency no turbine i the aio of 40 ~ 0, the power ured fom the wate othe ott 10712 ~ QU the aaable power inthe ist that efetivly Bows through the rote, In See. 610 twas showa that the i ied by the tor, =u; co8 ay ~ ws Yso8 aM. TS ca also be rowed ae hy, where hy the Ao-cin head oss io ow though Torte isading at atthe eit Thus the byeraui eieny of turbie Is 4) eet 43} nat eee aa) mechanical efceney na ofa turbine the ratio ofthe power available at he i to tt exerted bythe wat on the rotor. This Top T+ Tw” b+ Te Where; represents the Logue requied to overome mechanical ton. The fo bp represents the brake power” or power avilable atthe shal of the Innhin, while fp (Tyo) ropeeents the power ised up in overcoming mecha [et rion wich includes fiction in the bearings and suing boxes and dik fhision betwee te ses ofthe rotor andthe fd in the adjacent easing The feng eicency of hydra rine sully elaely high, abou 9519 The total, or ovealheficieney can be found by acting that bp +f the ower that strafed om the Waler tO he rotor, can be expresed as 444) copie me 8 wat pw ohh pens foe a fe gay + ae {14 Sime Lat nd Fat for Tabane: 0-0) x hh). Subsitating thie ino Ea. (144) and comparing 4, (41) ge forthe overall cen of « trhing, 1 Ne « Pump For s pump the eficicocies ae analogous to those fora turbine but they eel inverted I theres keakage at arate Q, back fom the high pe fide tothe low-pressre side ofa pump, there ifs of energy xa wok ane upon the fd that has leaked. Foe pump the volume eiceny 0 ae where Q represents the fw actualy dived. The hydtaale efcency of amp is . a noe 0g wher eprescns the net head delivered tthe fui by the ump while Ma tend transferred from the rotor othe Bu. In this case hh hy he the Hydraulic head tos. The mechanical eficney af « pup 4 Where pis the power atte pump sat (= T) while fp epreseats te powe lost to mechanical fection ia te bearings abd sulin bows wel sn te fcton. The total, or overall een of 1 pump can be found by noting hat = J. the power that i tans fom the oir tothe mac, Be 8 10+ Oth WA. Relating thi tthe preog equations pve ko ‘overaleieny of «pump, dered 10 the Rui work power) _ 70h ito the sat (rake power) ~ Tor ‘Thee same equations apply to compreiors blowers and an, but i thee i porecibl change inthe density ofthe fi, sre meieations nay be oes sary In Fig 1713 the various loses of power and, Bence, of ener) how forthe cae ofa pomp. Deas onthe nature ofthe hydric loses ae presen For trbines in See 1611 aad for pump in See 178 ab La rs opt Similarity laws permit the prediction of the performance of protoype machiag| ftom the tet ofa sealed model. These aws so permit preeton of the pero ‘ance of 1 given machine under dierent conditions of operation fom thom 142 SIMILARITY LAWS Yi dineint ace — A fells ate ich it may have been ested. Similarity laws are tase on the conept vo geometcaly similar machines with similar vlosty diagram at en. Whe fs beara resemblance to one athe. Siraty ws can be derived by dimension es! afeting the operation oft tarbomachine sete ead hth dcharge ihe toate spend m the diameter ofthe rotor D, and the acsleration of iy 9. Thus fom the Buckingham Theorem (Se 77, sine thee ae Bye roa ars ad ams ines nd Dee wil JO.nP.0=0 8 ET got 0 rouping these variables into dimensiones quanti we get a5 a 8) 2 ae Aorie3)-"_. bre Bony oratory tess on turbomachines have demonstrated thatthe second dimen richer eh gee (310) 9 shal examine the turbine andthe pump individually to confirm the cing relationship ia Pie ie 144 i'shown the profile of turbine runner, and in Fig. 6.10 i shown & ton ofthe sae runner in'a plane at ight angles tothe runt shaft A rilona to an afe"Umes a elo and the Iter i rome "The net icumfeeaial areas 4,= fRDB, where fi the sional arf the are that fe space the vanes aking up the es. The ‘of fs ustaly about 095. For x sees of homologous, nner = contin, aad therefore = fem The radial component of the Welosty catering the runner (Fig 610) Wisin, Ca/2ah where C, ia factor determined by tt nd nflensed {4 14 Srty Las and Factors fr Tibomachies 145 Resrcono Uo of Sry Laws 418. Pomp Me same Fig 141 wil serve toute the cae of » pump, but for the vial pump the ow is outward. There, howevet, a peaccaldierene i Wage Fora turbine we ae usualy interested ints opeation under a certain ead which i fied by nature For a pump we are usualy interested in its eration ata cetin rotave speed, determined by the moter which dies i or this reason, when dealing with pumps ii coneaiet to have m in the vi pends, HI LTS From Bg, (1413) a2 koe st jh substiaing this expression for h in Eas. (1411) re Samia we Fea 4 Pre tae reo pomp bythe type of runner, though is substantially constant fora series of hos runners. AS = A = emca/ 300" the elpreision within the parentheses may be replaced by K, 40 that OK pi O= Kin (419) Where K; 2 constant for a series of homologous runners. Note that Ky T= Ky30'et a7) Same dimensions as V/s" P= Kahn? csi) rom Bq. (621)forgue «fenton ofp, fas Ys dV. Now ‘are proportional to D, and V, and V, are both fncios of s/h Henge proportional to 9Q°V which is proportional i p(D*/hD,Jh, or T=Kyo% hee K, lato consti fr a series of homologous runners “The tolatve speed i = ul, where o Wt exprevod in radian por ‘houth for practical engineering purposes iis customary to use eee tminate for most hydraulic machinery. AS For any one design of turbine or» pimp these constants can be evaluated, ably from tet da, and then Wd oe & seis of aiflrent sizes, provided ) a0 all Homologous. Abo, note thatthe relations predicted ia Eq (1410) confirmed in Eg. (14.16) and (1415) Bin de B2 YER” Pettet vty fin ) RESTRICTION ON’ USE OF SIMILARITY LAWS laity Laws are of geet practical valu, bat cate mast be exered when nf voation becuse power output vais wh dhe cbe of the speed we hail loses serease only asthe square ofthe speed Typical peformanoe cures for homologous tries and pumps are shown Hig 142/and 143. In Fig. 142 is shown the discharge through a turbine wen otalv speeds under a constant ead, which we shal assume tobe hy. fess o simple or accurate theory which wil determiae the shape ofthis he so it must be established by test. Suppote we have the complete ue from, fet Tor the case where Fh and me wi to compute the corespoading ome other head such ai h- Ths may be dane by the we of Fah Wand (1413) tet Thus ite we d toa 1 give Qs = Quy hh thi value wl Be ound ony at speed 5 bi eee eee ee a ee 12 Feet ate ah niet cae a ‘For example, a machine which operates satisfactorily at low speeds may I seen 06 Foc crn Ts cst eras en eid lea o a ee =f Power P = To, and as «0 = 2an/ it follows that P= KD? Since P = Qh, Eq (14.14) couhl slo ave been obtained by meri cexpresion the value of Q trom Eq, (1811) Seve pce aa or tpl a oll copia peelplesapeier amin ipe belie 14S Specie Syed 7 498-14 Smarty Las and Facts for Tabomacines Pt ar & cokes pcs Pa y= 60h or 429 Inasmuch a8 u, and a ate the designations of the peripheral specds of these Fepasve machine. Foran axialow machine ithe rani speedo tha it Snaat To the case of an emp whee (Chap. 15 ui defined athe speedo hc bucket at the cenertne ofthe moze. Omitting subsp, eer pa ye oat S38 oil As bth @ an nar sent vay a8 JR flows hat keer ‘ending pois are on siright lines though te ona These Ens pas Onset represent end in S148) Yur oo sider Fig. 143, which shows the relation between h and @ for a entnfgal pump runing at some constant sped my Apain hs cove pone ae oa which stant be calculated by any simple or toarat cory nd sd w= Ws6i oa {perimental Atsone other ped my, Bg] hs shy = sn fae ins Ea (10) ees Siam St aes wind For any machine its peripheral velocity might be any value fom 20 up 10 5m soteponding values of abd Q fr herologou pei sho, ne maximum unde 4 gven Rea. and @ would conboqenty ary Cough a8 Passing tough the origin. Thee paraboas represen hae of comtgat ji a range: But the peed which of ost paca signcane that empate the performance of two homologous machines, he values beh th eieay is a maximum. Theva of this dimeasols ctor for tis De eee he mmareal ac of ttl moe a 2 Th mame so 9 pets pe hep a te tone tt os 144 PERIPHERAL-VELOCITY FACTOR Dc ietegs ee te oe i pny betty sy bt pata ond by ttn ume (Fig 610 or «py pet Fi 1, te Ftp ayo Sh wad i he pontoons atl toe 4 Ts for Yi MRE: seeciric spexp rot ust practic factor for turbine i the expesion commonly Known 3 ie speed. Using the expresin for Q rom Sec. 142 we can expres the bake vcr (power dived othe bine sha) as = mah fared mc; ow in BW. b= ooo ~ (“roa ren the overall etiiney of the turbine, i introduced 0 account for the rece between the power avaiable inthe Bowing wate aod the power ouput gee 13 Peano + yp he tube sa ay oon can ed (814 Sint Ls and Factor for Thomas Subsiting in his equation the vale of D? as obtid rm E (1421 oy [USA ae] obuin Is sen that. in addon to numerical constants, the expression in contains eran design factors. I the expression within the brackets is Sented by then taking the square soot of hs equation sod rearranging bun 5 quantity Enown a the specif ped, which Py ot a Although unde a given ead ny valve of rotate ped and coesponding ower igh be wad, he only ots that wil yet» sitio val em ae fo which he eicieny is matin. Hence the vel of m0 Be ed hol mot econ sped forthe given ead. andthe bake power shoul be ‘matin elicency that spend “The only sification for the trmiolony “apecte spot” He tat Hf tute is made of sich ale sw develop | KW under | m bea then tthe revolutions pet minus bu he desis of mare relly "LT ‘An inspection of the ters inthe bracts wil show that funtion of ddign factors ¢/mC, and therfore i value depends on the dei Of turbine In ft, might beter be called the type character, some fame, because it does indicate the typeof turbine. In Fig. 155 is shown funme of an impale whe! wih a pete sec, = 21.3 wile n Fg. 162 fecon views of the ner fraction tbinee with specie spends of 81,208, Pompe 1 spetcped cers ogo wo pug at twit pai foo du ofs fe bae or ee pny te pore dine, wheas in he ene os pup oar mine we ier inthe gunty rat x whch tl Se ud Subst te {0 tom Eq) mt te cxpenson Q = 41 as 13) ne obtain 0 - [LPO gmc, | ‘ain tics of het, te cpeion inks conan nt ol ‘alcomtants beta donna a ith expresso oped By Sookie tec ed 9 nae 145 Specie Seed 9 Jor sven pump this expression might have any value from 220 at no ow to ty at maim and seo head tthe oy vale that icant tha "ie poi of muaimam elbdescy, tat i, =m, the speed for maxims ieny icy woth wine, he specie speed fa path revo pe ioe or a pf sucha sz ao liver ui lume of Bu er ni ne a ead of | mete hth cl dnenson a "47 The eal eof the expression i ht i "Fora mulstage pump the valve of kobe sed in computing specie peed ts head per stage. Fora doublesucton pump the specie sped is sometimes on the ttl eapaty, but in general ls prea to caoputet by usa half ofthe total capacity 0a the bas tha a doublesuction impel the valent of to singlesuction impellers paced back to ack woke Sano Son Gtmes Bah of pon solan ffuehed fe loca a tency yer aa hae pou he vig (hits Sms pp auger de 93290, a the cab lps Ane ump pre sane ee "compet spe os pam 1 ease 5 1a em o-0(8)((38) esa tp 21ND so eee) n= dn)(2R)

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