University of Kirkuk

College of Dentistry

Community
Epidemiology Of Oral Cancer

Name:-‫محمد عبدالهادي إسماعيل‬

Stage:- 4th
Group:- E
Date:- June, 2 , 2020
 Epidemiology Of Oral Cancer
Oral cancer
Oral cancer defined as uncontrolled growth or sore that occur in the
oral cavity , it most commonly starts as a painless white patch, that
thickens, develops red patches, an ulcer, and continues to grow .

Epidemiology:-

There is a wide variation in the incidence and mortality rates of oral

cancer in different regions around the world. The incidence of oral cancer
is greater in men in the Lower Rhine area of France, in the south of
India, in certain areas of Central and Eastern Europe and in some
regions of Latin America2.

Oral cancer is the eighth most common tumor in Brazilian's male with
9.985 estimated cases/year, and the ninth among women, 3.895
estimated cases/year, where its main primary site is the first one-third
anterior portion of tongue, lower lip, mouth floor and hard palate.

In Spain, approximately 3% of malignant tumors originate in oral cavity and

the majority of them correspond to oral squamous cell carcinoma
(OSCC), followed by malignant tumors of salivary glands, lymphoreticular
disease, bone tumors, melanomas, sarcomas, malignant odontogenic
tumors and oral metastasis of tumors from other primary sites.

Oliveira et al.3 (2006) claim that 10% of malignant tumors have their
primary site in oral cavity, where it is the sixth leading cause of human
cancer worldwide. Oral cancer might be considered as the most common
cancer in head-neck region affecting predominantly male with 75% of
diagnosed cases around 60 year-old, to which 90% are oral squamous cell
carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent tumor of oral cavity,
statistically responsible for 90% of oral cancer world data diagnosed every
year5.
According to the World Health Organization (2005) cancer might kill 10.3
million people by the year of 2020, with an increase trend in developing
and newly industrialized countries.

Based on people diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer

between 2009 and 2015. Survival rate compares people with the same
type and stage of cancer to people in the overall population. For example, if
the 5-year relative survival rate for a specific stage of cancer is 90%, it
means that people who have that cancer are, on average, about 90% as
likely as people who don’t have that cancer to live for at least 5 years after
being diagnosed.

Types of the oral cancer

 Lymphoma
 Minor salivary glands including
o Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC)
o Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
o Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma
o Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma
 Mucosal melanoma
 Sarcoma
 Squamous cell carcinoma

Types of oral cancer by region

1-lip

2-tongue

3-gum and jaw

Staging of oral cancer

 Stage 1: The tumor is 2 centimeters (cm) or smaller,

 Stage 2: The tumor is between 2-4 cm, and cancer cells haven’t spread to the
lymph nodes.

 Stage 3: The tumor is either larger than 4 cm and hasn’t spread to the lymph
nodes

 Stage 4: Tumors are any size and the cancer cells have spread to nearby
tissues

Causes of oral cancer

1-Tobacco

2-Alcohol

3-Human papillomavirus

4-Betel nut

5-Stem cell transplantation

Pathophysiology of oral cancer

The most common type of oral cancer is epidermoid carcinoma (squamous cell
carcinoma). A single precursor cell is transformed into a clone consisting of many
daughter cells with an accumulation of altered genes called oncogenes. What
characterizes a malignant tumor over a benign one is its ability to metastasize.

Symptoms of oral cancer

 A lip or mouth sore that doesn't heal
 A white or reddish patch on the inside of your mouth
 Loose teeth
 A growth or lump inside your mouth
  Mouth pain
 Ear pain
 Difficult or painful swallowing
Diagnosis of oral cancer
 Physical examination.
 Endoscopy.
 Biopsy.
 HPV testing.
 X-ray.
 Barium swallow/modified barium swallow.
 Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan.

Treatment of oral cancer

 Surgery

 Radiation therapy

 Chemotherapy

 Targeted therapy

 Nutrition

 Keeping your mouth healthy

Outlook

The outlook for mouth cancer can vary depending on which part of your
mouth is affected and whether it has spread from your mouth into surrounding
tissue. The outlook is better for mouth cancer that affects the lip, tongue or
oral cavity.

If mouth cancer is diagnosed early, a complete cure is often possible in up to

9 in 10 cases using surgery alone.
References
 "Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer
Prevention". National Cancer Institute. 1 January 1980.
Retrieved 5 June 2019.
 "Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer". NCI.
Retrieved 27 June2019.
 admin. "The Tobacco Connection". The Oral Cancer Foundation.
Retrieved 2019-03-10.