Lecture-4 Edex-O Bio Chapter-5 Pg-

79/80(fig.5.15)

Edex-O- 2.63B understand how vaccination results in the

Bio manufacture of memory cells,
which enable future antibody production to the
pathogen to occur sooner,
faster and in greater quantity

Q1a.Define memory cell. How immunity develop.

Ans:•Some lymphocyte which don’t get involved in killing
microorganism(pathogen)straight away.Instead they develop
into information storage(of germs) cell or memory cell.
•They store message about previously infected pathogen.
•These cells remain in the blood for many years, sometimes a
lifetime.
•If same microorganism (which already infected once) re-infect
a person the memory lymphocyte start to re-produce antibody
so that the pathogen can be quickly dealt with(caught) .
•And this is known as immunity.
Q1b.Define vaccine and vaccination.
Ans:Vaccine: A substance used to stimulate the production of
antibodies and provide immunity against one or several
diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease .
Q1c.Write the properties of vaccine. Or write the name of
some agents used as vaccine.
Ans: (i)Vaccine may be the weakened strain of a actual
microorganism.Example-Vaccine against polio,tuberculosis
(TB) and measles. (ii)Vaccine may be dead
microorganism,eg,typhoid and whooping cough vaccine.
(iii)Vaccines may be modified toxins of the bacteria.
Example-Tetanus vaccine,diphtheria vaccine.(iv)Just the
antigen themselves,eg.Influenza vaccine.(v)Vaccine may be
the harmless bacteria ,genetically engineered to carry the
antigen of different disease –causing microorganism .
Example-The vaccine against hepatitis-B
2a.Define primary immune response . Show by graphical
representation.
Ans: Primary immune response:When a person first infected by
an pathogenic microorgamism(Pathogen) then bodys immune
system try to detect it,next analyse the surface antigen/marker,
next slowly and at a slow rate start to produce some antibody
to defence against that specific germs. This initial –slower
process to produce antiboby in response of a pathogen called
primary immune response.
Graphical representation:
Here we can see
initial exposure
caused less amount
of antibody
produced in a longer
duration.Here
antigen come to
immune system for
first time.

Q2b. Define secondary immune response. Show by graphical

representation.
Secondary immune response: Here same antigen come to
immune system for the second time. As a result immune cell
which converted as memory cell with lots of information about
the re-infected pathogen ,started to re-produce same
antibody again but at higher rate .So the antibody
concentration many times more than primary response. And
this is called secondary immune response where these extra
antibody remains in the blood for long time .
Graphical representation:
Here we can see
Re-infection caused
higher amount of
antibody production
in a shorter
duration. Here same
antigen come to
immune system for
the second time.

Q2c.Write the difference between primary and secondary

immune response.
Ans:................................................................................................
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Q2d.What will happen if a person injected second dose of
vaccine, one month later of the first dose. Describe with
graphical representation one month later of the second dose.
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Graphical representation:

Edex-O Bio 2.64B understand how platelets are involved in

blood clotting, which prevents
blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms
Q1a.Define platelets.
Ans :They are blood corpuscles but not whole cells. Actually
platelets are the fractions/fragments of other blood cells .
platelets are present in blood plasma. After centrifuge of blood
platelets and WBC forms a concentrated layer over the RBC.

Q1b.Write the source of platelets.

Ans: Bone marrow.
Q1c.Write the role of platelets.
Ans: When we cut ourselves blood start to loss . At that time
platelets help to clot the blood and stop bleeding.
Q1d.Write the mechanism of blood clotting by platelets.
Ans: If our skin cut, exposure to the air stimulate the platelets
to release enzyme. This enzyme, damaged tissue and calcium in
plasma convert the soluble plasma protein (fibrinogen) into
insoluble protein(Fibrin).The fibrin forms a network across the
wound ,in which red blood cells become trapped. This Forms a
clot which prevent further blood loss and prevent the entry of
microorganism that may be pathogen. The clot develop into a
scab, which protect the damaged tissue ,while new skin grows.

Clotting mechanism Trapped RBC by fibrin mesh.

Performance Test: 10 marks Lecture -4 Chapter-5(O-Edex-Bio)

Answer the following Question:
(a) What is the benefit of having memory cell in the body?
Ans:
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(b)Define Vaccine .
Ans:
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(c)What is the difference between primary and secondary
immune response.
Ans:
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(d)The amount of normal platelets in human blood is 150,000
per unit.If it falls to 30,000 per unit what the problem?
Ans:
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(e)Write two name of soluble and insoluble plasma protein.
Ans:……………………………… & ……………………………………
The End