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Contents Page No.
1.3 Losses 3
in
UNIT II - DESIGN CONCEPTS
ot.
2.1 Analysis of beam section - concept 18
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2.4 End block log 54
4.1 Introduction 78
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Prestressed Concrete Structures
OBJECTIVE
A t the end of this course the student shall have knowledge of methods of prestressing advantages of
prestressing concrete, the losses involved and the design methods for prestressed concrete elements
under codal provisions.
in
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
Basic concepts – Advantages – Materials required – Systems and methods of prestressing – Analysis of
sections – Stress concepts – Strength concepts – Load balancing concept – Effect of loading on the
ot.
tensile stresses in tendons – Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors influencing deflections –
Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections – Losses of prestress – Estimation of
crack width .
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UNIT II DESIGN CONCEPTS
Flexural strength – Simplified procedures as per codes – strain compatibility method – Basic concepts in
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selection of cross section for bending – stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement – Limit state design criteria – Partial prestressing – Applications.
Analysis for stresses – Estimate for deflections – Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
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General aspects – pretensioned prestressed bridge decks – Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks –
Principle of design only.
d
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
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TEXT BOOKS
1. Krishna Raju N., Prestressed concrete, Tata Mcgraw Hill Company, New Delhi, 1998
2. Mallic.S.K. and Gupta A.P., Prestressed concrete , Oxbord and IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd 1997.
3. Rajagopalan, N” Prestressed Concrete”, Alpha Science, 2002.
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REFERENCES
1. Ramaswamy G.S.Modern prestressed concrete design, Arnold Heinimen, Newdelhi, 1990
2. LinT.Y., Design of prestressed concrete structures, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1995
3. David A.Sheppard, William R and Philphs, Plant Cast precast and prestressed concrete – A
design guide, McGraw Hill,Newdelhi 1992
Chapter -1
INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
Basic concepts – Advantages – Materials required – Systems and methods of prestressing – Analysis of
sections – Stress concepts – Strength concepts – Load balancing concept – Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons – Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors influencing deflections –
Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections – Losses of prestress – Estimation of
crack width .
in
1.1 Pre-stressed concrete
Definition: Concrete in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude and
ot.
distribution that the stresses resulting from given external loadings are countered to a desired degree -
ACI
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1.2.1 Pre-tensioning & Post-tensioning
In pre-tensioning the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. The tendons are temporarily
anchored to abutments or stressing beds. Then the concrete member is cast between and over the
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wires. After the concrete has attained the required strength, the wires are cut from the bulkhead and
pre-stress is transferred to the concrete member.
In post-tensioning the concrete member is cast with ducts for the wires. After concrete has attained
sufficient strength, wires are threaded into the ducts, tensioned from both or one end by means of
s.b
jack/jacks and at the precise level of pre-stress the wires are anchored by means of wedges to the
anchorage plates at the ends.
In post-tensioned members, the wires are either left free to slide in the ducts or the duct is filled with
grout. In the former, the tendon is un-bonded and in the latter it is bonded.
Stages of loading
d
Initial stage
The member is under pre-stress but is not subjected to any superimposed external loads. Further
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1. Before pre-stressing: Concrete is weak in carrying loads. Yielding of supports must be prevented.
2. During pre-stress:
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a. Steel: This stage is critical for the strength of tendons. Often the maximum stress to
which the wires will be subjected throughout their life may occur at this stage.
b. Concrete: As concrete has not aged at this stage, crushing of concrete at anchorages is
possible, if its quality is inferior or the concrete is honeycombed. Order of pre-stressing
is important to avoid overstress in the concrete.
3. At transfer of pre-stress: For pre-tensioned members, where transfer is within a short period,
and for post-tensioned members where transfer may be gradual, there are no external loads on
the member except its own weight.
4. De-shuttering: The removal of form-work must be done after due consideration
Thus the initial pre-stress with little loss imposes a serious condition n the concrete and often controls
the design of the member.
Final stage
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This is the stage when actual working loads come on the structure. The designer must consider various
combinations of live loads on different parts of the structure with lateral loads such as wind and
earthquake forces and strain loads produced by settlement of supports and temperature. The major
ot.
loads in this stage are:
1. Sustained load: It is often desirable to limit the deflection under sustained loads sue to its own
weight and dead loads.
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2. Working load: The member must be designed for the working load. Check for excessive stress
and deflection must be made. But this design may not guarantee sufficient strength to carry
overloads.
3. Cracking load: Cracking in a pre-stress member signifies a sudden change in bond and shearing
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stresses. This stage is also important
4. Ultimate load: This strength denotes the maximum load the member can carry before collapse.
1.3 Losses
s.b
Note: The value of Fo may not be known, but it is not necessary, as the losses from Fi to Fo is only a
small percentage of Fi . Total accuracy is relative anyway, as Ec – the young’s modulus of concrete –
Ci
Therefore
ES = E s
where is the shortening in steel that occurs as soon as Fi is transferred to the
concrete member and the member as a whole shortens. Thus is the shortening in the
member due to Fi at the level of steel.
fc
in
EC
FO
ot.
AC E C
FO
Since f c is the stress in concrete at level of steel and is
AC
sp
FO
ES ES
AC E C
log
ES
Taking n
EC
FO
ES
s.b
ES
AC E C
FO
n
AC
ata
Fi
at level of steel
AC E C AS E S
d
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ES E s
Fi
Es
AC EC AS E S
Ci
nFi
AC nAS
Taking At AC EC AS E S
nFi
ES
AT
in
If external loads are acting on the member, then concrete, then concrete stress due to
all loads at level of steel must be determined.
ot.
FO FO e 2 M G e
f c
AG I I
sp
Note: AG , the gross-area, instead of the transformed sectional area, leads to simpler calculations and
fairly accurate results.
ES nf c
member after permanent loads are imposed after pre-stress. Creep occurs over a long period of time
under sustained load. Part of initial compressive strain induced in concrete immediately after transfer is
reduced by the tensile strain produced by superimposed permanent loads.
d
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ES
n
EC
f cds = stress in concrete at steel level due to superimposed dead loads applied to the
member after transfer of pre-stress
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to shrinkage occurs in the first year and 100% after several years.
ot.
Shrinkage strain
sp
0.0002
for posttensioned member and
log 10 t 2 Cl 5.2.4.1
may be increased by 50% in dry condition
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but not more than 0.0003
fi
where f i is the initial pre-stress and f p is the characteristic strength of steel.
fp
ata
N/mm2
0.5 fp 0
0.6 fp 35
Ci
0.7 fp 70
0.8 fp 90
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The loss is caused by a fixed shortening of the anchorages, so the percentage loss is
higher in shorter wires than in long ones.
ot.
If a tendon is stressed to 1035 MPa, with E s 210 5 MPa and the anchorage slips by 2.5 mm,
sp
1035
Total 0.005175
210 5
2.5
log
In a cable of 3m length, elongation l 0.005175 3000 15.53 mm , ie % l 100 16%
15.53
155.30
The length effect or the wobble effect of the duct is the friction that will exist between straight tendon
and the surrounding material. This loss is dependant on the length and stress in the tendon, the
coefficient of friction between the contact materials, the workmanship and the method used in aligning
and obtaining the duct.
d
The curvature effect is the loss due to intended curvature of the tendon. This again depends on the
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coefficient of friction between the materials and the pressure exerted by the tendon on the curvature.
For un-bonded tendon, lubrication, in the form of grease and plastic tube wrapping can be used to
advantage.
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For bonded tendon lubricant in the form of water soluble oils are used during stressing operation and
flushed off with after before grouting.
Jacking from both ends of the beam will also reduce loss due to friction.
For straight or moderately curved structures, with curved or straight cables, the value of pre-stressing
force Px at a distance x meters from tensioning end and acting in the direction of the tangent to the
curve of the cable, shall be calculated as below:
Px = Poe– ( μα + kx ).
Where Po = pre-stressing force in the pre-stressed steel at the tensioning end acting in the direction of
the tangent to the curve of the cable, α = cumulative angle in radians through which the tangent to the
in
cable profile has turned between any two points under consideration, μ = coefficient of friction in curve;
unless otherwise proved by tests, μ may be taken as: 0.55 for steel moving on smooth concrete, 0.30 for
steel moving on steel fixed to duct, and 0.25 for steel moving on lead, k = coefficient for wobble or wave
ot.
effect varying from 15 × 10–4 to 50 × 10–4 per meter. The expansion of the equation for Px for small
values of (μα + kx) may be Px = Po (1 – μα – kx).
Examples
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To calculate ES in Pre-tensioned beam - eccentric tendon
A pre-tensioned beam of 100 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed by straight wires with Fi = 150 kN at an e =
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50 mm. E S = 2.1x105 MPa, E C = 0.35x105 MPa and AP = 188 mm2. Estimate ES.
s.b
d ata
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100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12
2.10
n = = 6.0
0.35
Fi Fi e 2
fc
AG I
ES nf c
in
ES = 6 6.67 = 40.02 MPa
ot.
40.02188
Loss = = 5.02%
15010 3
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A straight pre-tensioned beam 12 m long of 380 mm x 380 mm is concentrically pre-stressed with 780
mm2 wires anchored to bulkheads with a f i = 1035 MPa. E S = 2x105 MPa, E C = 0.33x105 MPa.
Estimate ES at transfer.
log
s.b
d ata
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AC = AG - AS
AT = AC + nAS
2.00
n = = 6.0
0.33
Fi
fc
AT
in
807.3010 3
fc = = -5.44 MPa
148300
ot.
ES nf c
sp
If Fo 0.9Fi
log
FO = 0.90x807.30 = 726.57 kN
FO
fc
AG
s.b
726.57 10 3
fc = = 5.03 MPa
144400
in
ot.
Aw = Area of one wire
sp
log
52
= = 19.63 mm2
4
Fi = 18x19.63x840 = 296.81 kN
s.b
200 300 3
I = = 450x106 mm4
12
ata
2.10
n = = 6.67
0.315
eeq =
1519.6384085 319.63840125 = 50 mm
1819.63840
d
Fi Fi e
f CTop
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y
AG I t
60000
Fi Fi e
f CBot y
AG I t
296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
f CBot = 85 = -7.75 MPa
60000 450 10 6
ES nf c
in
To calculate ES in Post-tensioned beam
A straight post-tensioned beam 12 m long of 380 mm x 380 mm is concentrically pre-stressed with 780
ot.
mm2 wires made up of 4 tendons with 195 mm2 and the tendons are pre-stressed sequentially with a f i
= 1035 MPa. E S = 2x105 MPa, E C = 0.33x105 MPa. Estimate ES at transfer.
sp
log
s.b
ata
The loss in the 1st tendon is due to the shortening of concrete by the pre-stressing of the previous 3
d
Fi
tendons. We can assume that Fi in each of these tendons are constant and f c n .
AG
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31951035
ES1 = 6 = 25.16 MPa
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380 380
21951035
ES2 = 6 = 16.77 MPa
380 380
11951035
ES3 = 6 = 8.39 MPa
380 380
in
25.16 16.77 8.39
ESav = = 12.58 MPa
4
ot.
1
When there are many cables, it is quite enough to assume that ESav of the loss in the 1st cable.
2
sp
1
Thus ESav = 25.16 = 12.58 MPa
2
log
If it is desired that there should be no loss at all, then the cables can be overstressed before anchorage.
So,
s.b
in
ot.
sp
= 1.6 T.2c.1, Cl 5.2.5.1
2.00
log
n = = 5.71
0.35
72
s.b
= = 38.45 mm2
4
100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12
d
F pe Fpe e
f cir y
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AG I
t = 28 days
0.0002
sh Cl 5.2.4.1
log 10 t 2
0.0002
= = 1.35x10-4
in
log 10 28 2
SH = sh E S
ot.
= 1.35x10-4 x (2x105) = 27 MPa
f pe
sp = 1200 MPa
log
f pe 1200
= = 0.699
fp 1715
70 %
s.b
f pe = 0.70 f p
percentage loss in each cable due to friction at the anchored end. Assume μ = 0.35, K = 0.0015 / m.
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Ci
8y
, the cable being considered a parabola of segment length = x and y = central sag.
x
= 0.35
in
K = 0.0015 / m
ot.
Cable L KL y KL e KL Stress @
sp
mm end of seg
mm rad
= 8%
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wobble or length effect is represented by k = 0.0026/m. The cable is straight between A-B and C-D. The
change in angle between BC is 0.167 radians and that between DE is 0.100 radians.
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Ci
in
ot.
sp
Segment L KL KL e KL Stress @
end of seg
m rad
log
AB 5.334 0.014 0 0 0.014 0.986 0.986F1
= 15%
d
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Ci
Chapter 2
DESIGN CONCEPTS
Flexural strength – Simplified procedures as per codes – strain compatibility method – Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending – stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement – Limit state design criteria – Partial prestressing – Applications.
in
Sign convention
1. Tension is (+)
ot.
2. Compression is (-)
Different concepts
Different concepts can be applied to the analysis if PSC concrete beams, namely
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1. Pre-stressing transforms concrete into an elastic material.
2. Pre-stressing is a combination of high-strength steel and concrete.
3. Pre-stress balances loads.
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Elastic material
This concept treats concrete as an elastic material and is the most common among engineers. Here
concrete is visualized as being subjected to:
s.b
1. Internal pre-stress
2. External loads.
So long as there are no cracks in the section, the stresses, strains and deflections of the concrete due to
the two systems of forces can be considered separately and superimposed if needed.
ata
Due to a tensile pre-stressing force F, thee resulting stress at a section is given below.
d
vil
Ci
in
ot.
sp
F Fey My
f
A I I
log
The concrete stress at a section due to pre-stress f is dependant only on the magnitude and location of
pre-stress at that section, ie., F and e, regardless of how the tendon profile varies elsewhere along the
beam.
s.b
d ata
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Ex 1
A pre-stress concrete rectangular beam of size 500 mm x 750 mm has a simple span of 7.3 m and is
loaded with a udl of 45 kN/m including its self-weight. An effective pre-stress of 1620 kN is produced.
Compute the fiber stresses in concrete at mid-span section.
in
ot.
sp
log
F = 1620 kN
s.b
e = 145 mm
ata
500 750 3
I = = 1.758 x1010 mm4
12
750
y = = 375 mm
2
d
45 7.3 2
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M = = 299.76 kN-m
8
F Fey My
f
A I I
Ci
in
moment produced by loads.
ot.
C Cey
f
A I
[Note: Stresses are calculated with force and eccentricity in concrete. e is the eccentricity of C, the
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compressive force in concrete.]
log
s.b
ata
Ex 2
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
d
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Ci
45 7.3 2
M = = 299.76 kN-m
8
C=T = 1620 kN
M
Lever arm a =
C
in
299.7610 6
= = 185 mm
162010 3
ot.
C acts at = 185 + 230 = 415 mm from top
750
e for C = 415 = 40 mm
2
sp
C Cey
f
A I
log
1620000 1620000 40375
f =
375000 1.7581010
= 4.32 1.38
s.b
Load balancing
The effect of pre-stressing is considered as the balancing of gravity loads so that the member under
bending will not be subjected to flexural stresses under a given loading condition.
d
vil
8Pe
wup
Ci
L2
4Pe
wup
L
in
ot.
Pe
wup
aL
sp
log
s.b
d ata
8Fh
Due to a parabolic tendon of length l, sag h and stressed to F, wb
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l2
F My
f where M is the moment due to net loads.
A I
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Ex 3
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
in
ot.
sp
log
8Fh
s.b
wb
l2
81620 0.145
wb = = -35.30 kN/m (up)
7.3 2
ata
9.7 7.3 2
M = = 64.60 kN-m
8
d
F My
fc
vil
A I
= 4.32 1.38
in
ot.
If
sp
fc = where A is the area of concrete
A
Using the transformed method, stress in concrete is uniform even at the level of steel
log
Fi
fc =
AC nAS
Fi F
= or i
s.b
AT AG
Stress in steel
fs = n fc
ata
nFi
=
AC nAS
d
nFi
= Which represents the immediate reduction in pre-stress in steel at transfer.
AT
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nFi
= where A G is the gross area, the error being about 2% to 3 %
AG
Ci
538.20 10 3
fc = at level of steel = -8.97
60000
in
ES
= 6 8.97 = -53.82 MPa
ot.
f Pe (aft. loss) = 1035.00 – 53.82 = 981.00 MPa
sp
Fe
=
AG
log
981 520
= = -8.50 MPa
60000
A pre-tensioned beam of size 200 mm x 300 mm is eccentrically pre-stressed with 520 mm2 wires
anchored to bulkheads with a f i = 1035 MPa. The cgs is 100 mm above the bottom of the beam.
Assuming n = 6, compute the stresses in concrete and steel immediately after transfer due to pre-stress
only.
d ata
vil
Ci
e = 150 – 50 = 50 mm
200 300 3
I = = 450 x106 mm4
12
Fi F e2
fc i at level of steel
AG I
in
60000 45010 6
ES nf c
ot.
ES = 611.96 = 71.76 MPa
sp
Fe = 983.24 x 520 = 500.88 kN
= 8.348 8.348
ata
Fi
fc
AG
Ci
In that case
500.8810 3
fc = = 8.348
60000
ES nf c
in
f cTop,Bot (aft. loss)
ot.
= 150
60000 45010 6
sp
f bot = 8.50 8.50 = -17.0 MPa
Which show that the approximate method is fast and quite accurate.
log
Example - Post-tensioned member – eccentric tendon
A post-tensioned beam of size 200 mm x 300 mm is eccentrically pre-stressed with 520 mm2 wires
stressed to a f i = 1035 MPa. The cgs is 75 mm above the bottom of the beam. Immediately after
s.b
transfer the stress reduces by 5% owing to anchorage and other losses. The size of the duct is 50 mm x
75 mm. Compute the stresses in concrete and steel immediately after transfer due to pre-stress only.
d ata
Fe = 0.95 x Fi
e = 150 – 50 = 50 mm
200 300 3
I = = 450 x106 mm4
12
Fe Fe e
= y
AG I
511.2910 3 511.2910 3 75
= 150
60000 45010 6
in
= 8.52 12.78
= 8.52 12.78
ot.
f top = 4.26 MPa
sp
Stress in concrete due to pre-stress & loads
Stresses in concrete produced by external bending moment, whether due to the beam’s self-weight or
applied load is:
log
M
fc y
I
The resulting stress in concrete due to both the pre-stress and loads is:
s.b
F Fe M
fc y y
A I I
Fi = 1575 kN
Fe = 1350 kN
300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12
in
4.510 3 12 2
MG = = 81 kN-m
8
ot.
ML = 45 4.5 = 202.5 kN-m
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Initial condition
log
Fi Fi e M
fc y y
A I I
Final condition
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Fe Fe e M
fc y y
A I I
300 300
180000 540010 6 540010 6
Fe = 1350 kN
in
MT = 81 + 202.5 = 283.50 kN-m
ot.
283.5010 6
a = = 210 mm
135010 3
e = 210 – 125 = 85 mm
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C = Fe log = 1350 kN
s.b
C Cey
ata
fc
A I
= 7.5 6.37
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In pre-stress concrete resistance to external bending moments is furnished by a lengthening of the lever
arm between the resisting forces C and T which remain relatively unchanged in magnitude.
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
After cracking, the stress in pre-stressing steel increases rapidly with moment.
The following sketch explains the variations of the stress in pre-stressing steel f p with increasing load.
d
After the pre-stress is transferred while the member is supported at the ends, the stress will tend to
increase from the value after losses f po due to the moment under self weight. Simultaneously the stress
will tend to drop due to the time dependent losses such as creep, shrinkage and relaxation. The
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Due to the moment under service loads, the stress in the pre-stressing steel will slightly increase from
f pe . The increase is more at the section of maximum moment in a bonded tendon as compared to the
increase in average stress for an un bonded tendon.
The stress in a bonded tendon is not uniform along the length. Usually the increase in stress is neglected
in the calculations under service loads. If the loads are further increased, the stress increases slightly till
in
cracking.
After cracking, there is a jump of the stress in the pre-stressing steel. Beyond that, the stress increases
ot.
rapidly with moment till the ultimate load. At ultimate, the stress is f pu .
sp
Similar to the observation for pre-cracking, the average stress in an un bonded tendon is less than the
stress at the section of maximum moment for a bonded tendon.
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As discussed above, at the section of maximum moment, the stresses in the un bonded tendon
increases more slowly than that for bonded tendon. This is because any strain in an un bonded tendon
will be distributed throughout its entire length.
s.b
If MR is the resultant moment in at a cross-section of a bonded beam and the beam deflects downwards,
there is an increase in steel stress due to this bending given by
ata
MR
f s nf c n y
I
d
Let M be the moment at any given point of an un bonded beam, f c the stress in concrete at a section,
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M
fc y
I
f M
c y
Ec Ec I
M
dx ydx
Ec I
M
ydx is the average strain
L E c IL
in
E M
f s E s s ydx
L E c IL
ot.
n M
L I
ydx
sp
A post-tensioned beam of span le = 12 m and size 300 mm x 600 mm, carries a superimposed load of 11
kN/m in addition to its own weight of 4.5 kN/m. The initial pre-stress in steel is 950 MPa and reduces to
820 MPa after all losses and assuming no bending in beam. The cable of are 1600 mm2 is parabolic. N=6.
log
Compute the stress in steel at mid-span assuming (a) the steel is bonded by grouting and (b) the steel is
un bonded and entirely free to slip.
s.b
d ata
vil
Ci
Bonded tendon:
300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12
wt ws wG
in
= 4.5 + 11.0 = 15.50 kN/m
ot.
wt l e 2
MT
8
15.510 3 12 2
= = 279 kN-m
sp
8
Moment due to Fe
log
= 1312 x 125 = -164 kN-m
At level of steel
s.b
MR
fc y
I
11510 6
ata
f s = nf c
d
Un bonded beam
n M
f s
L I
ydx
2
x
M M o 1
L
2
in
2
x
y y o 1
L
ot.
2
2
2
x
sp
n 2
M o y o 1 dx
LI L
f s
l
2
2
log
8n M o y o nM o y o
f s where is the stress at mid span of a bonded beam = 16 MPa.
15 I I
8
f s 16 = 8.53 MPa
s.b
15
Cracking moment
ata
Moments producing first crack in a pre-stressed concrete beam, assuming cracks start when tensile
stress in the extreme fiber of concrete reaches its modulus of rupture, f cr ,
f cr 0.7 f ck cl 5.2.2
d
Fe Fe e M
f cr y y or
A I I
Ci
Fe I f cr I
M Fe e
Ay y
Example
For the problem in 6.3.1 compute the total dead and live load that can be carried by the beam for (a)
zero tensile stress at bottom fiber and (2) cracking in the bottom fiber assuming f cr 4.2MPa and Fe =
1350 kN.
in
ot.
sp
To obtain zero stress in the bottom fiber, the center of pressure must be located at the top kern point
a = (e+kt)
log
= 125 + 100 = 225 mm
M = Fe x a
s.b
8M
wT
l2
ata
8 303.7510 6
= = 16.87 kN/m
12000 2
f cr I
=
vil
4.2 540010 6
= = 75.6 kN-m
300
Ci
8 379.3510 6
wT = = 21.07 kN/m
12000 2
Derivations
in
ot.
sp
log
At transfer: At working load
Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Top: f tt (1) Top: f cw (3)
s.b
A Zt Zt A Zt Zt Zt
Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Bot: f ct (2) Bot: f tw (4)
A Zb Zb A Zb Zb Zb
ata
Fe
Taking
Fi
d
vil
Ci
Fi Fi e MG Fi Fi e MG
f tt (1) f ct (2)
A Zt Zt A Zb Zb
F F e M M F F e M M
i i G L f cw (3) i i G L f tw (4)
A Z t Z t Zt A Z b Z b Zb
M M M M M M
in
f tt G G L f cw (3) f ct G G L f tw (4)
Zt Zt Zt Zb Zb Zb
ot.
f cw f tt f tr (3) f tw f ct f cr (4)
Zt Zb
M 1 n M L M 1 n M L
Zt G (5) Zb G (6)
sp
f tr f cr
log
Max. pre-stressing force is limited by
Fi Fi e
ft
A Zt
ata
Fi Fi e
fb
A Zb
d
MG
f t f tt (7) form Eq.1
vil
Zt
M G M L
f b f tw (8) from Eq.4
Zb Zb
Ci
1 M ML
f b f tw G (8)
Zb
Also, since:
Fi Fi e
ft (a)
A Zt
Fi Fi e
fb (b)
A Zb
in
ot.
Fi e f t Fi Z (a)
A
t
Fi F Z
fb f t i t (b)
sp
A A Zb
Fi Z b Z t Z
fb f t t
log
A Zb Zb
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
s.b
1 e
f t Fi (a )
A Z t
ata
1 e
f b Fi
(b )
A Z b
d
vil
f t Z b Ae Z t
f b Z t Ae Z b
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
Ci
ft Zt fb Zb
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1 M ML
f b f tw G
Zb
When MG is large as will be the case for long span and/or heavy girders, the computed eccentricity e
from Eq.10, may fall below the bottom of the beam. In that case, the e available is worked out and Fi is
in
increased suitably.
ot.
Fi Fi e 1 M ML
fb f tw G from Eq.4
A Zb Zb
sp
From the first part of the above equation
Fi Fi e
fb
log
A Zb
Z Ae
Fi b
AZ b
f AZ
s.b
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
2.3 Permissible stresses for flexure member
ata
Steel – Cl 8.5.1
Steel stress for pre-tensioned tendons immediately after transfer or post-tensioned tendons after
anchorage is:
d
f pi 0.87 f pu
vil
Compression = 0.54 fck to 0.37 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension
Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber
Compression = 0.41 fck to 0.35 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension
in
Concrete in tension – Cl 22.7.1
Concrete stress after transfer and before losses in extreme fiber
ot.
2. For Type 2 members, Tension = 3.0 MPa to 4.5 MPa
3. For Type 3 members, Tension = 4.1 MPa to 4.8 MPa
sp
Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber
A = 250h mm2
h
0.25 2412
2
MG =
1000
= 0.108h kN-m
8
1212 2
ML = = 216 kN-m
8
in
Min Z is governed by Zb. From Eq.4
f cr f tw f ct
ot.
f cr = 1.4 0.8517 = 15.85 MPa
MG 1 n ML
Zb (6)
sp
f cr
250h 2
Z b also =
6
From which
s.b
h = 580 mm
250 580 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 14x106 mm3
6
MG = 62.64 kN-m
d
MG
f t f tt
vil
Zt
62.6410 6
= 1.4 = 5.87 MPa
1410 6
Ci
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
1 62.64 21610 6
= 1.4 = -21.76 MPa
0.85 1410 6
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
in
=
21.76 5.87 1410 6
= 7.945
2 1410 6
ot.
Fi = 7.945 x 145 x103 = 1152 kN
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
sp
ft Zt fb Zb
e = 167.89 mm
A post-tensioned concrete bridge slab of le = 10 m is 380 mm thick. It is stressed with parallel cables
stressed to 360 kN each. wL = 25 kN/m2. Losses are 20%. f tt f tw 0.7MPa . Calculate the emax and
spacing of cable at mid-span.
d ata
vil
Ci
= 0.80
1000 380 3
I = = 4572.66 x106 mm4
12
4572.6610 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 24.07 x106 mm3
380
in
2
ws = 1 x 0.38 x 24 = 9.12 kN/m
ot.
9.1210 2
MG = = 114 kN-m
8
2510 2
sp
ML = = 312.50 kN-m
8
MG 114 10 6
=
log = 4.74
Z 24.07 10 6
ML 312.510 6
= = 12.98
Z 24.07 10 6
s.b
At mid-span
MG
f t f tt
Zt
ata
1 M ML
fb f tw G
d
Zb
vil
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
=
21.275 5.44 24.07 10 6
= 7.9175
2 24.07 10 6
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
in
e mid-span = 106.86 mm
At support
ot.
MG = ML = 0
e at support = 68.944
sp
log
At mid-span, the stress at top and bottom at transfer and working load are respectively.
Fi Fi e M G
f tt (1)
A Zt Zt
s.b
Fe Fe e M G M L
f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb
Fi Fe M M
ata
ie. i G L f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb
1 G L f tw f tt
Fi M M
2
A Z Z
Fi
2 0.8 1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7 from which
Ci
Fi = 3009 kN
1 G L f tw f tt
Fi e M M
2
Z Z Z
Fi e
2 0.8 1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7
A
e at mid-span = 106.358 mm
in
At support
ot.
MG = ML = 0
Fi Fi e
0 f tt (1)
sp
A Zt
300910 6 300910 6 e
0.7
380000 24.07 10 6
log
e at support = 68.944
s.b
Spacing of cables
Fi = 3009 kN
300910 3
No of cables = 9 Nos
36010 3
1000
d
in
ot.
sp
= 0.80
A = 1000h mm2
s.b
h
1 24 10
2
MG =
1000 = 0.3 kN-m
8
ata
2510 2
ML = = 312.5 kN-m
8
f cr f tw f ct
vil
f cr = 0 0.815 = 12 MPa
MG 1 n ML
Zb (6)
f cr
Ci
100h 2
Z b also =
6
From which
h = 410 mm
in
1000 410 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 28.02x106 mm3
6
ot.
MG = 123 kN-m
MG
f t f tt
sp
Zt
12310 6
= 0 = 4.39 MPa
28.0210 6
log
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
s.b
=
1
0
123 312.5010 6
= -91.43 MPa
0.8 28.0210 6
ata
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
19.43 4.39
d
= = 7.52
2
vil
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
Ci
3084 10 3
No of cables = 7 Nos
500 10 3
1000
Spacing = = 143 mm c/c
7
in
A pre-tensioned simply supported beam of size 80 mm x 120 mm and le = 3 m caries two 4 kN loads at
third points along the span. Losses are 20%. f tt 0, f tw 1.4MPa . Design the beam with 3mm wires
for f i 1400 MPa each.
ot.
sp
log
s.b
= 0.80
ata
80 120 3
I = = 11.52 x106 mm4
12
d
11.5210 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 0.192 x106 mm3
120
vil
2
ws = 0.08 x 0.12 x 24 = 0.23 kN/m
Ci
0.23 3 2
MG = = 0.2592 kN-m
8
MG 0.259210 6
= = 1.35
Z 0.19210 6
ML 4.0 10 6
= = 20.83
Z 0.192 10 6
At mid-span
in
MG
f t f tt
Zt
ot.
= 0 1.35 = 1.35 MPa
1 M ML
f b f tw G
sp
Zb
1.4 1.35 20.83
1
= = -25.975 MPa
0.8
log
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
s.b
=
25.975 1.35 = 12.3125
2
ata
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
d
e = 22.193 mm
Ci
32
= = 7.07 mm2
4
118.20 10 3
No of cables = 12 Nos
9.896 10 3
1000
Spacing = = 112 mm c/c
9
in
below bottom in heavy girder - beam
An unsymmetrical I section has the following sectional property: h = 1000 mm, A = 345 000 mm 2, Zt = 95
ot.
x106 mm3, Zb = 75 x 106 mm3, cgc = 440 mm from top, MG = 1012 kN-m, ML = 450 kN-m. Design the
section if f ct f cw 15MPa and f tt f tw 0 . = 0.85
MG
f t f tt
sp
Zt
1012x10 6
= 0 = 10.65 MPa
log
9510 6
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
s.b
1 1012 45010 6
= 0 = -22.93 MPa
0.85 7510 6
ata
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A Zb Zt
d
22.93 75 10.65 95
= = 4.1647
75 95
vil
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae (10)
Ci
ft Zt fb Zb
eavil = yb – cover
f AZ
in
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
ot.
22.93 345000 7510 6
Fi = = 2538.78 kN
7510 6 345000 460
sp
log
s.b
d ata
vil
Ci
Bursting force
A portion of a pre-stressed member surrounding the anchorage is the end block. Through the length of
the end block, pre-stress is transferred from concentrated areas to become linearly distributed fiber
stresses at the end of the block. The theoretical length of this block, called the lead length is not more
in
than the height of the beam.
ot.
But the stress distribution within this block is rather complicate.
sp
log
s.b
d ata
The larger transverse dimension of the end zone is represented as yo. The corresponding dimension of
the bearing plate is represented as ypo. For analysis, the end zone is divided into a local zone and a
vil
general zone.
Ci
in
ot.
The local zone is the region behind the bearing plate and is subjected to high bearing stress and internal
sp
stresses. The behavior of the local zone is influenced by the anchorage device and the additional
confining spiral reinforcement.
log
The general zone is the end zone region which is subjected to spalling of concrete. The zone is
strengthened by end zone reinforcement.
s.b
The transverse stress (σt) at the CGC varies along the length of the end zone. It is compressive for a
distance 0.1yo from the end and tensile thereafter, which drops down to zero at a distance yo from the
end.
ata
The transverse tensile stress is known as splitting tensile stress. The resultant of the tensile stress in a
transverse direction is known as the bursting force (Fbst).
d
vil
Ci
in
ot.
sp
Besides the bursting force there is spalling forces in the general zone.
log
s.b
d ata
vil
Fbst for an individual square end zone loaded by a symmetrically placed square bearing plate according
to Cl 18.6.2.2 is,
y po
Ci
It can be observed that with the increase in size of the bearing plate the bursting force
Fbst reduces.
in
End Zone reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement - end zone reinforcement or anchorage zone
ot.
reinforcement or bursting link - is provided in each principle direction based on the value of Fbst. The
reinforcement is distributed within a length from 0.1yo to yo from an end of the member.
sp
The amount of end zone reinforcement in each direction Ast is:
Fbst
Ast
fs
log
The parameter represents the fraction of the transverse dimension covered by the
bearing plate.
s.b
When the cover is less than 50 mm, f s = a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001.
ata
The end zone reinforcement is provided in several forms, some of which are proprietary of the
construction firms. The forms are closed stirrups, mats or links with loops.
d
vil
Ci
in
ot.
sp
Bearing plate & End block
Design the bearing plate and the end zone reinforcement for the following bonded
post-tensioned beam. The strength of concrete at transfer is 50 MPa. A pre-stressing force of 1055 kN is
log
applied by a single tendon. There is no eccentricity of the tendon at the ends.
s.b
d ata
vil
Ci
in
ot.
sp
Bearing Plate
= 1055 kN
s.b
PK
105510 3
ata
f br = = 17.58 MPa
60000
Abr
f br,all 0.48 f ci
A pun
vil
240000
= 0.48 50 = 48 MPa
60000
Ci
0.8 f ci = 40 MPa
f br f br,all 40MPa
End Block
In vertical direction
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o
300
in
= 1055 0.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
600
In horizontal direction
ot.
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
y o
sp
200
= 1055 0.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
400
log
Fbst
Ast =
0.87 f y
179.3510 3
= = 824.60 mm2
s.b
0.87 250
10 2
Aw = = 78.54 mm2
4
824.60
d
No of stirrups = = 6 Nos
2 78.54
vil
2 rd 1
Provide Ast from 0.1 yo = 60 mm to 0.5 yo = 300 mm and rd Ast from 0.5 yo = 300 mm to yo = 600
3 3
mm, both vertically and horizontal.
Ci
Chapter III
CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING
in
1. Minimum wall thickness
2. Circumferential Prestress
ot.
3. Vertical Prestress.
Estimate
sp
1) Maximum, ring tension Nd
2) Bending Moment Mw
log
3) Minimum wall thickness = Nd
ηfct – fmin.w
4) Circumferential Prestress
fc = Nd + fmin.w N/mm2
ηt η
ata
5) Spacing of wires
= wt . D
2
Equating wt. D = fs As
2 S1
Wt = 2 fs As
sD
in
Then Nt = Nd wt
Ww
ot.
Also Nt = t fc
sp
S = 2 Nd . fs. As mm
Ww fc. Dt
Mt = Mw wt
log
Ww
Fc = fmin. W + Mw
η ηz
ata
fc = fmin. W + Mt
η Z
d
P = fc. Ac
1. A cylindrical prestressed concrete water tank of internal diameter 30m is required to store
water over a depth of 7.5m. The permissible compressive stress in concrete at transfer is 13
N/mm2 and the minimum compressive stress under working presuure is 1 N/mm2. The loss ratio
is 0.75. Wires of 5mm diameter with an initial stress of 1000N/mm2 are available for
circumferential winding and freyssinet cables made up of 12 wires of 8mm diameter stressed to
1200N/mm2 are to be used for vertical prestressing. Design the tank walls assuming the base as
fixed. The cube strength of concrete is 40N/mm2.
Solution:
in
H2 = 7.52 = 12.5
Dt 30 x 0.15
ot.
Ww = wH = 10 x 7.5 = 75kN/m2 = 0.075N/mm2
sp
Maximum ring tension Nd = (coefficient) wHR kN/m
= 0.64 x 10 x 7.5 x 15
log
= 720kN/m = 720N/mm.
Moment in tank wall for the fixed base condition = (coefficient) Wh3 kNm/m
s.b
= 0.01 x 10 x 7.53
= 42.5 kNm/m
= 42500Nmm/mm
ata
= 720 = 82.3mm
0.75 x 13 – 1
d
Net thickness available (allowing for vertical cables of diameter 30mm) is (150 – 30) = 120mm
vil
fc = Nd + fmin.w
ηt η
Ci
= 720 + 1 = 9.42N/mm2
0.75 x 120 0.75
S = 2 Nd fs. As
Ww fc. Dt
= 11.4mm
in
Number of wires / metre = 87
ot.
Ring tension Nd at 0.1 H (0.75m) from top
sp
fs = 2 x 109 x 1000 x 20
3
0.075 x 2.5 x 30 x 10 x 120
log
= 64mm
Vertical moment = Mw wt
s.b
Ww
0.075
fc = fmin. w + Mt
η Z
Ci
Since this stress exceeds the permissible value of fct = 13N/mm2, the thickness of the tank wall of base is
increased to 200mm.
fc = 1 + 67 x 106 = 12N/mm2
4
0.75 666 x 10
in
1000
= 2400kN
ot.
Using 8mm diameter (12Nos.) Freyssinet cables
sp
Spacing = 1000 x 720 = 800mm
2400
log
App. Vertical Prestress = 0.3 fc
1000
= 564kN
1000
= 1.7N/mm2
vil
= 1760Kn
Ci
Circumferential pre-stress
Circumferential pre-stressing is done to resist hoop tension in circular structures, like water-tanks and
pipes. Essentially each horizontal slice of the wall forma a ring subjected to uniform internal pressure.
This ring may be considered as a pre-stresses concrete member under tension.
Considering one half of a thin cylindrical slice of a tank as a free-body: under the action of pre-stress Fi in
in
steel, the total compression C in the concrete equals Fi. The C-line coincides with the cgs line, which is a
concordant cable linearly transformed.
ot.
sp
log
s.b
Fi
fc , AC = Area of concrete
Ac
Fe
fc
vil
Ac
Ci
in
ot.
sp
When internal liquid pressure is acting at working load stage, the internal pressure intensity,
pR
fc where
AT
log
p = internal pressure intensity
AT = transformed area = Ac nA p
s.b
AP = area of steel
The resultant stress in concrete at working load due to internal pressure ‘p’ and pre-stress Fe is
ata
F e pR
fc (1)
Ac AT
In Eq.1, if it is assumed that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR .
d
And since At Ac , f c is always negative, implying that there is always a residual compressive stress in
vil
concrete.
Design method 1
Ci
A p = area of steel
Ac = area of concrete
Fi = initial pre-stress
m = factor of safety
in
Es
n
Ec
ot.
Fi A p f i
sp
Fe A p f e
log
At transfer
Fi
Ac (2)
f ct
s.b
At working load
Fe pR
f cw (3) where At Ac nA p
Ac AT
ata
pR
Ap
d
fe
vil
Fi A p f i
Fi
Ac from Eq.2
f ct
Ci
F e pR
f cw from Eq.3
Ac AT
Design method 2
If both f ct and f cw are to be kept in concrete, which may be the case when a tensile stress f cw =
cracking stress, may be allowed, and if a factor of safety ‘m’ is required, then Eq.2 and Eq.3 can be
combined together into the following from.
A p = area of steel
in
Ac = area of concrete
ot.
f cw = permissible stress at working load in concrete
Fi = initial pre-stress
sp
Fe = effective pre-stress after losses
m = factor of safety
log
Es
n
Ec
Fi A p f i
s.b
Fe A p f e
At transfer
ata
Fi f i Ap
Ac
f ct f ct
d
fi
At Ac nA p A p (n )
f ct
vil
At working load
F e mpR
f cw
Ci
Ac AT
f e Ap mpR
f cw
f f
Ap i A p n i
f ct
f ct
f mpR
A p f ct e f cw f ct
fi nf ct f i
f f f f mpR
A p e ct i cw f ct
fi nf ct f i
mpR
in
Ap f f
nf ct f i f e f ct f i f cw ct i
mpR
f ct f i
f
ot.
f
f i n ct 1 fct f e f i cw
fi f ct
mpR
f f
sp
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
3.3 Design of pipes
log
Pre-stressed concrete pipes are suitable when the internal pressure is within 0.5 to 2.0
1. Cylinder type which has a steel cylinder core, over which the concrete is cast and pre-stressed.
s.b
IS:784-2001 Pre-stressed Concrete Pipes (Including Specials), provides guidelines for the design of pre-
stressed concrete pipes with the internal diameter ranging from 200 mm to 2500 mm. The pipes are
ata
designed to withstand the combined effect of internal pressure and external loads. The minimum grade
of concrete in the core should be M40 for non-cylinder type pipes.
1. Centrifugal method: In the centrifugal method the mould is subjected to spinning till the
concrete is compacted to a uniform thickness throughout the length of the pipe.
vil
2. Vertical casting method: In the vertical casting method, concrete is poured in layers up to a
specified height.
Ci
After adequate curing of concrete, first the longitudinal wires are pre-stressed. Subsequently, the
circumferential pre-stressing is done by the wire wound around the core in a helical form. The wire is
wound using a counter weight or a die. Finally a coat of concrete or rich cement mortar is applied over
the wire to prevent from corrosion. For cylinder type pipes, first the steel cylinder is fabricated and
tested. Then the concrete is cast around it.
Example 1 – non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 300 mm, p = 1.05 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -14 MPa, f cw =-0.7 MPa, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 2.5
mm wires are used. And what would be the internal pressure ‘p’ required to balance the pre-stress at
transfer before losses to maintain a stress of -0.7 in concrete?
in
Method 1:
ot.
Assuming that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR ,
pR
sp
Ap
fe
Fi A p f i
Fi = 3941000 = 394 kN
s.b
Fi
Ac
f ct
ata
39410 3
Ac = = 28143 mm2
14
28142
t = = 29 mm
vil
1000
30 mm
At Ac nA p
F e pR
f cw
Ac AT
in
Since f cw is slightly more than specified -0.7 MPa, another trail could be made in the design.
2.5 2
ot.
Aw = = 4.91 mm2
4
Ap
No of wires =
sp
Aw
394
= 81 wires
4.91
log
1000
Spacing = = 12 mm
81
s.b
Method 2:
mpR
A p
f f
ata
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
1.0510 3 300
Ap = = 388 mm2
0.7 14
d
Fi = 3881000 = 388 kN
38810 3
Ac = = 27715 mm2
Ci
14
27715
t = = 28 mm
1000
in
At transfer before losses,
ot.
3881000 p 10 3 300
f cw = = -0.7 MPa
28000 30328
p = 1.33 MPa
sp
Example 2 – non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 800 mm, p = 1 MPa, f i =
log
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -12 MPa, f cw = 0, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 5 mm wires
are used. If cracking stress is +2 MPa, what is the F.S against cracking?
mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
s.b
f ct f i
110 3 800
Ap = = 933 mm2
0 12
ata
933 10 3
Ac = = 77750 mm2
12
vil
77750
t = = 78 mm
1000
Ci
mpR
A p
in
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
ot.
m110 3 800
933 =
2 12
800 1000 1 6
12 1000
sp
m log = 1.2
Pre-stressed concrete liquid retaining structures require low maintenance and resist seismic forces
satisfactory.
s.b
Circular pre-stressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment, water distribution, storm water
management, large industrial tanks, bulk storage tanks and for storing liquefied natural gas (LNG).
ata
The construction of the circular tanks is in the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and
cured. The surface is prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the
d
IS:3370-1967 (1-4) Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids provides
guidelines for the analysis and design of liquid storage tanks. The four sections of the code are titled as
follows:
Ci
In IS:3370-1967 (3), the design requirements for pre-stressed tanks are mentioned. A few of them are:
1. The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and construction, and
under working loads, should be within the permissible values as specified in IS:1343-1980.
2. The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor of 1.2.
in
3. The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.
4. When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points of at least 0.7
N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress greater than 1.0 N/mm2.
ot.
Thus, the tank should be analyzed both for the full and empty conditions.
5. There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during pre-stressing.
Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the pre-stressing force should be considered.
6. The cover requirement is as follows. The minimum cover to the pre-stressing wires should be 35
sp
mm on the liquid face. For faces away from the liquid, the cover requirements are as per
IS:1343-1980. log
The general equations from Eq 1 to Eq 3, would serve well for the design of circular pre-stressed
liquid retaining structure.
Example 1
Determine the area of steel required per meter height of a circular pre-stressed water tank with an
s.b
inside diameter of 18 m and a height of 6 m water pressure. Compute the thickness of concrete
required.
Case 1:
vil
p =
6101000 (on an area of 1m x 1m) = 0.06 MPa
10 6
Ci
pR
Ap
fe
0.0610 3 9000
Ap = = 653 mm2
827
Fi A p f i
Fi = 6531034 = 675 kN
in
Fi
Ac
f ct
ot.
67510 3
Ac = = 130600 mm2
5.17
sp
130600
t = = 130.60 mm
1000
log
140 mm
At Ac nA p
F e pR
f cw
Ac AT
f cw = = -0.172 MPa
140000 146530
vil
Case 2:
Ci
mpR
A p
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct f i
805 10 3
= = 156 x103 mm2
in
Ac
5.17
15610 3
= = 156 mm
ot.
t
1000
165 mm
sp
Ac = 1651000 = 165000 mm2
log
Checking for final stress
f cw
165000 172780
Chapter IV
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Analysis for stresses – Estimate for deflections – Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Many applications of prestressed concrete involve the combination of precast prestressed concrete
beams and in situ reinforced concrete slabs. Some examples of such composite construction are shown
in
in Fig. 10.1. An in situ infill between precast beams is shown in Fig. 10.1(a) while an in situ topping is
shown in Fig. 10.1(b). The former type of construction is often used in bridges, while the latter is
common in building construction. The beams are designed to act alone under their own weight plus the
weight of the wet concrete of the slab. Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and provided that
ot.
there is adequate horizontal shear connection between them, the slab and beam behave as a composite
section under design load. The beams act as permanent formwork for the slab, which provides the
compression flange of the composite section. The section size of the beam can thus be kept to a
minimum, since a compression flange is only required at the soffit at transfer. This leads to the use of
sp
inverted T-, or ‘top-hat’, sections.
Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and the imposed load acts on the composite section, the
additional stress distribution is shown in Fig. 10.2(c). This is determined by ordinary bending theory, but
using the composite section properties.
The final stress distribution is shown Figure
d ata
vil
Ci
in
Stress distribution within a composite section.
The floor slab shown in Fig. 10.3 comprises precast pretensioned beams and an in situ concrete slab. If
ot.
the span of the beams is 5 m and the imposed load is 5 kN/m2 (including finishes), determine the stress
sp
log
distributions at the various load stages. Assume all long-term losses have occurred before the beams are
erected and that the net force in each wire is 19.4 kN. Section properties of the beams:
Ac=1.13×105 mm2
Ic=7.5×108 mm4
s.b
Zt=Zb=6×106 mm3.
Eccentricity of the wires=125−40=85 mm.
(i) Self weight of the beams=0.113×24
=2.7 kN/m.
Mo=(2.7×52)/8
ata
=8.4 kNm.
Total prestress force after all losses have occurred is given by
ßPo=6×19.4
=116.4 kN.
The stress distribution in the beams is thus given by
d
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Ci
(ii) The weight of the slab is supported by the beams acting alone, so that Md=8.4+0.075×0.6×24×52/8
=11.8 kNm.
The stress distribution within the beams is now given by
(iii) The imposed load of 5 kN/m2 is supported by the composite section and the
section properties of this are now required. To find the neutral axis of the composite section, taking
moments about the soffit of the beams gives
(1.13×105+75×600)y=(1.13×105×125+75×600×288)
∴y=171 mm.
Icomp=7.5×108+1.13×105 (171–125)2
+(753×600)/12+(75×600)/(288–171)2
=1.63×109 mm4.
The imposed load bending moment, (Mdes−Md)=0.6×5×52/8
in
=9.4 kNm.
The stress distribution within the composite section under this extra bending moment
is given by
ot.
sp
log
The maximum compressive stress occurs at the upper fibres of the beams, but is significantly lower than
the level of stress had the beam carried the total imposed load alone. This explains the advantage of
inverted T-sections in composite construction, where only a small compression flange is required for
bending moments Mo and Md, the
s.b
ata
Stress distribution for composite section in Example 10.1 (N/mm2): (a) beam; (b)beam and slab; (c)
d
compression flange for bending moment Mdes being provided by the slab. The maximum compressive
stress in the slab is much lower than in the beam and, for this reason, in many composite structures a
lower grade of concrete is used for the in situ portion. The modulus of elasticity for this concrete is
lower than that for the beam and this effect can be taken into account in finding the composite section
properties by using an approximate modular ratio of 0.8.
Ci
The in situ slab in Example 10.1 lies above the composite section neutral axis and, therefore, the slab is
in compression over its full depth under the total design load. However, for composite sections as
shown in Fig. 10.1(a) the in situ portion of the section extends well below the neutral axis, so that the
lower region is in tension. If the tensile strength of this concrete is exceeded then the composite section
properties must be determined on the basis of the in situ section having cracked below the neutral axis.
in
rectangular,
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
but the different strengths of the concrete in the slab and beam regions of the compression zone should
be taken into account.
stresses at the interface between the two regions can be resisted. For shallow members, such as that
shown in Fig. 10.3, there is usually no mechanical key between the two types of concrete, and reliance is
vil
made on the friction developed between the contact surfaces. For deeper sections, mechanical shear
connectors in the form of links projecting from the beam are used, which provide a much better shear
connection. The determination of the horizontal shear resistance is based on the ultimate limit state,
and if this condition is satisfied it may be assumed that satisfactory horizontal shear resistance is
Ci
provided at the serviceability limit state. A simply supported composite section carrying a uniformly
distributed load is shown in Fig. 10.8(a) and the free-body diagram for half the length of the in situ slab
is shown in Fig. 10.8(b). At the simply supported end there must be zero force in the slab, while the
maximum force occurs at the midspan. The distribution of shear forces on the underside of the slab is
also shown in Fig. 10.8(b), being zero at midspan and reaching a maximum at the support. This
behaviour is similar to that in an elastic beam, where the vertical and horizontal shear stresses increase
towards the support for a uniformly distributed load.
The following expression is given in Part 1–3 of EC2 for the horizontal shear stress, where ß is the ratio
of the longitudinal force in the slab to the total longitudinal force, given by Msd/z, both calculated for a
given section; Vsd is the transverse ultimate shear force; z is the lever arm; and bj is the width of the
interface.
The design shear resistance for horizontal joints with vertical shear reinforcement is given by
τRdj=kTτRd+μσN+0.87 fykϱ μ≤0.33 vfck,
where kT is a coefficient with kT=0 if the joint is subjected to tension;
in
τRd is the basic design shear strength from Table
ot.
sp
Horizontal shear: (a) composite section; (b) free-body diagram for in situ slab.
DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENTS
The fact that the slab of a composite member is usually cast at a much later stage than the beam means
log
that most of the time-dependent effects of shrinkage of the slab take place with the section acting
compositely. Most of the shrinkage of the beam will already have occurred by the time the slab is in
place, and the movement due to the shrinkage of the slab will induce stresses throughout the whole of
the composite section. The water content of the slab concrete is often higher than that of the beam,
since a lower strength is required, and this aggravates the problem of differential shrinkage. These extra
stresses, which occur even under zero applied load, are not insignificant and should be considered in
s.b
design. Both the slab and beam undergo creep deformations under load and, although some of the
creep deformations in the beam may have taken place before casting of the slab, the level of
compressive stress is higher in the beam, and so the creep deformations are larger.
d ata
vil
Ci
Differential movements.
in
composite section which tend to reduce those set up by differential shrinkage. A problem which is
encountered, particularly in connection with bridge decks, is that of varying temperature across a
composite section, although this may still be a problem in composite members used as roof structures.
ot.
The hotter upper surface tends to expand more than the cooler lower surface and stresses are induced
throughout the composite section.
A method for determining the stresses due to differential shrinkage will now be outlined, and this can be
adapted to find the stresses due to differential creep and temperature movements. Consider a
sp
composite member as shown in Fig. 10.13, where the slab is shown to have a free shrinkage movement
of δsh relative to the beam. In reality this movement is restrained by the shear forces which are set up
between the slab and beam, putting the slab into tension and the beam into compression. The
log
magnitude of the tensile force in the slab is given by
T=εshAc,slabEc,slab,
where Ac,slab and Ec,slab are the cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity of the slab, respectively,
and εsh is the free shrinkage strain of the slab concrete.
The compressive force in the beam must be numerically equal to this tensile force. In addition to the
direct stresses described above, bending stresses are also introduced by restraint of the free differential
s.b
shrinkage. In order to determine these stresses, the free bodies of the slab and beam are considered, as
shown in Fig. 10.14. Initially, the slab can be regarded as having a force T applied through its centroid, so
that its length is equal to that of the beam. There must be no net external force on the composite
member due to differential shrinkage alone, so a pair of equal and opposite compressive forces must be
applied to maintain equilibrium. However, these compressive forces act on the composite section and
ata
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
d ata
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Ci
Chapter V
5.1 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
General aspects – pretensioned prestressed bridge decks – Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks –
Principle of design only.
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
d ata
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Ci
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
d
vil
Ci
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
d
vil
Ci
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
d
vil
Ci
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
d
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UNIT-I
in
loads.
The flexural member is stiffer under working loads than a reinforced
concrete member of the same length.
ot.
2. Define Pre tensioning and Post tensioning
Pre tensioning: A method of Pre stressing concrete in which the tendons are
tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the prestress is
sp
imparted to concrete by bond between steel and concrete.
Post tensioning: A method of pre stressing concrete by tensioning the
tendons against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted
log
to concrete by bearing.
3. What is the need for the use of high strength concrete and tensile steel in Pre
stressed concrete?
High strength concrete is necessary for prestress concrete as the material
offers highly resistance in tension, shear bond and bearing. In the zone of
s.b
Tensile strength of high tensile steel is in the range of 1400 to 2000 N/mm2
and if initially stress upto 1400 N/mm2 their will be still large stress in the high
vil
tensile reinforcement after making deduction for loss of prestress. Therefore high
tensile steel is made for prestress concrete.
4. Define Kern Distance.
Kern is the core area of the section in which if the load applied tension
Ci
in
Pre stressing of members in which the cable follow a concordant profile. In
case of statically indeterminate structures. It does not cause any changes in
support reaction.
ot.
7. Define bonded and non bonded prestressing concrete.
Bonded prestressing: Concrete in which prestress is imparted to
concrete through bond between the tendons and surrounding concrete.
sp
Pre tensioned members belong to this group.
Non-bonded prestressing: A method of construction in which the tendons
are not bonded to the surrounding concrete. The tendons may be placed in
log
ducts formed in the concrete members or they may be placed outside the
concrete section.
8. Define Axial prestressing
Members in which the entire cross-section of concrete has a uniform
compressive prestress. In this type of prestressing, the centroid, of the
s.b
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PART-B
in
effecting saving in the use of materials.
Prestressed concrete members possess improved resistance to shearing forces,
ot.
due to the effect of compressive prestress, which reduces the principal tensile
stress.
The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members
results in lighter and slender members than is possible with reinforced
sp
concrete.
It is free from cracks, contributes to the improved durability of the structure
under aggressive environmental conditions.
log
The economy of prestressed concrete is well established for long span
structures.
A prestressed concrete flexural member is stiffer under working loads
than a reinforced concrete member of the same depth.
s.b
d ata
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in
The Freyssinet anchorage system, which is widely used in Europe and
India, consists of a cylinder with a conical interior through which the high-tensile wires
pass and against the walls of which the wires are wedged by a conical plug lined
ot.
longitudinally with grooves to house the wires. The main advantages of the Freyssinet
system is that a large number of wires or strands can be simultaneously tensioned using
the double-acting hydraulic jack.
sp
2. a) Discuss about the importance of control of deflections and the factors
influencing the deflection of PSC beams
Importance of control of deflection:
log
The structural concrete members shall designed to have adequate stiffness to limit
deflections, which may adversely affect the strength or serviceability of the
structure at working loads.
Suitable control on deflection is very essential for the following reasons:
s.b
The deflections of prestressed concrete members are influenced byy the following
salient factors:
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b) Describe the various types of losses in prestress. What steps may be taken to reduce
these losses
LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE:
modular ratio and the average stress in concrete at the level of steel.
If fc= prestress in concrete at the level of steel.
Es= modulus of elasticity of steel.
in
Ec= modulus of elasticity of concrete.
αe= Es/ Ec = modular ratio.
ot.
Strain in concrete at the level of steel = (fc/ Ec)
Stress in steel corresponding to this strain = (fc/ Ec) Es
Loss of stress in steel = αe fc
If the initial stress in steel is known, the percentage loss of stress due to the
sp
elastic deformation of concrete can be computed.
Єcs = total residual shrinkage strain having values of 300x106 for pre
tensioning and [200x106/log10(t+2)]
Where, t = age of concrete at transfer in days.
The loss of stress in steel due to the shrinkage of concrete is estimated as,
Loss of stress = Єcs x Es
d
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If = creep coefficient
Єc = creep strain
Єe = elastic strain
αe = modular ratio
fc = stress in concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Creep coefficient( ) = (Єc/ Єe)
Loss of stress in steel = fc αe
in
LOSS DUE TO RELAXATION OF STRESS INN STEEL:
Most of the code provides for the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel as
a percentage of the initial stress in steel. The Indian standard code
ot.
recommends a value varying from 0 to 90 N/mm2 for stress in wire
varying from 0.5 fup to 0.8 fup .
sp
On tensioning the curved tendons, loss of stress occurs in the post-
tensioned members due to friction between the tendons and the
surrounding concrete ducts. The magnitude of this loss is of the following
types:
log
(a) Loss of stress due to the curvature effects, which depends upon
the tendon from or alignment which generally follows a curved profile along the
length of the beam.
s.b
(b) Loss of stress effect, which depends upon the local deviation
in the alignment of the cable. The wobble or wave effect is the result of accidental
or unavoidable misalignment, since ducts or sheaths cannot be perfectly located to
follow predetermined profile throughout the length of the beam.
ata
Px = Poe-(µα+ kx)
LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SLIP:
In most post-tensioned system, when the cable is tensioned and the jack is
released to transfer prestress to concrete, the friction wedges, employed to
d
grip the wires, slip over a small distance before the wires are firmly
housed between the wedges. The magnitude of slip depends upon the type
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in
A=36000mm2
ot.
z=1800000mm3
Stresses due to prestressing force:
P/A(180X10^3/36X10^3) = +5 N/mm2
sp
Pe/Z = (180 x 103 x 50) /(18x10^5) = +5 N/mm^2
log
Bending moment at the centre of the span= (0.125 x 4 x 62) =
18 kN m
Bending stresses at top and bottom=(18x10^6/18x10^5) =+ 10 N/mm^2
s.b
=13.5kNm
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UNIT-II
DESIGN CONCEPTS
PART-A
in
1. What is meant by end block in a post tensioned member?
The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only longitudinal
ot.
stress exists is generally referred to as the anchorage zone or end block.
2. List any two applications of partial prestressing.
Used in large diameter concrete pipes
Used in railway sleepers
sp
Water tanks
Precast concrete piles to counter tensile stress during transport and erection.
used in bridges construction
log
3. What is meant by partial prestressing?
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a limited
degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case, in addition to
tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned reinforcement is
generally used to limit the width of cracks developed under service load.
s.b
The load on the structural element corresponding to the first visible crack.
8. Define Debonding.
Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete.
9. Write formula for Moment of resistance in BIS code.
Ci
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PART-B
1. a) What is meant by partial prestressing? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages when
partial prestressing is done
PARTIAL PRESTRESSING:
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a
in
limited degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case,
in addition to tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned
reinforcement is generally used to limit the width of cracks developed
ot.
under service load.
ADVANTAGES:
sp
Limited tensile stresses are permitted in concrete under service
loads with controls on the maximum width of cracks and
depending upon the type of prestressing and environmental
condition.
log
Untensioned reinforcement is required in the cross-section of a
prestresseed member for various reasons, such as to resist the
differential shrinkage, temperature effects and handling stresses.
Hence this reinforcement can cater for the serviceability
s.b
DISADVANTAGES:
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(b) Explain about the types of flexure failure occurs in prestressed concrete section
in
ot.
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log
s.b
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in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
d ata
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in
ot.
sp
log
2. (a) Explain concept of limit states, partial safety factor.
Partial safety factors, are therefore used for each limit state being reached.
The values of partial safety loads recommended in the British, Indian
and American codes.
s.b
IS code:
Load combination Limit state of collapse Limit state of serviceability
DL LL WL DL LL WL
ata
service life.
(b) Discuss difference in load deflection of under prestressed, partially prestressed and
fully prestressed.
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The load deflection curve is approximately linear upto the stage of visible
cracking, but beyond this stage the deflection increase at a faster rate due to the
reduced stiffness of the beam.
in
a= βL2M/ Ec Ir
where a = Max deflection
L = Effective span
ot.
M = Max moment
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ir = IInd commend of area.
In the bilinear method, the moment curvature is approximately by second straight
sp
line.
The instantaneous deflection in the post cracking stage is obtained as the sum
of deflection upto cracking load based on gross section and beyond the cracking
log
load considering the cracked section.
Hence deflection are estimated by
a= βL2 {(Mcr/ EcIc)+((M-Mc)/0.85Ecfck)}
s.b
d ata
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3. The end block of a post-tensioned PSC beam, 300 x 300 mm is subjected to a
concentric anchorage force of 832.8 kN by a Freyssinet anchorage of area
11720 mm2. Design and detail the anchorage reinforcement for the end
block.(NOV-DEC 2009)
in
=9.3 N/mm2
2ypo = (π/4xd2) (1/2) = √(11720x4/π = 123mm
ot.
2yo = 300/2 = 150mm
Ypo/yo = (123/300)=0.41
sp
Fc = P/A = 832.8/(300x300) = 9.25N/mm2
Tensile stress Fv(max) =fc(0.98 – 0.825 ypo/yo) = 9.3(0.98 – 0.825x0.41) = 6 N/mm2
Bursting tension Fbst = p(0.48 – 0.4 ypo/yo)
log
= 832800(0.48-0.4x0.41)
= 264000N
Using 10mm diameter mild steel links with yield stress of 260
N/mm2
s.b
=30mm
d
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UNIT III
Circular prestressing
Part A
in
ot.
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log
s.b
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in
The constructor creates the object and an initialization function initializes it.
ot.
deformation of the pre-cast concrete units during construction
Manufacturing inaccuracies led to out of tolerance units being delivered to the
sp
site under investigation and may have affected the ability to achieve a good
seal.
log
5. Mention the importance of shrinkage in composite construction?
(NOV-DEC 2010)
The time dependent behavior of composite prestressed concrete
s.b
beams depends upon the presence of differential shrinkage and creep of the
concretes of web and deck, in addition to other parameters, such as relaxation
of steel, presence
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Part B
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1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-
tensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
in
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
ot.
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
sp
the equation below: log
s.b
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
ata
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
d
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
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bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.
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Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
in
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
ot.
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
sp
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.
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2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
s.b
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in
ot.
sp
log
The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined
s.b
A gap temporarily left between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure which
after a suitable interval and before the structure is put into use, is filled with mortar
or concrete either completely ( Fig. 5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion
d
of suitable jointing materials ( Fig. 5B and SC). In the former case the width of the
gap should be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling.
vil
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
Ci
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.
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3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the
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concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
in
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
ot.
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
sp
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
log
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
s.b
d ata
vil
Ci
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in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
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in
ot.
sp
log
The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined
by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
s.b
structure is put into use, is filled with mortar or concrete either completely ( Fig.
5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion of suitable jointing materials ( Fig.
5B and SC). In the former case the width of the gap should be sufficient to allow
d
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
Ci
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in
structures are prestressed to avoid tension in the concrete. In addition, prestressed
concrete tanks require low maintenance. The resistance to seismic forces is also
ot.
satisfactory.
Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
sp
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
log
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential prestressing is
s.b
The analysis of liquid storage tanks can be done by IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, or by
the finite element method. The Code provides coefficients for bending moment,
shear and hoop tension (for cylindrical tanks), which were developed from the
d
theory of plates and shells. In Part 4, both rectangular and cylindrical tanks are
vil
cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.
For base
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Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
in
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water-
stops for liquid tightness.
ot.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
sp
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
log
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
s.b
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure. If the tank is built
ata
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
d
given as follows.
vil
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
Ci
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in
The values of the coefficients are tabulated in IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, for various
values of H2/Dt, at different depths of the liquid. D and t represent the inner
ot.
diameter and the thickness of the wall, respectively. The typical variations of CT
and CM with depth, for two sets of boundary conditions are illustrated.
The roof can be made of a dome supported at the edges on the cylindrical wall.
sp
Else, the roof can be a flat slab supported on columns along with the edges.
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, provides coefficients for the analysis of the floor and roof
log
slabs.
Design
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 3, provides design requirements for prestressed tanks. A few
s.b
Here,
vil
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greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.
in
4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
ot.
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
sp
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
log
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
s.b
Fire resisting, particularly grassing and pushing fire near ground line.
Easily installed in drilled holes in ground with or without concrete fill.
Lighter because of reduced cross section when compared with reinforced
Ci
concrete poles.
Clean and neat in appearance and requiring negligible maintenance for a
number of years, thus ideal suited for urban installation.
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UNIT III
Circular prestressing
Part A
in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
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in
The constructor creates the object and an initialization function initializes it.
ot.
deformation of the pre-cast concrete units during construction
Manufacturing inaccuracies led to out of tolerance units being delivered to the
sp
site under investigation and may have affected the ability to achieve a good
seal.
log
5. Mention the importance of shrinkage in composite construction?
(NOV-DEC 2010)
The time dependent behavior of composite prestressed concrete
s.b
beams depends upon the presence of differential shrinkage and creep of the
concretes of web and deck, in addition to other parameters, such as relaxation
of steel, presence
ata
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Part B
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1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-
tensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
in
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
ot.
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
sp
the equation below: log
s.b
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
ata
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
d
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
Ci
bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.
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Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
in
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
ot.
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
sp
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.
log
2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
s.b
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in
ot.
sp
log
The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined
s.b
A gap temporarily left between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure which
after a suitable interval and before the structure is put into use, is filled with mortar
or concrete either completely ( Fig. 5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion
d
of suitable jointing materials ( Fig. 5B and SC). In the former case the width of the
gap should be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling.
vil
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
Ci
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.
5 Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the
Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in slab of prestressed
concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
in
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
ot.
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
sp
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
log
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
s.b
d ata
vil
Ci
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in
ot.
sp
log
s.b
ata
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in
ot.
sp
log
The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined
by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
s.b
structure is put into use, is filled with mortar or concrete either completely ( Fig.
5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion of suitable jointing materials ( Fig.
5B and SC). In the former case the width of the gap should be sufficient to allow
d
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
Ci
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in
structures are prestressed to avoid tension in the concrete. In addition, prestressed
concrete tanks require low maintenance. The resistance to seismic forces is also
ot.
satisfactory.
Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
sp
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
log
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential prestressing is
s.b
The analysis of liquid storage tanks can be done by IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, or by
the finite element method. The Code provides coefficients for bending moment,
shear and hoop tension (for cylindrical tanks), which were developed from the
d
theory of plates and shells. In Part 4, both rectangular and cylindrical tanks are
vil
cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.
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For base Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in
Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water-
in
stops for liquid tightness.
For top
ot.
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
sp
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
log
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
s.b
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
vil
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following expression.
Ci
V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as follows.
CT = coefficient for hoop tension
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in
The values of the coefficients are tabulated in IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, for various
values of H2/Dt, at different depths of the liquid. D and t represent the inner
ot.
diameter and the thickness of the wall, respectively. The typical variations of CT
and CM with depth, for two sets of boundary conditions are illustrated.
The roof can be made of a dome supported at the edges on the cylindrical wall.
sp
Else, the roof can be a flat slab supported on columns along with the edges.
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, provides coefficients for the analysis of the floor and roof
log
slabs.
Design
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 3, provides design requirements for prestressed tanks. A few
s.b
Here,
vil
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4) When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points
of at least 0.7 N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress
greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.
in
4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
ot.
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
sp
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
log
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
s.b
Fire resisting, particularly grassing and pushing fire near ground line.
Easily installed in drilled holes in ground with or without concrete fill.
Lighter because of reduced cross section when compared with reinforced
Ci
concrete poles.
Clean and neat in appearance and requiring negligible maintenance for a
number of years, thus ideal suited for urban installation.
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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT V
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
Part A
t.in
High-strength concrete and high-tensile steel, besides being economical,
make for slender sections, which are aesthetically superior.
Prestressed concrete bridges can be designed as class I type structures without any tensile
stresses under service loads, thus resulting in a crack-free structure.
po
In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges require very
littlemaintenance.
Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge construction in which precast
gs
prestressed girders support the cast in situ slab deck. This type of con• struction is very
popular since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.
o
2.Typical types Of Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges .
.bl
a. Voided slab
b. Single tee
c. Box beams
d. Double tee
tas
t.in
In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges require very
littlemaintenance.
Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge construction in which precast
prestressed girders support the cast in situ slab deck. This type of con• struction is very
po
popular since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VII/IV CIVIL ENGINEERING
2.Typical types Of Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges
t.in
po
(a) Voided slab (b) Single tee
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in
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4
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in
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5
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P.JAGATEESH 2015-16
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t. in
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