1

STAMFORD GENERATOR CODE

U C . M 2 2 4 C 1

U C . I 2 7 4 C 2

Generator type UC

Specific type

Industrial = I or marine = M

Shaft height in cm on BC / UC

Number of poles 2 or 4

Core lenght

Number of bearings 1 or 2

2
 STAMFORD GENERATOR CODE

H C . M 5 3 4 C 1

P . I 7 3 4 B 2

Generator type HC or P

Specific type

Industrial = I or marine = M

Frame size and control type on HC

Number of poles 4 or 6

Core lenght

Number of bearings 1 or 2

3
Generator name plate

4
1. The Stator insulation should be checked with an Insulation tester. The test instrument should be 600 or 1000 volts for low voltage Generators( up to 690V).
2. Disconnect the AVR completely before carrying out this test.
De cable are selected in the following class
3. Disconnect any connections from Neutral to Earth.
4. For low voltage machines (up to 690 V), the MINIMUM insulation value is 1.0 Meg-Ohm to Earth (Ground). Windings Must be dried out if below 1.0 Meg-Ohm.
indications:

Class 1= Solid
Class 2 = Stranded
Class 5 = Flexible
Class 6 = Very flexible

5
• 1. The Stator insulation should be checked with an Insulation tester. The test
instrument should be 600 or 1000 volts for low voltage Generators( up to 690V).
• 2. Disconnect the AVR completely before carrying out this test.
• 3. Disconnect any connections from Neutral to Earth.
• 4. For low voltage machines (up to 690 V), the MINIMUM insulation value is 1.0
Meg-Ohm to Earth (Ground). Windings Must be dried out if below 1.0 Meg-Ohm.
6
Synchronous and A-synchronous generators

synchroon asynchroon

(induction generator)

7
8
Caldic Product training
9
Creating a magnetic field

10
 Electromagnetic Induction

Michael Faraday’s discovery in 1831

Movement

Right hand rule for

electromagnetic
N fields

Field
Magnet Current

This basic principle explains the working of a generator

11
 Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency

 Main Stator Coils in Slots (section)  Main Stator Core

 4 Pole Main Rotor

 Air Gap
1 Cycle S
SHAFT

N
N
 Consider the Coils in the slot at 12 Oclock position, marked with the ARROW.

 The NEGATIVE Pole of the 4 pole Rotor is directly under the slot, therefore
the coil conductors in this slot will be going fully NEGATIVE

12
 Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency

 Main Stator Coils in Slots  Main Stator Core

 4 Pole Main Rotor

 Air Gap
1 Cycle

 The Rotor has now rotated Clockwise 45 º, until exactly half-way between
Negative and Positive Poles appears beneath the 12 O'clock position.

 The coil conductors in this slot will now be at ZERO VOLTAGE.

13
 Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency

 Main Stator Coils in Slots  Main Stator Core

 4 Pole Main Rotor

 Air Gap
1 Cycle N
SHAFT

S
S
 The Rotor has now rotated Clockwise 90 º, until the POSITIVE Pole is DIRECTLY
UNDERNEATH the 12 O'clock position.
 The coil conductors in this slot will now be at the FULLY POSITIVE position
 The 4 Poles will produce 2 FULL CYCLES for each 360 º FULL REVOLUTION.
14
 1 and 3 phase waveform
Series Star

 1 phase waveform U
U1

U2 U5
8

W6 U6 N
6 V6
V2
W2

W5 V5
W1 7 V1

 3 phase waveform v
w

15
 Excitation System - All Generators types

Exciter
Stator Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator

Bearing

Main Rotor
Shaft

Rectifier
Fan

16
Excitation System - Wound Exciter Stator

X+ (F1)

XX- (F2) To A.V.R Terminals

N S N S

 High-remanence steel core

 Stores Residual Magnetism
 12-14 pole magnet field
 High frequency Generator

17
 Excitation System - All Generators types

Exciter
Rotor
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator

Bearing

Main Rotor
Shaft

Rectifier
Fan

18
 Excitation system -All generator type
Wound Exciter Rotor Assembly
 3 Phase A.C output, each Phase connected to 2 diodes on Main Rectifier.
 High Frequency output, ( from 12 to 14 Pole Exciter Stator ).
 Exciter generator is a Power amplifier for the main rotor.
W
U

SHAFT V

W
19
Excitation System - All Generators types
Exciter Rotor and
Main Rectifier
Circuit
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator

Bearing

Main Rotor
Shaft

Rectifier
Fan

20
 Exciter Rotor and Rectifier Assembly
 Wound Exciter Rotor
W
U

 Rectifier Assembly

SHAFT V

W
 Rectifier Assembly Mounted on Exciter rotor Core, (drive end side).
 NOTE: BC & Frame 8 Generators are mounted at the non-drive end side.

21
 Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Assembly
Exciter Rotor 3 Phase with
Internal Star Point

SHAFT

, Slide 22
 Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Connections

 Rectifier Input Terminal

SHAFT

 3 Phase A.C Exciter Rotor Connected to Rectifier input terminals

23
 Main Rectifier Assembly UC/BC Type

 UC/BC Diodes 25 Amp 800V

 3 Phase A.C Input
 Aluminium
from Exciter Rotor.
Heat-sinks
(Insulated Terminals)
 Split Two-Piece  Varistor
Rectifier Hub (Surge Suppressor)

 Rectifier Diodes
Positive Plate
Cathode Stud SHAFT

 Rectifier Diodes
Negative Plate
Anode Stud

24
 Main Rectifier Assembly HC and Frame 8 Type
 HC4,5 Diodes 36 Amp 1400 Volt
 HC6,7 & F8 Diodes 70 Amp 1400 Volt
 3 Phase A.C Input  Aluminium
from Exciter Rotor. Heat-sinks
(Insulated Terminals)
 Varistors
 Single Piece (Surge Suppressors)
Rectifier Hub

 Rectifier Diodes
Negative Plate SHAFT
Anode Stud

 Rectifier
Diodes
Positive Plate
 Output to Cathode Stud
Main Rotor
25
 Main Rectifier Assembly- Operation of a Diode
+VE

 A.C Input to Rectifier Diodes 0

 Rectifier Diode -VE

Positive Heatsink
Cathode Stud
+VE
+ 0

-VE

 Rectifier Diode
Negative Heatsink +VE
Anode Stud
0

-VE

 for a 12 pole exciter field the frequency will be 150 or 180 HZ (cycles/second).

26
 Main Rectifier Assembly- 3 Phase Rectification

 A.C Input to Rectifier Diodes

 D.C output to Main Rotor

+

 Full wave 3 Phase rectification will produce a D.C output of 1.35 X A.C input voltage

27
SINGLE PH 1/2 WAVE = V ( L-L) X 0.45
SINGLE PH FULL WAVE = V (L-L) X 0.9

THREE PHASE 1/2 WAVE = V (L-L) X 0.68

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE = V (L-L) X 1.35

28
 Metal Oxide Varistor (Surge Suppressor)
 UC & BC Type 350 Volt  HC & F8 Type 778 Volt
 Clamping @ 30 Amp 680 Volts  Clamping @ 100 Amp 1365 Volts

Diode Protection Device

For Transient Suppression

SHAFT SHAFT
Main Rotor
Connections

29
 Metal Oxide Varistor (Surge Suppressor)
Diode Protection device
Typical high voltage transient created by fault
Direction of transient condition in the distribution system.
(up to 2- 3000 Volts)

High Transient surges can be created by:-

 Energy absorbed
by Varistor. Crash Synchronising onto live bus-bars.
 Electric storm, (lightning), and field effects on
overhead lines (distribution systems).
 Varistor clamping  Arcing, caused by faulty switching, motor failure,
(Protection) level. short circuits in the distribution system.

D.C output from t = µ secs. D.C Voltage to Main rotor

main Rectifier

30
 Main Rectifier Connections to Main Rotor

Main Rectifier Main Rotor

 Aluminium
Heat-sinks

SHAFT D.C

 The Rectifier Output is a smooth D.C Supply across the Aluminium Heat Sinks
 This is fed to the Main Rotor windings

31
 Wound Main Rotor - Coil Group connections

ANTI CLOCK

D.C Input
From Main S
Rectifier

CLOCK CLOCK
N N

ANTI CLOCK

 The Rotor coils are connected continously in Series (4 Pole Rotor shown).
 Each coil is reversed to the adjacent coil, producing the required polarity

32
 Main Rotor- Amortisseur (Damper) Windings

S  Amortisseur Winding (Damper Bars)

(Aluminium Damper Bars Welded to End Plates )

SHAFT

N
N

33
 Main Rotor - Amortisseur (Damper) Windings

SHAFT

N
N
 Helps dampen speed oscillations resulting from cyclic irregularities in
the engine
 Stabilises the mechanical systems during large load changes.
 Helps to stabilise load sharing with other Generators in Parallel.
 Improves Harmonic Distortion in the Generator waveform

34
 Excitation System - Self Excited Generators

X+ (F1)
D.C Output XX- (F2)
A.V.R A.C
From A.V.R Power & Sensing
Into Input From
Exciter Stator Main Stator
Main Stator (Sensing
Exciter
2 or 3 Phase)
Rotor
& Stator

Bearing

Main Rotor
Shaft

Rectifier
Fan

35
 Initial Excitation is produced by Residual Magnetism in the Exciter Stator

Core.

 The Residual Voltage is fed back to the A.V.R as a power supply.

 The Exciter Generator increases the amplified power (A.C) into the

main Rectifier assembly.

 The Rectifier converts this 3 Phase A.C into D.C The Magnetic Field.

 An A.C power supply for the AVR is fed back from the main stator windings.

 A Feedback Signal (Sensing Supply ), is also fed back from the main stator

to

the A.V.R, for control of the Generator voltage.

 When Load current is switched on, the sensing signal will try to fall.

 When load current is released , the output voltage will try to rise.

 The AVR automatically responds to the sensing signal by increasing or

decreasing the excitation voltage respectively 36

 Wound Main Stator Assembly
 Core built from high grade Electrical Steel, to reduce Iron losses (heat).
 Each lamination is electrically insulated to minimise Eddy Currents in the core.
 12 Ends Out Re-connectable, 6 Ends out Star / Delta, or Dedicated Windings.
 Class ‘H’ Insulation as standard, 125 º C Temperature rise in 40º Ambient.
 2/3rds Pitch windings, Triplen ( 3rd, 6th, 9th ect.), Harmonics virtually eliminated.
 HC & F8 range all V.P.I Epoxy resin Impregnation as standard.
 BC & UC range trickle epoxy impregnation with epoxy or alkyde coating.

Laminated Steel core Copper Windings

Output Leads

37
 Wound Main Stator Assembly - Core Length

 Core length of Stator & Rotor (L) Determines KVA Rating for each Frame size
 BC16 A,B,C, D. Core Lengths = 5.4 KVA to 16 KVA (@ 50 HZ)
 BC18 E,FG. Core Lengths = 15 KVA to 31.3 KVA (@ 50 HZ)
 UC22 C,D,E,F,G. Core Lengths = 37.5 KVA to 85 KVA(@ 50 HZ)
 UC27 C,D,E,F,G,H. Core Lengths = 92.5 KVA to 250 (@ 50 HZ)
Core lengths
Output
Leads
L

Laminated
Laminated Steel
Steel corecore
Windings

38
 Wound Main Stator Assembly - Core Length

 Core length of Stator & Rotor (L) Determines KVA Rating for each Frame size
 HC4 C, D ,E, F Core Lengths = 250 KVA to 400 KVA (@ 50 HZ)
 HC5 C, D, E, F Core Lengths = 450 KVA to 675 KVA (@ 50 HZ)
 HC6 G, H, J, K Core Lengths = 800 KVA to 1110 KVA (@ 50 HZ)
 HC7 E, F, G, H Core Lengths = 1350 KVA to 2000 KVA (@ 50 HZ)
Core lengths

Output Leads Copper Windings

Laminated Steel core

39
 Excitation System - All Generators types

Main Stator
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator

Bearing

Main Rotor
Shaft

Rectifier
Fan

40
 Wound Main Stator Assembly
Stator Winding Coils (Lap winding)
COIL PHASE GROUP
OUTPUT CONDUCTORS
OUTPUT
CONDUCTORS

COIL END
(OVERHANG)

COIL
STATOR SPAN COIL
CORE (PITCH) TURNS
LENGTH

 The output voltage of the stator is determined by the number of turns per coil, the stator
core length, the velocity of the magnetic field (rotor), and the strength of the magnetic field.
The Current capacity of the coil is determined by the cross sectional area of the copper wires
(conductors), and number of wires in parallel.

41
 Typical Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable

WINDING LEADS
START OF COIL 2/3RDS PITCH
GROUP COIL SPAN 1 TO 9
1 - PHASE GROUP
WINDING LEADS ( 4 COILS PER GROUP)
FINISH OF COIL
GROUP

FULL PITCH
S COIL SPAN 1 - 13

SHAFT

N
N

MAIN STATOR WINDING

MAIN ROTOR
SECTION ( 48 SLOT )
(4 POLE)

42
FOR A 4 POLE STATOR WITH 48 SLOTS,
FULL POLE PITCH WOULD BE 48/4 = 12 SLOTS
2/3RDS PITCH = 12 x 2/3RDS = 8 SLOTS ( WHICH IS PITCH 1 - 9 )

EACH POLE TIP TO POLETIP = 180 ELECTRICAL DEG.s, ( 90 DEG’s

MECHANICAL)
T HEREFORE EACH SLOT IS
180/ 12 = 15 ELECTRICAL DEG,s APART

EACH PHASE IS 120 DEG APART

∴ EACH PHASE GROUP IS 120/15 = 8 SLOTS APART
∴ IF ‘U’ PH. STARTS AT SLOT 1 , ‘V’ STARTS AT SLOT 9, ‘W’ AT SLOT 17, ETC

ADJACENT GROUPS OF COILS ARE PARALLELED INTERNALY

∴ FOR 12 COIL GROUPS (24 ENDS OUT) WE GET 12 ENDS OUT TO THE
TERMINALS

FOR CONCENTRIC WINDINGS COIL SPAN = 1-12, 2-11, 3-10, 4-9. ( AVERAGE
CORDING FACTOR OVERALL IS 2/3RDS PITCH)

43
 Typical Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable

 Connections shown in Series Star

N V6 Neutral

6
AVR Sensing
& Power supply
W W1

3 Phase Output
from Main Stator
7
V V1

8
U U1

44
 Wound Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable

Series Star Parallel Star

U U
U1 8
U1 U5

U2 U5
8
U2 U6

W6 U6 N
W2 N V6
6 V6
V2 V5
W2
W1
W5 V5
W1 7 V1 6 W6 V2

w v w W5 V1 v
7
Voltage Range (winding 311) Voltage Range (winding 311)
380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ 190 to 220 V @ 50 HZ
416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ 208 to 240 V @ 60 HZ
Single Phase (N) = Line voltage/ √ 3 Single Phase (N) = Line voltage/ √ 3

45
 Wound Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable

Series Delta Double Delta

8 6
Centre
Tap

6 7 8 7

Voltage Range (winding 311) Voltage Range (Winding 311)

220 to 250 V @ 50 HZ, 240 to 277 V @ 60 HZ 220 to 250 V @ 50 HZ, 240 to 277 V @ 60 HZ
No Neutral connection. Single Phase Only, output across U & W
Centre Tap for low volts 1ph only Centre Tap (N) for low volts
110 to 125 @ 50 HZ, 120 to 138 @ 60 HZ

46
 Wound Main Stator 6 Ends Out

Sensing Supply to A.V.R for STAR connection

U 8

Examples - 6 ends Stators

Winding 312 U1
380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ
416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ
Single Phase (N) = L-L /√3
U2
Winding 26
660 - 690 Volts @ 50 HZ N
W2
Winding 7 V2
600 V @ 60HZ
Isolation transformer
8
W1 V1
7
7
w v
6
6
 The AVR Sensing supply is connected to the main stator via a sensing isolation transformer,
which is fitted in the main terminal box.
 Other windings producing higher voltage requirements will require a different transformer
ratio, to supply the AVR with the correct voltage adjustment range

47
 Main Stator Windings -Voltage Ranges

 The output voltage of the generator is set by adjustment of the AVR Voltage trimmer.
 The potential voltage range of the AVR can be much higher or lower than the design limits
for the Generator windings.
 The Voltage Range is decided by many inter-dependant design considerations.

48
 Main Stator Windings -Voltage Ranges

OPEN CIRCUIT MAGNETISING CURVE

 Each Winding is designed to operate within a specified Voltage Range.

The Generator must operate within the Optimum Voltage Range for the Windings.

Generator Output Voltage Saturation

Open Circuit Magnetisation Curve

Maximum flux level

Middle flux level

Minimum Flux Level

Output Voltage
From Generator

0
D.C Excitation Current

49
 Main Stator Windings -Voltage Ranges
Typical Winding Types with Voltage Ranges in Series Star
Winding Number Stator 50HZ 60HZ
Number Phases Ends Min Mid Max Min Mid Max
311 3 12 380 415 440 440 460 480
312 3 6 380 415 440 440 460 480
25 3 12 660 675 690 - - -
26 3 6 660 675 690 - - -
13 3 6 - - - 380 400 416
14 3 12 - - - 380 400 416
17 3 12 - - 500 - - 600
7 3 6 - - 500 - - 600
5 1 4 220 230 240 - - -
6 1 4 - - - 220 230 240

 The ranges of Voltage and Frequency for each winding is determined by the number of turns per coil.
 For a given Generator size (kVA rating), as turns are increased to meet a higher voltage requirement, the current, and
therefore the cross-sectional area of the coils, are reduced to maintain the same rating.
 Operating the Generator outside of the Stator winding design parameters will :-

A) Below minimum flux level - The Control System will be affected, creating poor voltage response to load changes, (higher
voltage dip and overshoot), and overheated stator windings.
B) Above Maximum flux level - The Excitation current will be too high, resulting in overheating of the excitation
windings,(main rotor), with possible insulation deterioration, (reduced life expectancy for the insulations system).

50
51
 Excitation System - Self Excited Generators
AVR Input Power & Sensing
170 - 250 Volts
A.C. 2 or 3 Phase sensing
To Load Terminals
A.V.R
Generator Output
Automatic
Voltage A.C. 50 or 60 HZ
AVR Output Regulator
D.C
Exciter Stator Main
( Residual Magnetism) X+ XX- Rectifier
Main Stator Magnetic Flux
D.C 3 pH. A.C.

Exciter Rotor
pH A.C
Main Rotor Shaft
to
A.C D.C.
D.C

52
Initial Excitation is produced by Residual Magnetism in the Exciter Stator Core.
This Generates a voltage in the Main Stator windings, called ‘Residual Voltage’.
The Residual Voltage is fed back to the A.V.R as a power supply, switching on
control devises in the AVR ‘Build-Up Circuit’.

The A.V.R feeds D.C power into the Exciter Stator, increases the field strength
(magnetic flux), and generating voltage and current in the exciter rotor.
The Exciter rotor amplifies the power (A.C) available for the main rotor, and feeds
this via the main Rectifier assembly.

The Rectifier converts this 3 Phase A.C into D.C, and supplies D.C power
to the main rotor windings.
The Magnetic Field ( Flux) created by the Main Rotor is strengthened, increasing
the output voltage produced by the Main Stator windings.

An A.C power supply for the AVR is fed back from the main stator windings.
A control signal (Sensing Supply ), is also fed back from the main stator to the
A.V.R, for voltage control of the output of the Generator.

When Load current is switched on, the sensing signal will fall, and the A.V.R
automatically increases the output D.C voltage and current into the exciter stator
(DC field ).
When load current is released , the output voltage will rise, the A.V.R
automatically reduces the dc output into the exciter stator. 53
 Excitation System - Separately Excited Generators

The Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)

P2, P3, P4 Power Supply To A.V.R

 Generator Shaft (Non-Drive -End)

 Dowel Pin for PMG Rotor Location

 Ceramic Magnet Rotor, highly magnetic saturated field. 8 Pole Rotor , 100 HZ (at
1500 RPM ) or 120 HZ (at 1800 RPM )
 Through Bolt fixture to Shaft non drive end
 Permanent Magnet Stator 3 Phase A.C 170 to 220 Volts, separate power supply
for the A.V.R

54
 Excitation System - Separately Excited Generators

PMG
Power P2 -P3 -P4 X+ (F1) A.V.R A.C Sensing
Supply 6-7-8
Supply
To A.V.R XX- (F2) From
Main Stator Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor (2 or 3 Phase)
& Stator

Bearing

Main Rotor
Shaft

Rectifier
Fan

55
P.M.G Assembly UC Frame sizes

56
 PMG Rotor & Stator Assembly - HC Frames

 Optional on HC4,& HC5

 3 Phase A.C, 170- 220 Volts
P.M.G
Rotor

P.M.G
Stator
in Housing

57
 Frame 8 Component Assembly - Permanent Magnet Generator
 P.M.G Rotor, 8 Poles, 100 HZ @ 1500 RPM, or 120 HZ at 1800 RPM.
 P.M.G Stator, 3 Phase A.C , 170 to 220 Volts

 P.M.G Stator
Housing & Outer
Bearing Cap

58
 Separately Excited Generators

ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE EXCITATION SYSTEM

 SUSTAINED SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS,

(REQUIREMENT FOR ALL MARINE CLASSIFICATIONS).

 UNAFFECTED BY ADVERSE LOADING CONDITIONS SUCH AS WAVEFORM

DISTORTION CAUSED BY NON LINEAR LOADS

 POWERFUL VOLTAGE BUILD UP SYSTEM ON INITIAL RUN-UP

(DOES NOT RELY UPON RESIDUAL MAGNETISM)

 CAPABLE OF VOLTAGE BUILD UP AGAINST LOAD

(FREQUENCY STARTING OF LARGE MOTORS).

 ISOLATED POWER SUPPLY FOR THE AVR.

(PROTECTS AVR FROM TRANSIENT CONDITIONS IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)

59
Excitation System - Separately Excited Generators

Permanent Magnet Generator Kits

Complete Upfit Kits are available to convert a self excited

Generator to a Separately Excited (PMG) control system.
Kits
Frames UC22 and UC27 Kit 45-0075
Frame HC4 Kit 45-0059
Frames HC5 & 6 Kit 45-0060
Frame HC7 Kit 45-0119
Frame P7 Kit 45-0397

 Note : A suitable AVR for the PMG control system is required.

60
61
 kVA and kW Power

Spanning

Stroom

CALDIC
Techniek
62
 KVA and kW Power

Apparent Power kVA (Electric power)

The apparent power is a product of voltage and current delivered by the generator.

P= UxI=

P = Power VA. ( Volt/Amp) 1000 VA = 1 KVA

U = Volts Volt (phase voltage)

I = Current Amp (phase current)

63
 Active Power kW. ( Mechanical power)

The Active power delivered by the prime mover to the generator will be indicated as Watt
power.

The phase difference between current and Voltage will be indicated with the power factor.

Power factor = cos.phi.

P = U x I x √3 x cos.phi. = W 1000 W = 1 kW

64
470 kWe 470 kVA 470 kWe 522 kVA 470 kWe 587 kVA 470 kWe 671 kVA

kVAr

65
 CALCULATE DERATE REQUIREMENTS FOR POWER FACTORS

POWER FACTOR

PER 0.8 0.9 0.95 1.00 0.95 0.9 0.8 PER

UNIT UNIT
0.7 kW kW 0.7
STATOR DAMAGE
1.0 1.0

0.9 ENGINE 0.9

0.6 OVERLOAD 0.6
0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6
POLE SLIP SAFE OPERATING ROTOR
INSTABILITY AREA DAMAGE
0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4
0.4 0.4
0.3 SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE 0.3
0.3 Xd = 3.0, (300%) 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9
1.0

1.0
IMPORT(LEAD) PER UNIT kVAR EXPORT (LAG)

66
 Frame type standard generator
Frame type HC534F is the standard
generator including Permanent
Magnet Generator

(series 3 excitation system).

The HC544F is a generator without a

permanent magnet excitation system.

HCK534F generator. These machines

are fitted with a inclined bladed fan
operating with a voluted drive end
bracket designed to optimise the fans
performance (not used on marine
generators).
67
68
, Slide 69 69
 Rating, Overload, Altitude, Ambient temp.
BASE CONTINUOUS RATING
Also known as BASIC CONTINUOUS - BR (ISO 8528-3) or Continuous Running
Duty - Duty type S1 (EN 60034-1, IEC34-1 AND BS4999 part 101) or Continuous
Duty (NEMA IVIG1 -22). As the title suggests the generator is capable of supporting
the specified kVA rating at the specified ambient and power factor for continuous use
without over stressing the insulation system.
Continuous running at variable load for un limited periods with 10% overload
available for 1hr in any 12 hr period.

PEAK STANDBY RATING (40 °C ambient temperature)

This rating is defined in ISO 8528-3 as PEAK CONTINUOUS PR it equates to S10

(rating with discrete constant loads) in EN60034-1 and STANDBY RATING in
NEMA IVIG1-22. Here the class H temperature rise is allowed to increase above the
BASE continuous rating. The result is an increased rating at the expense of reducing
the lifetime of the generator by between 2 to 6 times. Peak standby continuous rating
offers an economical sizing for emergency back up power supplies.
Continuous running at variable load for duration of an emergency. No overload is
permitted on these ratings.
70
PEAK STANDBY RATING (27 °C ambient temperature)

EN 60034-1 states that with the customer's prior agreement an

increase in rating may be made to account for a decrease in ambient
temperature. The ratings quoted at 27 °C ambient allow for an
increased temperature rise to bring the operating temperature of the
generator to the same level as seen at 40 °C ambient as above.

CONTINUOUS MARINE RATING

This is a lower rating than the continuous maximum industrial rating.

All standard performance criteria are met and bettered, but at a 50 °C
ambient temperature, rather than the 40 °C ambient temperature
considered for industrial applications. The overall actual temperature
of the winding and insulation remains constant.

All ratings are based on altitude up to 1000 metres above sea level.
71
Control system
All the marine generators have a series 3 control system HCM534
Separately exited with the permanent magnet generator.

AVR
Automatic Voltage Regulator.
The AVR´s used on marine generators are the MX341 or MX342 standard up to
frame 5 and P7
The MX321 is still standard on the HCM 6 generator.

Voltage Regulation
MX341 has a Voltage regulation with an accuracy of ± 1.0% .
MX342 has a linear Volt per Hertz behaviour from 25 up to 60 Hz and the current
limit option.
The MX321 has a Voltage regulation accuracy of ± 0,5 %.
Voltage regulations are from no load to full load including cold to hot variations for
any power factor between 0,8 lagging and unity allowing for 4 % engine speed
variation. Voltage is adjusted using a trimmer on the AVR.

72
Insulation System
The insulation system is class H. All wound components are impregnated with
materials and processes designed specifically to provide protection against the
harsh environments encountered in generator applications.
Rated power factor
The standard published output lists usually quote a KVA rating as well as a kW
power rating, and in relating these a power factor of 0,8 lagging is assumed:
i.e. kW = o,8 x kVA
Protection
The standard protection is IP22 and marine machines require a IP23 protection
what means that the generator is protected for water under an angle of 60° and
protected against dust larger than 1 mm2
Stator Winding
The standard winding Double Layer Lap. This is the way the manufacturer has
put the stator windings in the slots of the stator.
Winding Pitch
The winding pitch factor says also something about the stator winding .
It’s the factor between the stator winding and the pole pitch.

73
Stator winding resistance
The stator winding resistance is the resistance of the main stator coils measured in each
phase at 22°C.
Rotor Winding resistance
The rotor Winding resistance is the resistance of the main rotor coils. The main rotor
winding is connected across the two rotating rectifier plates. The respective leads must be
disconnected before taking the readings.
R.F.I. Suppression
Radio Frequencies interference According British Standard 800, VDE 0875N, VDE 0875G,
For other standard apply to the factory. The absence of brushgear and the high quality AVR
ensure low levels of interference with radio transmissions. Additional RFI suppression may
be supplied if required.
Waveform distortion
The waveform distortion of a Stamford generator is the total harmonic distortion.A
generator not loaded has a distortion of < 1,8% and a loaded generator with non distorting
balanced load has a distortion of < 5%.
Maximum overspeed
2250 rev/min. is the max. speed of a standard generator.

74
Bearing Drive end HC Only
This is the bearing on the drive end of the generator (only on a generator with two bearings).
Standard has a Newage Stamford generator ball bearings sealed for life (40 000 hour) up to
frame 6. Frame 7 has regreasable bearings. Other frames are optional.

Bearing Non-drive end

See above

Efficiency
The selection of a suitable size of prime power mover for an a.c. generator is
governed by the electrical power output supplied to the load and effiency of the
a.c. generator. The relationship is given below:

η a= KW output/ KW drive input

where:
“ kW drive input ” is defined the prime mover power rating in kilowatts.
“ kW output ” defines the electrical power supplied to the load.
“ηa“ is the efficiency ‘in per’ unit of the a.c. generator.

75
Weight comp. Generator
Is the Net Weight in kg of the generator.

Weight comp. Stator

Is the Net Weight of the complete Stator

Weight comp. Rotor

Is the Net Weight of the complete Rotor
WR2 inertia
The moment of inertia of the Shaft with Rotor in kgm2 . Each machine has his
drawing with detailed information single ore two bearing available.
Telephone interference
THF ( as defined by BS EN60034-1) is better than 2%.
TIF ( as defined by NEMA MG1-32 ) is better than 50.
Cooling air for
This is the air that the fan in the generator will pull through the machine at 1500 or 1800
r.p.m. to deliver his nominal output within the required temp ranges.

76
Voltage series star ( Y )
This is the most standard configuration of the stator winding for the most common
Voltages like 380, 400, 415, and 440 Volt at 50 Hz and 416, 440, 460 ore 480 Volts at 60
Hz.

Voltage parallel star ( Y )

In this configuration the stator will give half the Voltage as in series Star.

Voltage Edison Delta ( ZY )

This type of configuration is only used for small generator who have to deliver
one single phase output.
KVA Base rating for reactance values
The kVA base load of a machine we have to use for calculations with reactance and
efficiency.
For example a HCM534C marine generator with a maximum temperature rise
according Class F (90°C) has a output of 365 kVA, and with class B (70°C) an output
of 320 kVA.
The Base rating output for this machine for al the calculation is 450 kVA. This is the
industrial output of the machine with a temperature rise according Class H (125° C)

77
Xd dir. Axis synchronous
Direct-axis synchronous reactance Xd
The quotient of the sustained value of that fundamental a.c. component of armature
voltage which is produced by the total direct-axis armature flux due to direct-axis
armature current, and the value of the fundamental a.c. component of this current, the
machine running at rated speed.
X’d dir. Axis transient
Direct-axis transient reactance X´d Time up till 0,08 sec.
The quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in that fundamental a.c. component
of armature voltage which is produced by the total direct-axis armature flux, and the
value of the simultaneous change in fundamental a.c. component of direct-axis armature
current, the machine running at rated speed and the high decrement components during
the first cycles being excluded.
X’’d dir. Axis subtransient
Direct-axis subtransient reactance X”d Time up till 0,012 sec.
The quotient of the initial value of a sudden change in that fundamental a.c. component of
armature voltage which is produced by the total direct-axis arrnature flux, and the value of the
simultaneous change in fundamental a.c. component of direct-axis armature current, the
machine running at rated speed.

78
 Three Phase Short Circuit

Note 1: The following multiplication factors should be used to adjust the values from
curve between time 0.001 seconds and the minimum current point in respect of
nominal operating voltage:

50 Hz 60 Hz.
Voltage Factor Voltage Factor
380 V x 1.0 416 V x 1.0
400 V x 1.07 440 V x 1.06
415 V x 1.01 460 V x 1.12
440 V x 1.18 480 V x 1.17

The sustained current value is constant irrespective of voltage level.

79
Three-phase Short Circuit Decrement Curve

80
Note 2
The following multiplication factors should be used to convert the values
calculated in accordance with NOTE 1 to those applicable to the various types
of short circuit:

3 phase 2 phase 1 phase

Instantaneous x 1.00 x 0.87 x 1.30
Minimum x 1.00 x 1.80 x 3.20
Sustained x 1.00 x 1.50 x 2.50
Max. sustained duration 10 sec. 5 sec. 2 sec.

All other times are unchanged.

Curves are drawn for Series Star (Wye) connected

81
Efficiency curves

82
 Efficiency curves

83
, Slide 83
Temperature Industrial machines
Ambient temperature 40°C

Stator winding Average Expected Alarm Trip

Insulation Temperature highest °C °C
classe rise °C Hot Spot °C.

H 125 180 175 185

F 105 160 155 165

B 80 135 130 140

Bearings. <30°C By measuring 85°C 95°C

Max of 90°C over Ambient Outside of bearing
absolute housing

84
Temperature Marine machines
Ambient temperature 50°C

Stator winding Average Expected Alarm Trip

Insulation Temperature highest °C °C
classe rise °C Hot Spot °C.

H 110 175 170 180

F 90 155 150 160

B 70 135 130 140

Bearings. <30°C By measuring 85°C 95°C

Max of 90°C over Ambient Outside of bearing
absolute housing

85
86
Construction

87
Enclosure

88
Therminal damage curve

89
 Series Star

U N V6
U1

U2 U5
W W1
8

W6 U6 N
V V1
6 V6
V2
W2
U U1
W5 V5
W1 7 V1

w v
 Series Star

U
U6,V6,
U1 N W6

W
U2 U5
8 W2,W5 W1

W6 U6 N V2,V5 V V1
6 V6
V2
W2

W1
W5
7
V5
V1
U2, U5 U U1

w v

91
 Parallel Star

U1
8
U5
N

U2 U6 W
W2 N V6
V
V5
W1

6 W6 V2 U
w W5
V1 v
7

92
 Series Delta

8
N
Centre

W
Tap

6 7
V
U

93