Unit 2:: English For Professional and Academic Communication

English for Professional and Academic Communication - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Unit 2:
Communication in Engineering Projects (V 1.1)
English for Professional and

Academic Communication
Dept. Lingüística Aplicada a la Ciencia y la
Tecnología (D.L.A.C.T.)
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros
Industriales (E.T.S.I.I.)
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Unit developed by Ismael Arinas Pellón, lecturer at the E.T.S.I.I.
Los detalles de los términos de esta licencia "Creative Commons" se

encuentran en / The detailed terms of this "Creative Commons" license can be found
at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode
EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 1

Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales
UNIT 2: Communication in Engineering Projects
 UNIT GOALS:
 Present a general view of the motivations among project stakeholders.
 Apply the concepts of Audience, Purpose and Structure to understand spoken and
written communication in some engineering project situations: emails, patents,
professional magazines.
 Learn how to assess the credibility of some email offers.
 Learn the basics of persuasion strategies.
 Learn how to structure information in commercial and report descriptions.
 Learn some engineering and general language (vocabulary and structures) commonly
used in engineering project contexts.
 Understand how to plan, structure and assess the quality of proposal presentations.
 Suggest the access to some examples on the use of communication techniques that can
be found in films, TV series, literature and popular science.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES ....................................................................................................... 4
EXERCISE 1 ................................................................................................................................. 4
EXERCISE 2 ................................................................................................................................. 5
EXERCISE 3A .............................................................................................................................. 5
EXERCISE 3B............................................................................................................................... 6
EXERCISE 4 ................................................................................................................................. 6
EXERCISE 5 A.............................................................................................................................. 7
EXERCISE 5B............................................................................................................................... 7
EXERCISE 5C............................................................................................................................... 8
EXERCISE 5D .............................................................................................................................. 8
2. COMMUNICATION EVENTS AND MOTIVATION ........................................................................ 9
EXERCISE 6 ............................................................................................................................... 10
EXERCISE 7A ............................................................................................................................ 11
3. BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS: THE LANGUAGE OF PERSUASION ...................................... 12
EXERCISE 8A ............................................................................................................................ 13
EXERCISE 8B............................................................................................................................. 13
4. READING COMPREHENSION: INFORMATION GATHERING FOR PROJECTS ............................. 13
4.1. READING COMPREHENSION (A): PROFESSIONAL MAGAZINES ........................................ 13

4.1.1. DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE IN TEXT (A) ...................................................................... 13

EXERCISE 9 ............................................................................................................................... 14
4.2. READING COMPREHENSION (B): PATENTS ...................................................................... 15
EXERCISE 10 ............................................................................................................................. 15
EXERCISE 11 ............................................................................................................................. 16
EXERCISE 12 ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.3. READING COMPREHENSION (C): E-MAIL OFFER .............................................................. 17
EXERCISE 13 ............................................................................................................................. 17
5. WRITING PROJECT - TECHNICAL REPORT: OFF-GRID WHISKEY DISTILLERY IN PORIN,
SCOTLAND ................................................................................................................................... 17
5.1. "THE PORIN DISTILLERY" PROJECT ................................................................................... 17
EXERCISE 14A .......................................................................................................................... 17
EXERCISE 14B........................................................................................................................... 18
A. PROJECT BRIEFING .......................................................................................................... 18
B. POWER GENERATION & STORAGE .................................................................................. 19
EXERCISE 15 ............................................................................................................................. 20
C. DISTILLATION & OTHER PROCESSES AT THE DISTILLERY ................................................. 20
D. OTHER MACHINERY REQUIRED....................................................................................... 20
E. BUILDINGS ....................................................................................................................... 20
F. LOGISTICS, MARKETING & MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 20
5.2. PROJECT REPORT OPTIONS .............................................................................................. 20
5.3. TECHNICAL DRAWING TYPES: THEIR MEANING AND USES............................................. 22
EXERCISE 16 ............................................................................................................................. 22
5.4. GRAPHS AND TABLES: USES AND LIMITATIONS ............................................................... 23
EXERCISE 17A .......................................................................................................................... 24
EXERCISE 17B........................................................................................................................... 24
EXERCISE 17c ........................................................................................................................... 24
EXERCISE 18 ............................................................................................................................. 24
EXERCISE 19 ............................................................................................................................. 24
5.5. STRUCTURE OF TECHNICAL REPORTS .............................................................................. 25
5.6. PERSUASION DRIVERS IN PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION ......................................... 25
5.7. ASSESSING CREDIBILITY IN PROJECT PROPOSALS ............................................................ 26
6. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 27
7. ENGINEERING SETTINGS IN POPULAR CULTURE:.................................................................... 28

(1) Movies / Documentaries.................................................................................................... 28

(2) TV ....................................................................................................................................... 28
(3) Literature ........................................................................................................................... 29
(4) Popular Science .................................................................................................................. 29
(5) Music .................................................................................................................................. 29
Communication plays a fundamental role in engineering projects. Projects

involve the exchange of information with customers, suppliers, communities, among
employees, and eventually stockholders. All these participants are commonly known in
business literature as stakeholders1 (Mitroff, 1983; Freeman,1984; Freeman et al.,
2010). Figure 1 displays a more complete view of who the stakeholders are.
Customers, Customer advocates, Environmentalists,

Local Community Organisations (LCO)
Owners, Employees, Shareholders Suppliers
Media Governments Competitors
Figure 1: Potential Stakeholders in Engineering Projects (based on Freeman et al. 2010)
1. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Watch this video "What Are Stakeholders? - R. Edward Freeman" at
https://youtu.be/17hnaKFjDU8 and answer the following questions:
a) Why is Freeman's definition of stakeholders controversial? (It let's everybody in)
b) What is stakeholder theory about? (Business and strategy)
c) How can non-primary stakeholders affect businesses? (affect how value is created)
d) What is for Freeman the crucial factor? (How the value creation process works)
Freeman (1984) assumed that the relationships among stakeholders had the
purpose of generating value through trade. Soon, he found out that these relationships
were more complex (Freeman et al., 2010) and they involved ethical issues.
1
"Any party that is committed, financially or otherwise, to a company and is therefore affected by its performance. This would
normally include shareholders, employees, management, customers and suppliers. Their interests do not always coincide."
Financial Times definition available on-line at http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=stakeholders (accessed 11th April 2018).

EXERCISE 2: Answer the following four questions.

a) Which of the stakeholder groups in Figure 1 could oppose a power plant project?
Why? ______________________________________________________________ Comment [IAP1]: All of them, with the
b) Which of the stakeholder groups in Figure 1 has the capacity of facilitating or possible exceptions of suppliers, owners,
employees, and shareholders since it
complicating trade activities? Why? _____________________________________ usually favours their financial interests.
c) Which specific stakeholder group could oppose the full automation of road Several reasons: it could clash with local
policies, environmental impact regulations,
transportation? Why? ________________________________________________ other competitors, or increase/decrease
d) To whom would full automation of road transportation bring value? Why? real estate prices, etc.
__________________________________________________________________ Comment [IAP2]: All of them, but
government initiatives are backed by
There are several functions that communication plays in stakeholder legislation which gives facilitation or
relationships: complication a greater strength.
1) It can be used to attract customers (advertising, demonstrations in trade Comment [IAP3]: truck drivers and
fairs and social media, presentations, interviews with prospective small transport companies because their
customers). Watch this video: source of income would disappear.
https://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_schnitzer_inventing_is_the_easy_part?utm_ Comment [IAP4]: Any company relying
campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare on transport for delivery. It would cut costs
and increase speed of delivery.
(Daniel Schnitzer: Inventing is the easy part. Marketing takes work).
2) It can be used to weaken, diminish or dilute resistance to a project (media Comment [IAP5]: Mention its
purpose,and use it later in exercise 3.
campaigns such as rebranding, sponsoring or infomercials). What was
British Petroleum's strategy after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? Comment [IAP6]: More information
3) It serves to organise the work of teams, to amend or modify the details of on
https://www.marshall.usc.edu/sites/defaul
the project, and to make sure that the participants are aware of their t/files/2017-02/BUCO-
duties or how these duties have been modified (through meetings, emails, Case_study_Deepwater.pdf,
phone conversations, or handbooks). https://goo.gl/gwnAwb ,
4) It is an efficient system to prove who is responsible for what in the case of https://goo.gl/4eBVhw ,
https://goo.gl/2yAETq and
a dispute (signed documents of approval, records of communications https://goo.gl/FBfXLh
among project participants, contracts, certificates, or authorizations).
Comment [IAP7]: http://www.perform
5) It provides access to the rules that govern many of the activities carried anceaire.com/pdfs/TH_TL_BP_IMM.pdf
out in a project (laws, regulations, standards and codes). http://www.eaton.eu/ecm/groups/public/
@pub/@europe/@electrical/documents/c
EXERCISE 3A: Answer the following questions regarding Daniel Schnitzer video ontent/pct_1090229.pdf
a) Why are kerosene for lighting and charcoal for cooking a problem? Comment [IAP8]: https://www.wordte
mplatesonline.net/authorization-letter-
___________________________________________________ sample/#sample-authorization-letter-to-
b) How much do Haitians spend on fuel for lighting? act-on-behalf
10% of their income ____________________________________
Comment [IAP9]: http://www.legislati
c) How much did it cost the 2008 hurricane season to Haiti? on.gov.uk/uksi/2009/2890/made
1 billion dollars or 1/6 of their GDP __________________________
Comment [IAP10]: https://iclg.com/pr
d) What is the main hazard resulting from deforestation in Haiti? actice-areas/oil-and-gas-laws-and-
Floods ______________________________________________ regulations/united-kingdom
e) What is one example of a convenient light source instead of kerosene? Comment [IAP11]: https://www.iso.or
Solar LED bulbs _______________________________________ g/ics/43.040.10/x/
f) How long would it take to recover the cost of an LED bulb in Haiti? Comment [IAP12]: https://webstore.i
Less than 3 months _____________________________________ ec.ch/publication/1865
g) What types of access would end energy poverty in Haiti? Comment [IAP13]: it is innefficient,
Physical and Financial ___________________________________ expensive, harmfult to human health,
h) Who is needed for markeing LED bulbs in Haiti? harmful to environment and
Last mile retailers ______________________________________ unproductive
i) What are two economical characteristics of clean energy products?
higher upfront costs and very low operating costs ________________
j) What is the purpose of this presentation?
Getting funds for the project and engaging Haitian diaspora in it ______
k) Identify 5 stakeholders in the situation described by the presenation.
consumers, retailers, manufacturers, expatriates, funding institutions

EXERCISE 3B: Match the following concepts from the video with the
corresponding definitions in the table below.
RETAILER  CASH FLOW  INCOME  PAYBACK PERIOD  SUBSIDY

 MICROFINANCE  UPFRONT COST  CASH FLOW  MICRO LOAN
Concept Definition
Income Is the monetary payment received for goods or services, or from other sources,
such as rents or investments, revenue or receipts.
Retailer Is a merchant who sells goods or commodities in small quantities directly to
consumers.
Payback period Is the period required to recoup the funds expended in an investment.
Subsidy is a benefit given to an individual, business or institution, usually by the
government.
Microfinance is a type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income
individuals or groups who otherwise would have no other access to financial
services.
Micro loan is a small credit for financing entrepreneurial projects by impoverished
individuals and groups especially in poor or developing regions.
Cash flow is the net amount of money and money being transferred into and out of a
business.
Upfront cost is expense that is charged at the beginning of a contract, project or business
activity.
EXERCISE 4: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill video

https://youtu.be/9NQ8LehUWSE Answer the following questions on the accident
report.
a) How many workers died? How many were injured? 11 / 17 _________
b) Where was the rig located? Approx. 50 miles off coast of Louisiana ____
c) What three influencing factors were investigated after the accident?
technical, organisational, regulatory _________________________
d) What was the main safety element that failed? Blow out preventer ____
e) A "deep hole" is defined as a ...? Well bore _____________________
f) What is a "kick" in this industry? an unplanned flow of well fluids into the well
Comment [I14]: to prevent the flow of
bore _________________________________________ flammable gas and oil up the riser to the
g) What can result from a "kick"? A blow out _____________________ drilling rig.
h) "Drilling mud" is basically a ...? Dense slurry ___________________ Comment [I15]: Cut the pipe and seal
i) What is the function of the BOP? ____________________________ the well.
j) What are annular preventers? Doughnought-shaped rubber devices ___ Comment [I16]: Because gas and oil
k) What does the “shear ram” do? _____________________________ above the ram continued flowing upwards,
l) Why closing the annular space pipe ram did not prevent the accident? reached an ignition source and exploded.
___________________________________________________ Comment [I17]: It caused the pipe to
m) What was the first consequence of a big pressure difference over and below the buckle
pipe ram? ____________________________________ Comment [I18]: To increase its
__________________________________________________ reliability.
n) What is the name of the automated system on the BOP? _ AMF deadman Comment [I19]: Closing the blind shear
o) Why does the “AMF deadman” have two operating systems? ram.
_________________________________________________ Comment [I20]: It had been miswired.
p) What BOP function is controlled by solenoid valves?
Comment [I21]: Their magnetic fields
_________________________________________________ opposed each other paralysing the valve.
q) What was the problem with the solenoid in the yellow pod?
Comment [I22]: It is the bending of
___________________________________________________ pipes due to minute bends and
r) What was the problem with the coils in the yellow pod solenoid? irregularities that under pressure generate
___________________________________________________ longer and shorter sides; as pressure
s) What is “effective compression"? ___________________________ increases longer sides deform and pipes
bend.

__________________________________________________
t) How much oil was spilled until the spill was stopped? 5 million barrels
__________________________________________________
u) After watching this video, who (stakeholders) do you think was concerned by
the accident? Mention at least 5. __________________ Comment [I23]: BP shareholders,
__________________________________________________ workers on the rig and their families, local
authorities, national authorities, local
v) How could the design of the solenoid valve be improved? fishing industry, local tourism industry,
___________________________________________________ inhabitants of nearby populations, etc.
Comment [I24]: A design that kept the
EXERCISE 5 A: Provide at least one synonym for each of the words below. valve open when there was energy and
closed when there was no energy.
Synonym Typically in contexts with...2
SLURRY Mud / suspension Thick / pipeline / through / piped / pumped
SPEW Spit / expel Water / fire / lava / smoke
DRILL Bore / spud / perforate Holes / bit / rig / offshore
BUCKLE Bend / warp / crumple Pavement / fracture / load / force
SHEAR Cut with blades Stress / force / strength /failure
Now complete each of the following 5 sentences with one word from
the table above (as nouns or verbs):
a) However, the oil continues to SPEW from that leak.
b) The company is also going ahead with two infill wells at White Rose this year and is
planning to DRILL two exploration wells in the Flemish Pass.3
c) Several types of mixers are suitable for blending the fibers and liquid components
into a thick SLURRY.4
d) This means that the axial force must exceed 7,500 lbf before the tubing will BUCKLE.
e) For some systems, SHEAR stress increases with load, indicating that additional
mechanisms contribute to the total frictional force.5
EXERCISE 5B: The verbs in the box below refer actions related to the movement
of liquids. Group them around the categories in the ovals.
DRIP  SPEW  LEAK  DRAIN  STEEP  TRICKLE  SIPHON  FLOW  SOAK

 GUSH  POUR  PUMP  MOISTEN  OVERFLOW  STREAM  SPOUT
1. Comment [IAP25]: steep, soak,

moisten
remain inside a
liquid
2. Comment [IAP26]: drain, pour, pump,

siphon / shyphon
caused to move in or
out
3. Comment [IAP27]: overflow, flow,

stream
liquid in motion
2
This applies to the meaning for these words as used in the video report of exercise 4A.
3
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-husky-energy-canada-sale-exclusive-idUKKBN1631YO?type=companyNews
4
https://bit.ly/2HybIzc
5
https://studylib.net/doc/18294419/rubbing-and-scrubbing

4. Comment [IAP28]: spew, gush, spout
spit or eject liquid
5. Comment [IAP29]: drip, leak, trickle

(small) outward flow
EXERCISE 5C: Label the three pictures below according to the information
described in the video.
DRILL BIT OIL RIG PIPING
EXERCISE 5D: Accident reports explain what went wrong. The prefixes "-DIS"
(stop/out of/ undo), "-MAL" (inadequately) and "-MIS" (wrong) combined with verbs
represent actions which failed. Combine the verbs below with the appropriate one.
Then complete the sentences with the right verb. Comment [IAP30]: maldistribute,
disintegrate, misfire, misalign, misposition,
___distribute ___adjust ___assemble ___estimate maladjust, miswire, misarrange,
___integrate ___wire ___trust ___report discontinue, disconnect /miscconnect
disassemble, mistrust, malposition,
___fire ___arrange ___position2 ___function miscalculate,
___align ___continue ___calculate ___aggregate
___position1 ___connect ___adapt ___identify
a) If a farming robot MALFUNCTIONS during harvesting, it could potentially wipe out a
significant chunk of an entire crop.
b) I MISCALCULATED the number of students in this group. MISESTIMATED
c) The modulator has been MISWIRED, the exhaust solenoid has been actuated for 30
milliseconds.
d) The engine systematically MISFIRES when cold. We need to check the ignition.
e) Have you checked if the carburetor is MALADJUSTED?
In the video they use the word SAFETY, how is that different from SECURITY?
_____________________________________________________
6
The 3 pictures have Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation.

2. COMMUNICATION EVENTS AND MOTIVATION
Figure 2: Examples of Communication in Engineering Projects

Maslow (1943: 371) made clear that a general theory of motivation is not a
theory of human behaviour. In other words, explaining what motivates people
does not mean that we can easily predict how they are going to behave. Almquist
et al. (2016) adapted first Maslow's general theory to explain what motivates
consumer purchases and later (Almquist et al., 2018) to account for B2B7
purchase motivations. Table 1 recreates Almquist et al.'s (2018: 6) pyramid with
the elements valued in business purchases by people in decision-making
positions.
Elements considered when making purchases in B2B contexts (Almquist et al.

2018)
INSPIRATIONAL VALUE PURPOSE Vision  hope  social responsibility
Network expansion  marketability 
CAREER
reputational assurance
INDIVIDUAL VALUE Design & aesthetics  growth &
PERSONAL development  reduced anxiety  fun &
perks Comment [IAP31]: question what that
is and provide examples
Time savings  reduced effort  information
PRODUCTIVITY
 transparency  decreased hassles
ACCESS Availability  variety  configurability
Responsiveness  expertise  commitment
EASE OF DOING / RELATIONSHIP
 stability  cultural fit
BUSINESS VALUE
Risk reduction  reach  flexibility 
STRATEGIC
component quality
Organisation  simplification  connection 
OPERATIONAL
integration
PERFORMANCE Improved top line  cost reduction Comment [IAP32]: why is innovation a
FUNCTIONAL VALUE vaule?
ECONOMIC Product quality  scalability  innovation
Comment [IAP33]: incluir ejemplo ISO
Meets specifications  price is acceptable  corrupción1 (see note I34)
TABLE STAKES  complies with regulations  meets ethical Comment [I34]: https://www.iso.org/i
standards. so-37001-anti-bribery-management.html
Table 1: Value Elements considered when making purchases. Comment [I35]: For example the
above link is a standard to avoid bribery
developed by the International Standards
7
Business to Business describes transactions among companies and not between individuals and companies. Organisation (ISO)

At the bottom of Table 1, we find those elements that generate the strongest
motivation for purchase and, therefore, are used as the main marketing arguments.
Then, in decreasing persuasive strength, the rest of the factors that influence
purchasing decisions.
EXERCISE 6: Which of the communication events in Figure 2 are typically used to

motivate. Comment [I36]: Strictly speaking, the
_______________________________________________________ motivation could be interpreted in several
ways: motivate to purchase, motivate to
_______________________________________________________ correct a problem, etc. Better interpret it
as moral motivation and then the spoken
Welch and Jackson (2007: 183), indicate that "If internal communication is the events are the main answer.
strategic management of interactions and relationships between stakeholders at all
levels within organisations, these stakeholders need to be identified."If we link the
ideas of stakeholders, motivations for action, and B2B relationships, then we can begin
to see the role of communication in projects: different people have to combine their
individual motivations for action in a structured way with the aim of achieving a goal,
in other words, the successful completion of the project. This project is carried out
because it generates some value for the different stakeholders who make their business
decisions based on the types of motivations illustrated by table 1.
Figure 3: Relationship between arguments and stakeholder decisions
Rational and emotional arguments play a role on all sides of professional

relationships (those demanding, those offering, those benefited, those affected). Figure
3 presents a relationship between types of arguments (Unit 1), the elements of value
and stakeholders with decision control.
During a project similar to the one developed in this unit, the following
professional areas involve using a communication strategy and a risk for the activities
may result from faulty communication:
 Economically priced power (negotiation with suppliers, contracts,
tenders, emails, websites, telephone conversations, invoices).
 Resources at reasonable prices (negotiation with suppliers,
contracts, tenders, emails, websites, telephone conversations, invoices).
 Customer awareness and customer satisfaction (polls, claims,
social media, customer services, market reports, etc.).
 Safe working environment (employee training, safety sheets, signage,
handbooks, safety checklists, supervision, accident reports, standard
procedures, etc.).
 Responsible and Knowledgeable workforce (employee training,
motivation strategies, meetings, staff selection and promotion processes,
CVs / resumés, motivation letters, job descriptions, etc.).
 Improve facilities, systems and technology (meetings, reports, user
manuals, emails, telephone conversations, contracts, etc.).

 Improve impact on environment (environmental impact reports,

selection of components based on brochures and conversations, laws and
regulations, administrative permits, etc.)
 Reduce waste and non-value added costs (contracts with
subcontractors, meetings, agreements, laws and regulations, etc.)
Figure 4: Miscommunication in projects (source unknown).
Figure 4 jokes about miscommunication. Think about one example where some
project resulted very differently from what the promoter expected and assess what role
did communication play in these discrepancies. Kerzner (2009:239) identifies the
following eight threats to effective communication:
 Receivers hear what they want to hear. (Distortion & generalisation interfere)
 Senders and receivers have different views. This must be solved when
interpreting contractual requirements, statements of work, and proposal
information requests. (Framing can help in achieving converging views)
 Receivers evaluate the source before accepting the communications.
 Receivers ignore conflicting information and do as they please.
 Words meaning different things to different people. (Ambiguity, vagueness)
 Communicators ignore nonverbal cues.
 Receivers are emotionally upset.
EXERCISE 7A: Match the following definitions with communication events mentioned
above (professional areas requiring a communication strategy). Then complete the table
with one of the following corresponding communications: Safety data sheet8, bid, payment.
EVENT DEFINITION RESPONSE

Tender ... invitation from a buyer who requires particular Bid
goods or services to prospective suppliers of those
products to put in competing price offers.
Invoice ... detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, Payment
with an account of all costs.
Safety sheet ...lists information relating to occupational safety Safety plan
and health for the use of various substances and
products.
8
More details about this type of document here: https://youtu.be/iNFazimadFc

EXERCISE 7B: Now match the following communication events (from the same
paragraphs as in 7A) with their definition and then indicate the purpose of these
communications.
EVENT DEFINITION PURPOSE
Signage ... use of signs and symbols for safety purposes. Inform and warn Comment [IAP37]: about the risks,
dangers and, occasionally, their
Poll ... sampling of the attitudes or opinions of a group. Elicit information
consequences in a work setting.
Résumé ... brief account of professional or work experience and state
Comment [IAP38]: about the
qualifications attitudes, opinions, and preferences of the
brochure ... small booklet or pamphlet containing promotional communicate respondents
material or product information. Comment [IAP39]: persuasively the
adquacy of the qualifications for a job.
Comment [IAP40]: persuasively the
characteristics of a product or service.
3. BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS: THE LANGUAGE OF

PERSUASION
The previous section provides a general overview of the communication
complexity resulting from inter-business relations. The information in that section
should help you identify situations where persuasion is necessary. This section presents
three persuasion models: the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), the Heuristic
Systematic Model (HSM), and the Unimodel.
According to Gass & Seiter (2011: 34-36), ELM proposes two parallel routes to
persuasion: a central route or central processing and a peripheral route or
peripheral processing. The first type of processing expects logical arguments and
the second one emotional ones as well as high credibility from the persuader. But these
two routes are not separate. Subjects very motivated and highly affected by a situation
(for example the table stakes level in the elements of value - see Table 1) are more
likely to rely heavily on the central route. In cases with low personal involvement,
irrational cues may determine decisions.
Apart from motivation, the personal ability to process information is crucial.
People with more knowledge or used to processing ideas will predominantly use the
central route when deciding. For information demanding a greater processing effort,
people may shift to the peripheral route.
Other factors affecting the predominance of processing routes are distractions,
mood, or a personality characteristic known as need for cognition. This personality
trait describes people who enjoy central processing and, therefore, are persuaded by
logical argumentation. In all cases, persuasion through the central route seems to last
longer.
HSM is also based on two processing modes: systematic processing and
heuristic processing (Gass & Seiter, 2011: 36-37). The first one roughly corresponds
to the central route in ELM. The second one relies on simplification rules in
information processing. As in ELM both modes can act simultaneously and motivation
as well as ability have an influence on the processing mode used.
The novelty in HSM is the sufficiency principle. Basically, people balance
systematic and heuristic processing in accordance with the importance of the issue
under consideration. The elements of value may help in predicting what routes are
required for framing your arguments.
Both ELM and HSM are known as dual process models. The Unimodel states
that there is only one route to persuasion (Gass & Seiter, 2011: 37-38). Its fundamental
postulate is that "[l]onger, more complex messages require more thought, while
shorter, simpler messages require less thought" (Gass & Seiter, 2011: 37).

EXERCISE 8A: Classify the following types of evidence according to the criteria in the Comment [IAP41]: some of these
types of evidence could change category
table below: narratives, personal anecdotes, statistics, quotations, testimonials, graphs and charts, given a specific context
demonstrations, samples, reports.
Systematic processing Heuristic processing

Statistics, graphs and charts, Narratives, personal anecdotes,
demonstrations, samples, reports quotations, testimonials
EXERCISE 8B: Which of the following persuasion strategies is more effective, why and
for what type of processing modes.
(1) The persuasion starts with a narration and then is supported with three relevant
statistical data. The data come from a report produced by a prestigious institution. Comment [IAP42]: According to Gass
(2) You are jury in a commercial conflict trial. You do not know much about the & Seiter (2011: 187) this combination is
very effective as the narrative might be
technicalities. The prosecutor presents a long and detailed list of incriminating evidence. convincing for heuristic processors and the
Is he defendant innocent or guilty. statistics make the narrative credible for
systematic processors.
Comment [IAP43]: Again, Gass &
4. READING COMPREHENSION: INFORMATION GATHERING FOR Seiter (2011: 187) indicate that research
shows that lack of knowledge tends to rely
PROJECTS on quantity of arguments to decide.
An important task during the first stages of a project is gathering information. In

this section you will see three examples of information sources and learn how to draft a
commercial description. As a result of the reading, you will also learn how to use the
prototypical structure of genres to better understand what you read.
4.1. READING COMPREHENSION (A): PROFESSIONAL MAGAZINES

"RFID STENT TAG Senses Vessel's State"
http://www.mwrf.com/commercial/flexible-rfid-
sensor-tag-could-cut-food-waste
A) What problem is addressing the product described?
FOOD WASTE __________________________
B) What 2 specific examples of the problem are
mentioned? BRUISED FRUIT, BAD MEAT
_____________________________________
C) How many parts does the device have? 4 Comment [IAP44]: the main
_____________________________________ component is the flexible tag that
integrates an RFID chip, a sensor integrated
D) What is the purpose of this device? circuit and a microcontroller.
_____________________________________
Comment [IAP45]: reduce amount of
E) What is used to cut and shape the encapsulation spoiled food before reaching retailers.
film? LASERS __________________________________________________
F) What two incorporated technologies still need improvement? Power consumption
read efficiency _________________________________________________
G) What are the future 3 additional functionalities of this tag? pH sensor, temperature
sensor, gas level sensor ___________________________________________
H) Identify 4 metaphors in the text. (tech. step forward, combat wastage, to machine)
shelf life _____________________________________________________
4.1.1. DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE IN TEXT (A)

In unit 1 (section 3.6), we referred to two types of nouns: those with a higher
meaning density and those with higher context specificity. These two parameters do not
exclude each other completely, thus, some nouns have varying degrees of both.

Identifying how these two types of nouns are sequenced in different types of
descriptions is important to adapt your writing to the expectations of the audience. The
three examples below illustrate descriptions with different purposes: technical-legal
(patent), scientific (journal article), and informative (engineering periodical).
Example 1: US Patent 4,754698 Example 2: Dolan (1976: 179)

With reference to the drawings, the Assuming that the mechanical operations of
brewing apparatus of the present the plant are functioning correctly and
invention includes an open top container temperature control is accurate, the
1 with, for example a twenty-five litre extraction efficiency of mashing can be
determined by analysis of the spent grains or
capacity. The container 1 is
draff, when it can show whether conversion
manufactured from high density, food is complete, extraction is complete and
grade polyethylene, and includes a sparging is efficient. A refraction
handle 2 and a vented cover 3 (FIG. 1). It saccharometer is used to give an immediate
will be appreciated that the container 1 indication of the specific gravity of the
can also be made of metal, fiberglass or running wort. As the wort runs from the
another type of plastic. The vented lid 3 mash tun through the underback, wort cooler
permits the escape of gases, i.e. releases and lines to the washback, samples of wort
pressure during the brewing process. are drawn off and various analyses are
carried out on them. Typically, the SG, pH %,
total acid content, optical rotation and
bacterial content are determined. A sample
can be fermented in the laboratory using a
yeast of high fermentative ability, the result
giving an insight into whether the
temperature control during mashing has
been as required. As fermentation proceeds
in the washback, its progress is monitored by
measuring the parameters listed above.
Example 3: Flexible RFID Sensor Tag Could Cut Food Waste (text in 3.1)
This monitoring system integrates an RF-identification (RFID) chip, microcontroller, and
sensor integrated circuit (IC) into a flexible tag . The sensor IC, which will be made
commercially available later this year, incorporates temperature, relative humidity, and light
sensors. As a result, it can monitor the quality of a range of foods. To perform such
monitoring, the tag attaches to bulk transportation containers. It then provides continuously
updated data on how long the food stored in those containers will stay fresh. This could help
food distributors minimize the amount of food that is spoiled before it reaches the retailer.
EXERCISE 9: Look at the three examples of descriptions. What is the Density -

Specificity pattern used in each text? (Use the information of section 3.6 in Unit 1)
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:

Now, using the words below write a description of what Big Data is that
should be aimed at a project manager and part of a technical report.
Big Data  act  collect  large datasets Big Data is the act of collecting large
 traditional  digital sources  identify datasets from traditional and digital
 trends  patterns  information  used sources to identify trends and patterns.
 companies  improve  know  That information is used by companies to
customer  wants and needs  goal  improve what they know about customer
make  solid decisions  based  data  wants and needs. The goal is make solid
not just hunches  dataset  too large  decisions based on data, and not just
 process  store traditional  tools  hunches. These dataset are too large to
computer  means  scale of datasets  be processed or stored with traditional
vary  each organization  define  Big tools or on a computer. This means that
data  need  use  developed the scale of datasets might vary in each
techniques  organise  information  organization. Therefore what usually
tools  allow  processing  additional  defines Big data is the need to use
problems  working  large datasets  developed techniques to organise
required speeds  processing  interest  information and tools which allow
obtain  results  characteristics  data processing it. The additional problems of
 heterogeneous data not  possible  working with large datasets are the
process  use  conventional methods. required speeds of processing according
to the interest of obtaining results and
the characteristics of the data that could
be heterogeneous data, what would not
be possible to process using conventional
methods.
4.2. READING COMPREHENSION (B): PATENTS

Patents, at this stage of your training, are useful sources of information. They
contain solutions to technical problems. If their property has expired, the invention
described in them is free. Unfortunately, the language of patents is deliberatedly
obscure to hinder reverse engineering.
Patents are publicly accessible after 18 months of the application, so the owners
do not want to make it too easy for their competitors (remember that it may take over
two years to get a patent grant). As a consequence, the language is vague and
sometimes these documents do not use standard technical terms to refer to the
invention.
EXERCISE 10: Match the following patent titles with the actual technology they refer
to. Comment [IAP46]: 1-c, 2-d, 3-f, 4-a, 5-
b, 6-e
1) Rotary wind aircraft a) Wifi loudspeaker
2) Straddling device b) Printer
3) Cyclone-type dust collector apparatus c) Helicopter
4) Signal processing apparatus d) Motorcycle
5) Image transfer apparatus e) USB memory
6) Handheld storage device f) Vacuum Cleaner
The information in patents is structured as Table 2 below shows. There are other
possible structure variations (omitting or adding sections), but these sections illustrate
the most frequently found ones.

SUMMARY PAGE Includes technical classification information,

information about inventors and owners, dates
and related documents. This information, when
contrasted with some databases can provide
clues about the value of a specific patent.
ABSTRACT A very short description of what the invention
does. May not reflect the final version granted by
the patent office. Not reliable information.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION Locates the invention within a technical
knowledge area. Usually, very obvious.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is used to justify the utility of the invention by
describing an unsolved technical problem and
mentioning imperfect solutions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS May be preceeded by a section called "Brief
description of the drawings". It explains to what
do numbers in drawings correspond.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION May be preceeded by a section called "Brief
description of the invention". It describes,
starting from the general and moving to the
particular the parts and functions of the
invention.
CLAIMS Two types of claims exist: independent and
dependent claims. The first ones describe what is
actually protected by the invention. The second
ones expand some details of the protected
invention. They constitute the legal information
of a patent.
Table 2: Patent sections and the information they contain.
Patent drawings never include a scale, they avoid mentioning any type of specification
(how parts are attached to each other, tolerances, qualities and types of materials, etc.)
and measurements of parts are nowhere to be seen. In some cases, drawings are only
diagrams of processes. Look at the drawings in this patent: Comment [IAP47]: it is the patent
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/b6/ef/c5/4e602f79494b77/US9840687.pdf used for the reading comprehension in
AulaWeb. I will send the AulaWeb exercises
How useful are they for building the invention? Why? Now, look at the drawings in this
so you can focus on some language aspects
patent: in your explanations
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/1e/26/7f/f91acac74d9eee/US9919448.pdf
Comment [IAP48]: I suggest that you
These drawings are more sophisticated than in the previous patent, but are they any use this patent for showing the different
better for implementing the invention? Why? sections and stylistic features
EXERCISE 11: What are the consequences for possible competitors of Comment [IAP49]: it is very difficult to
replicate and construct the invention
having this type of drawings in patents?
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 12: Provide an interpretation of these words in patents: preferred, means, Comment [IAP50]: preferred: the best
way of doing it, but not the only one;
embodiment, claim, and plurality. means: either what is required for, or it is
_________________________________________________________ used to introduce a definition;
__________________________________________________________ embodiment: one of the many possible
ways of implementing the invention; claim:
_________________________________________________________ legal description of elements of the
_________________________________________________________ invention protected by intellectual
_________________________________________________________ property; plurality: any number could be
relevant for the invention (it is one way of
avoiding being specific about the invention
details).

4.3. READING COMPREHENSION (C): E-MAIL OFFER9

The e-mail below appeared on the spam folder of one of the department lecturers.
It was not specifically addressed to one person. Moreover, its sender and reply e-mail
addresses were different.
GuiZhou Handier Import & Export Trading Co., Ltd

Dear Sir,
Our company needs to order a sum of Electric Heating Tube, now we
will send these materials of the product to you by e-mail. We hope that after
you receive the message; please hurry up to bid, so as to negotiate.
1. The name of production: Electric Heating Tube
2. Size: According to the picture
3. Quantity:80000 pieces
4. The means of quotation: FOB
5. Our company received the biding the in the price is accepted we
will pay the deposit which is 30% of the total value production. For
further information please call us and make a face discussion so as to
cooperate pleasantly.
Looking forward to cooperating successfully
Best regards
Manager： Zhu Changhui
Mobile: +86-18586811938
EXERCISE 13: How credible is this email? Why? What persuasion modes is it
using? What elements of value are addressed?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
5. WRITING PROJECT - TECHNICAL REPORT: OFF-GRID WHISKEY

DISTILLERY IN PORIN, SCOTLAND
5.1. "THE PORIN DISTILLERY" PROJECT
The report writing exercise is based on the project of a new distillery in the
Scottish Highlands. The following video summarises the distillation process.
EXERCISE 14A: Watch this video and answer the questions below. Then
complete the process diagram with the missing information. (https://youtu.be/Fxyy-
ksAVwg How Whisky is made)
a) What type of grain is used for many whiskies? MALTED BARLEY
b) Why is germinating barley turned? TO SPREAD THE GENERATED HEAT
c) What is the name of the grain as it enters the kiln? GREEN MALT
d) What is the name of the second stage in whisky production? What is the name of
the milled grain as it enters this second stage? MASHING - GRIST
e) What are the temperatures in the 3 mashing stages? 65, 80, and 95 ºC
f) What is the name of the product pumped to the washback? WORT
g) What is used to reduce fermentation foam? ROTATING BLADES
9
To see the consequences of engaging into business with such companies, read
https://www.chinalawblog.com/2014/06/basic-china-due-diligence-is-this-chinese-company-legitimate.html and
https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/china-chine/market-facts-faits-sur-le-marche/148081.aspx?lang=eng

h) The liquid entering the distillation stages is called? WASH

i) How many times is this liquid distilled? 2
j) What is the proportion of alcohol at the end of the distillation phases? 65-70%
k) What fraction of the last distillation is used for making the whisky? MIDDLE CUT
OR HEART
EXERCISE 14B: Complete the table below with information from the video.
Devices used Ingredients Intermediate Main operations
products
Mill Barley Green malt Malting
Kiln Water Malt grain Mashing
Mash tun Yeast Grist Fermentation
Washback Wort Distillation
Wash still Wash Warehousing
Spirit still Heart or middle cut Maturation / Aging
Spirit receiver Bottling
Spirit Vat
Cask / Oak barrel
EXERCISE 14C: Complete the diagram below representing the stages in the whisky
making process. The starting product and end product are provided.
Barley 1st distill. 2nd distill.
malting fermenting aging
milling mashing Whisky
A. PROJECT BRIEFING
The customer (a consortium of environmentally conscious companies) has
commissioned your engineering corporation the development of an off-grid whisky
distillery that will produce 1 million litres of spirit per year once it reaches its maximum
distilling capacity. The budget available amounts to € 1o million. This distillery will be
located near the Scottish village of Porin, Muir of Ord, IV6 7QQ, in the Highlands, more
specifically in the following coordinates 57,5581717 and -4,7996430 between two
creeks. The distillery will be called "Allt na-h-Eiridin" and will produce two brands of
whisky: "Porin Single Malt Whisky" (matured for 5 years in Oloroso sherry casks) and
"Glenmir Single Malt Whisky" (matured for 10 years in Madeira wine casks).
The malt whisky will have to be produced according to the Scotch Whisky
Regulations 2009 (SWR) (http://www.scotch-

whisky.org.uk/media/12744/scotchwhiskyregguidance2009.pdf)10. Other four

important requirements are: (1) off-grid energy supply; (2) processing and recycling of
liquid and solid waste generated; (3) automatisation of distillery processes; and (4)
collaboration with Local Community Organisations (LCOs).
The distillery will have a visitors centre; offices for administration, central
control of electric and water facilities and computer servers; a silo for storing the
barley; a building for germinating the barley and toasting (malting) it; a building
for the mill, the mashing and the cooking; a building for the two types of stills and
the separation of the alcohols; a building for the aging of the whisky; a building for
bottling, labelling, packaging and expediting of orders; a building for the cooperage.
Any process that can be automatised will be transformed by the engineering teams.
As far as the energy supply is concerned, the distillery must be autonomous and
capable of storing surplus energy. This aspect is further explained in section B below.
Regarding waste processing, all liquid effluent must reach the river as clean water
and solid by-products must be recycled either as energy sources or fodder for farm
animals in the neighbourhood. As regards automatisation processes, the distillery
should, at least, automatically handle the following processes: cooperage, cask
warehousing, (more details in sections C and D below). Finally, the distillery should
engage with agricultural cooperative organisations, local councils, and tourist boards.
B. POWER GENERATION & STORAGE

As the disillery is off-grid, the customer's initial idea is to use two turbines and
solar tiles or shingles. Logically, an energy storage system must be part of the distillery
project. The following are links to each of these three systems:
 The water turbines considered by the customer: https://www.turbulent.be/
 Some of the existing solar tile / shingle products available currently:
http://www.suntegrasolar.com/suntegra-tiles/
https://www.tesla.com/solarroof
https://www.certainteed.com/solar/products/apollo-tile-ii/
https://www.solarteg.it/en/solar-tiles/
https://flexsolsolutions.com/solar-roof-tile/
https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/solar-energy/solar-panels/solar-tiles
https://www.zep.solar/en/about-zep
https://exasun.com/en/bestellen/zonnepanelen-en/x-tile/
The following companies offer industrial Energy Storage Solutions: ABB,
Bosch, NEC, Power Storage Solutions, SMA and Tesla. Apart from their solutions,
technically, the following approaches have been tested and may be available from
smaller firms:
1. Mechanical storage: Hydroelectricity, Pumped-storage, Compressed air,
Flywheel energy storage, and Gravitational potential energy storage with
solid masses.
2. Thermal storage: Sensible heat thermal energy storage and Latent Heat
Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES).
3. Electrochemical: Rechargeable batteries, Flow batteries, and
Supercapacitors
4. Other chemical storage solutions: Power to gas (Hydrogen; Methane;
Power to liquid; Biofuels; Aluminum; Boron, Silicon, Zinc; and Norbornadiene
to Quadricyclane)
5. Electrical methods: Capacitors and Superconducting magnetics
10
An explanation of the whole process can be found on https://docplayer.net/17253951-Scotch-whisky-org-uk.html
and a simplified version is available on https://docplayer.net/16093111-A-guide-to-scotch-whisky.html ,
alternatively, this journal article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1965.tb02047.x
(note that the information in this article refers to grain whisky and not malt whisky, but only the type of cereal
changes. the rest is the same).

EXERCISE 15: Look at the following videos on energy storage systems.

What is the technical principle on which each system is based? Which ones
would be adequate for storing energy in an off-grid distillery? Why?
https://youtu.be/A4c_7h3IpRY (flywheel energy storage)
https://youtu.be/767y5ViGurA (Stornetic - to compare)
https://youtu.be/kDvlh_aG7iA (Liquid air energy storage)
https://youtu.be/U7a_LMM2_fE (Gravitricity)
https://youtu.be/D7huVnCnK8s (Amadeus Energy Storage)
https://youtu.be/kvyuzSto0vU (High pressure energy storage)
https://youtu.be/QaKSekjAnqY (High density energy storage - relevant for chemistry)
https://youtu.be/GicQwXbNnv0 (Underwater sea storage)
C. DISTILLATION & OTHER PROCESSES AT THE DISTILLERY

Two types of stills for distillation (pot still or lantern still, wash stills and spirit
stills)11, pumps for moving fluids, boilers, kiln for malting12, heat pump for controlling
temperature in buildings, bottling of whisky, labelling and capping of bottles, bottle
packaging and storage, mash tuns, fermentation vats, ageing barrels13, mills for
grinding the malted grain.
D. OTHER MACHINERY REQUIRED

Cooperage14 robots (one example at https://youtu.be/_2ld_2_fD1s15 and another
robot at https://youtu.be/y8r5qTtpXco16 ), automatic warehousing systems, steam
generators, forklifts, cranes, etc.
E. BUILDINGS
Visitor centre, maturing warehouse, computer server area, malting area,
cooperage area, bottled stock warehouse, bottling and packaging facilities, loading
docks, grain hopper, barley silos, distilling area,
F. LOGISTICS, MARKETING & MANAGEMENT

Grain stock management, waste management, bottled whisky management, staff
training, visitor centre management, use of intranet Web, use of corporate blogs,
setting up social media accounts for the distillery, procurement of goods and services
necessary for the functioning of the distillery, branding of the distillery and whisky
products17.
5.2. PROJECT REPORT OPTIONS

1. Management of the project during implementation.
2. Branding (identity, design of logos and labels, as well as corporate image).
3. Community Management (Webs and social networks)
4. Network management (accounting, order management, staff managament,
data storage, data collection, security, backups, hardware)
5. Implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) to distillery processes (sensors,
data collection, data analysis, etc).
11
https://www.whisky.fr/en/making-whisky/stills-and-distillation
12
An explanation of malting can be seen here: https://youtu.be/Wz4yhMR0l3o and https://youtu.be/6Ivf3fmxgHM
13
https://www.whisky.fr/en/making-whisky/barrels-and-ageing
14
This Spanish cooper explains his work for Scotch whishy casks: https://youtu.be/SWZFd9Wp1wU . The on-site
work is briefly explained here: https://youtu.be/lMhtaIi6NQw
15
This facility uses two Kawasaki ZX300S and a tailor made wood lathe.
16
This specific implementation used an ABB IRB 640 robot and the programming was carried out by GeKU
Automation.
17
This short video indicates the essential information that should appear on labels: https://youtu.be/4928-F0Y0-k
the complete information available on https://docplayer.net/12394799-Chapter-1-mandatory-label-
information.html

6. Logistics [grain for whisky production, stock management, purchase and

reception of casks, fuel for kiln (peat or alternative), dispatching of orders,
Just-In-Time approach, IoT requirements]
7. Visitor centre construction and organisation of related activities (museum,
simulations, games, tasting activities, bed&breakfast, etc).
8. Automatisation of sprouting and transport to kiln
9. Selection of kiln and malting process options
10. Selection of mill and mashing machinery
11. Implementation of the fermentation facilities
12. Selection of stills,generation of steam, and distillation choices
13. Selection of pumps and piping systems for moving liquids and others
14. Automatisation of cooperage, cask transport and cask storage (using robots)
15. Automatic control of temperature in different buildings and for different
purposes
16. Energy generation (turbines, solar shingles/tiles, other)
17. Energy storage (analysis of options; ; justification of final choice)
18. Implementation of electrical facilities (from power sources to buildings and
equipment, from power sources to energy storage).
19. Selection of staff (define qualifications and job duties).
20. Analysis of the convenience of using heat pumps for regulating the
temperature of certain distillery areas.
21. Implementation of health and safety plans.
22. Bottling, capping, labelling, packaging and storage.
23. Disposal and recycling of waste products (effluent water, wash, cask shavings,
higher alcohols, esthers, bad congeners, etc).
24. Quality control of alcohol distilled, water, grain, and yeast (uncontaminated
preservation of the selected yeast strands).
25. Analysis of the advantages or disadvantages of having the budget for the
project in bitcoins or other electronic currency.
26. Alternative design to repurpose the whisky distillery for other uses in case of
project failure.
27. Implementation of a heat pump for heating/cooling the facilities.
28. Analysis of technical skills that need to be sub-contracted for the project
implementation.
29. Environmental impact report.
30. Construction of buildings for, at least, 12 different activities (silo for barley
storage, germination area, malting, mashing, fermentation, distillation,
storage in casks for ageing, bottling and packaging, load and unload of
lorries, parking lot, visitor centre, offices and changing rooms).
31. Hiring the staff for the project and deciding on its training.
32. Analysis of the potential applications of 3D-printing within the context of
commercial distilleries.
33. Quality control of non-distillation processes at Allt na-h-Eiridin.
34. Social Corporate Responsibility report.
35. Proposal of electro-mechanical amusement rides and buildings for a theme
park whose purpose is to combine the history of the Highlands and Scotch
distillation: dark rides, pendulum rides, water rides, roller coasters, sky
coasters, carousels, Ferris wheel, inflatable attractions, membrane structures,
etc.
36. Analysis of the upfront costs that the project has (what are they and
approximate amount).

5.3. TECHNICAL DRAWING TYPES: THEIR MEANING AND USES18

When you took the subject of technical drawing, you learned a new language. This
language can be understood by any engineer in any other part of the world plus a host
of many other professionals involved in engineering activities. Alternative names for
this activity are draughting and drafting.
Several levels of precision and purposes require different types of drawings. For
example, initial ideas can be effectively reflective using sketches (see Figure 5).
Diagrams increase the standardisation (they may use conventional symbols such as
circuit components or chemistry process flow symbols). The
In the case of orthographic projections (see Figure 6), two standards are followed:
first angle projection (mainly in Europe and its area of influence) and third angle
projection (mainly in the U.S.A. and their area of influence). The first approach is
specified by the ISO 128 and the second by the ASME Y14.3M.
Ortographic projections are complemented by numerical and textual information:
legends, scales, specifications (specs) and notes because blueprints or plans
must convey the geometry, dimensions, tolerances, materials and finish of the
objects they represent.
Figure 5: Examples of sketches
EXERCISE 16: Match the purposes below with the types of drawings
a) Machine assembly and b) See more detailed c) Manufacturing and
disassembly representations construction
d) Maintenance e) Teaching f) Understand generalities
g) Present an idea in a h) See how an element is i) Understand the relation
simplified manner connected to another one among different parts or
stages
Front view / Elevation Plan View - Floor Plan (Blueprint)

Side View Blow Up Detail
Exploded View Cut Away Drawing
Cross-Section Mechanical System Drawing
Diagram Schematics
18
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_drawings_for_building_design and
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Scale

19
Figure 6: This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license .
5.4. GRAPHS AND TABLES: USES AND LIMITATIONS

Tables are very useful to present very dense information in a small space. In the
words of Few (2004: 41) tables are the best option when "displaying simple
relationships between quantitative values and the categorical subdivisions to which
these values are related." This makes them ideal for journal articles, textbooks, reports,
etc. On the other hand, this informational density does not fit in the context of
presentations. In other words, unless you want your audience to get lost, do not use
tables when presenting information orally. Try to find an alternative approach.
One possible solution is using graphs. Few (2004: 42) indicates that graphs share
the following three characteristics:
 the area enclosed by one or more axes is used to display values;
 the visual objects placed in relation to the axes denote values; and
 the values and labels assigned to the visual objects are scaled according to
the axes.
19
The file has not been altered and the author is duly acknowledged in the linked website.

Graphs are recommended when displaying individual values, when comparing

individual values, when presenting precise values, and when communicating more than
one unit of measure (Few, 2004: 46). Regardless of the names used, graphs represent
quantitative values using four graphic strategies: points, lines, bars, and shapes
with 2D areas (Few, 2004: 56).
EXERCISE 17A: Watch this video on how graphs can be misleading and answer
the following questions. https://youtu.be/E91bGT9BjYk
a) How did Chevy's graph mislead its readers? Comment [IAP51]: distorting the scale
b) What are the two manipulations displayed in the second graph? along the Y axis.
c) What example is used to illustrate how leaving relevant data can also be Comment [IAP52]: scale is
inconsistent and it starts presenting data
misleading? immediately after a huge economic crisis
d) What is the last type of deception strategy mentioned? (cherry picking)
EXERCISE 17B: This other video provides a list of features that you have to check Comment [IAP53]: superbowl
to avoid making your graphs misleading. https://youtu.be/ETbc8GIhfHo audience ratings that do not compensate
for population growth.
a) Which are the 7 examples of misleading graphs mentioned
Comment [IAP54]: selecting data
EXERCISE 17C: Now watch this other video on how statistics can be misleading without clarifying its consequences.
and answer the questions below. https://youtu.be/sxYrzzy3cq8 (Remember exercise 4 from
unit 1).
a) Explain Simpson's Paradox in the case of Hospitals A and B Comment [IAP55]: Agregated data in
b) What is the lurking variable in the case of non-smokers? this case the relative proportion of patients
arriving in good or bad health.
c) What was the lurking variable in death sentencing according to race?
Comment [IAP56]: Age group. Non-
smokers tend to live more, so during
EXERCISE 18: Use the table to classify the types of graph types below according testing older subjects were more likely to
to the graphic strategies. die of old age.
Comment [IAP57]: the race of the
DOT PLOT  LINE GRAPH  BAR GRAPH  PIE CHART  PARETO CHART  GANTT CHART  STACKED victim
AREA CHART  HISTOGRAM  TIME SERIES GRAPH  SCATTER PLOT  RADAR CHART  STACKED BAR
Comment [IAP58]: Does not include
GRAPH  DOUGHNUT CHART  SCATTER-LINE COMBO  PICTOGRAPH all possibilities, only those more frequently
used.
Use Points Use Lines Use Bars Use Shapes Mixed

Dot plot Line graph Bar graph Pie chart Pareto chart
Scatter plot / Time Series Histogram Doughnut chart Gantt chart
scattergraph / graph Stacked Bar Pictograph Scatter-Line Comment [IAP59]: During the
scattergram Radar chart / graph Stacked Area combo exercise, mention the alternative names
Spider chart chart Comment [IAP60]: During the
exercise, mention the alternative names
Remember to explicitly refer to the graphs used in your texts and if you show any
graphs in a presentation, please, use them. Otherwise, they become decoration
elements. Also, consider in your presentations how many graphs should you have per
slide. Wong (2010: 24) claims that "[w]hen you supply the reference point you control
the message." In other words, how much data you present and what scale you use
allows you to use framing.
EXERCISE 19: Indicate for the following means of displaying information which ones
have (1) High visual impact + sparse data; (2) Low visual impact + sparse data; (3) High
visual impact + rich data; and (4) Low visual impact + rich data (Wong, 2010: 34-45).
Narrative text 2 Diagram 1

Table of numbers 4 Data map 3
Chart and Photo combo 3 Graphs within a table 4
Photo 1 Bullet points 2

5.5. STRUCTURE OF TECHNICAL REPORTS

Technical reports are varied in purpose and size, but they all share a common
characteristic: they propose a solution to a problem or provide a technically qualified
answer to a question. Table X below presents the prototypical structure of technical
reports and the information that each section conveys.
Section name Contains
(Optional) The title describes clearly the contents of the report. It also Comment [IAP61]: If you prefer that
Title page they use optional elements insist that they
contains the names of the authors, their affiliation and role.
use them for
Usually around 250 words long. It describes the problem, the
alternatives considered and results obtained (timelines, costs,
Summary / Abstract
improvements, recommendations, etc.) It could be followed by a one-
page summary of the report developed for managers.
(Optional) Used when the report is somewhat long. Do not call it
Table of Contents "Index". That means "list of concepts used" and belongs to books and
annual reports for stockholders in corporations.
Between half a page and one page long. It contextualises the task
Introduction described in the report and provides a short guide of what each section
contains.
Different for each report. You describe the problem; consider
Middle Sections
alternative solutions (pros and cons) and support with data.
Based on the previous data, you provide a recommendation or reach a
Conclusions
justified conclusion.
The standard mention of the information sources that you have used.
References
We follow the IEEE citation style.
(Optional) It may include drawings, tables, pictures, etc with the
Appendixes
purpose of enhancing the understanding of certain information.
Table 3: Technical Report Sections and their contents.
Do not forget to number all pages and use heading options to include the family
names of the authors in all pages. This way it will be easy to identify the authorship and
sequence in case of printing the document.
5.6. PERSUASION DRIVERS IN PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION

Remember that the aspects at the bottom of Table 3 have a stronger persuasive
power than those at the top unless you can show that table stakes, functional value and
business value are clearly dealt with. Consider the information in table 3 when working
on the credibility of your report. It is an interpretation of Table 1 for your project.
Summary of Purchase Motivation Elements: Distillery in Porin Comment [IAP62]: This information is
useful to frame the data in the reports for
Demonstrate that modern distilleries can produce high quality spirits the expected audiences, focus the
INSPIRATIONAL according to strict environmental standards. Show that off-grid industries purposes of the report and decide on what
PURPOSE
VALUE can provide quality employment in isolated areas and promote them arguments to use for justifying the
while collaborating with traditional sectors. conclusions or recommendations of the
Working in this project will provide valuable contacts at both local and report.
international levels to all engineers participating. The experience gained
CAREER will reflect impressively in the CV / Resume. The sector is growing and
requires an international workforce with expertise in a broader range of
INDIVIDUAL
technologies.
VALUE
The project is attractive beyond professional appeals for its quality and
innovative approach. The client offers many advantages to the staff and
PERSONAL
the team contains a balanced mix of experience and enthusiasm. The
assignment is stress-free and will offer a valuable experience.
EASE OF DOING / The simplicity achieved through the IoT systems reduces hazards,
BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY shortens productivity analysis, diminishes maintenance costs and
VALUE downtime, optimises the relation between production needs and supply

management, and improves the analysis of purchasing demand.

It is clear when the results will be available and what elements can be
ACCESS
modified if necessary without significant budget amendments.
The team has the adequate knowledge and can cope with its difficulties.
Most of the suppliers have already a fluid relationship with your company.
RELATIONSHIP
The project does not create internal stresses within the company and is
beneficial for the local community.
The project has taken into account finantial and operational risks while
reaching a wide and reliable range of customers. The design of the
STRATEGIC operation is flexible enough to adapt to strategic modifications in product
or activity without damaging the specificed levels of quality in product or
facilities.
At the conclusion of the project, the distillery will be integrated into the
economic structure of the region; the processes will be monitored
OPERATIONAL
through IoT systems simplifying management and coordination with
other businesses of the client's consortium.
The quality of the whisky is satisfactory for the client expectations and the
PERFORMANC
whole cost is "X"% lower than for standard Highlands distilleries of Comment [IAP63]: To raise funds for
E creating a distillery in Dingwall, Scotland.
comparable size.
FUNCTIONAL
The quality of the spirit produced and the industrial facilities is more than Comment [IAP64]: Emotional appeal
VALUE to heritage linking historical distillery to the
average. The project can easily be scaled to larger facilities and the
ECONOMIC project discussed
innovations in the equipment used guarantee a more cost-effective
production within environmentally friendly conditions. Comment [IAP65]: president of the
The distillery has been developed according to the client specifications Dingwall Community Benefit Society, farm
 within budget while following the applicable regulations and achieving owner, linked to local wind turbine project,
TABLE STAKES
worked in the livestock auction mart
ethical standards satisfactory to all stakeholders. (which started as a cooperative), helicopter
Table 3: Elements of Value in relation to your group report. pilot.
Comment [IAP66]: vaguely developed
5.7. ASSESSING CREDIBILITY IN PROJECT PROPOSALS this idea: attracting tourism, bringing jobs
Taking this video https://youtu.be/RiG5N_UFJiY as the example to the region
a) What is the purpose of this presentation? Comment [IAP67]: Table stakes (price
___________________________________________________________ is OK £250 pro stock); individual-personal
(every stockholder has one vote in
b) With what type of appeal does this video begin? meetings); inspirational purpose (heritage,
___________________________________________________________ links to local culture, increase local jobs).
c) What is John Mckenzie's background? Comment [IAP68]: according to the
___________________________________________________________ Scotch Whisky Regulations 2009, the
d) What are the short and long-term benefits of the project? distilled product must age, at least, 3 years
___________________________________________________________ in casks. Normally, malt and grain whiskies
age at least 8 years. So around 9 years.
e) Which factors from the Purchase Motivation Elements are addressed by this video?
___________________________________________________________ Comment [IAP69]: This question is
here just to see if they can use some of the
f) What do you think is the Payback period of the investment? concepts to justify their opinions. Many
___________________________________________________________ possible right answers with subtleties
g) Is this project an example of microloans, crowd funding or something else? embeded.
___________________________________________________________ Comment [I70]: http://silverbuckshot.
h) How convincing is this project presentation? Why? blogspot.com/2011/02/what-does-silver-
___________________________________________________________ buckshot-mean.html
https://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/silver-
Now look at this video: https://youtu.be/QPC5_P2_Fu8 (Can we stop climate buckshot/why-we-need-some-silver-
buckshot/
change by removing CO2 from the air? by Tim Kruger), answer the following https://scienceprogress.org/2012/04/scien
questions and complete the diagram below: ce-silver-buckshot-and-“all-of-the-above”/
a) What two processes need to be carried out to stop climate change? https://buildingefficiencyinitiative.org/artic
les/silver-buckshot-variety-renewable-
Cut CO2 emissions and take CO2 out of the atmosphere ________________
energy-technologies-reach-net-zero-
b) What are artificial trees? energy-building-vision
Artificial machines that scrub CO2 out of the atmosphere _______________ https://www.researchgate.net/publication
c) What is a “silver buckshot” in this context? /322694071_Silver_Buckshot_or_Bullet_Is
_a_Future_Energy_Mix_Necessary
_______________________________________________________
d) In what project is Mr. Kruger working now? Comment [I71]: Origen Power Process
https://www.origenpower.com/our-
Using natural gas to produce electricity in a way that takes CO2 from air _____ technology

e) What is the key result from this process?

Pure CO2 is obtained for use or storage deep underground ______________
f) What is a consequence of using lime in industrial processes?
It scrubs CO2 from air _______________________________________
g) How much CO2 is emitted for evey kWh when using natural gas for
generating electricity? And with Kruger’s process?
400 grams / -600 grams _____________________________________
h) Potentially, carbon emissions can be reduced by how much?
60% ___________________________________________________
i) What use of lime is specifically mentioned?
To counter seawater acidification _______________________________
j) Why is this seawater process not applied directly to the environment?
It needs to be tested for side effects ______________________________
k) What metaphor does Mr. Kruger use to describe C02 reduction? Comment [I72]: Meaning that like a
Cathedral project __________________________________________ cathedral, this project will not be achieved
by only one generation of people, but it
l) Which purchase motivation elements are covered by this presentation? will spread over several centuries.
_______________________________________________________
m) Complete the diagram below (Figure 6). Comment [IAP73]: startning on the
left centre and moving clockwise -->
natural gas; electricity; pure CO2; Lime
CaO; Lime Kiln; Limestone CaCO3. In the
centre where the rays are: "Heat"
Figure 7: Using natural gas to capture CO2
6. REFERENCES
Almquist, Eric; Senior, John & Bloch, Nicolas (2018). The B2B Elements of Value in
Harvard Business Review. March-April.
Almquist, Eric; Senior, John & Bloch, Nicolas (2016). The Elements of Value in
Harvard Business Review. September.
Clearfelau (2016). Bio-energy plants transform whisky distillery sector in Filtration
and Separation, November/December 2016, pp. 18-19. [on-line]
http://www.filtsep.com
Dolan, T.C.S. (1976). Some Aspects of the Impact of Brewing Science on Scotch Malt
Whisky Production in Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Vol. 82, pp. 177-181.
Few, Stephen (2004). Show me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press.
Freeman, R. Edward; Harrison, Jeffrey S.; Wick, Andrew C.; Parmar, Bidham L. & De
Colle, Simone (2010). Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. [on-line]

http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Cooperatives/Multi-Stakeholder_Co-
ops/Stakeholder%20Theory_%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
Freeman, R. Edward (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston:
Pitman.
Gass, Robert H. & Seiter, John S. (2011). Persuasion: Social Influence and Compliance
Gaining. Boston: Allyn & Bacon (Pearson Education, Inc.)
Howard, D. J. (1997). Familiar Phrases as Peripheral Persuaion Cues in Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, Nº 33, pp. 231-243.
Kerzer, Harold (2009). Project Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maslow, Abraham H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation in Psychological Review,
Vol. 50, N0. 4, pp. 370-396. [on-line]
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34195256/A_Theory_of_
Human_Motivation_-_Abraham_H_Maslow_-
_Psychological_Review_Vol_50_No_4_July_1943.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIA
IWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1523713960&Signature=GBfuAD7q4szAlQHIZ
cPaZ7gtF74%3D&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DA_THEORY_OF_HUMAN_MOTIVATI
ON.pdf
Mitroff, Ian I. (1983). Stakeholders of the Organizational Mind. San Francisco: Jossey-
Bass Publishers.
Weaver, R. M. (1953). The Ethics of Rhetoric. Chicago: Henry Regnery.
Welch, Mary & Jackson, Paul R. (2007). Rethinking internal communication: a
stakeholder approach in Corporate Communications: An International Journal,
Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 177-198.
Wong, Dona M. (2010). The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics: The
Dos and Dont's of Presenting Data, Facts, and Figures. New York / London:
W.W. Norton & Company.
7. ENGINEERING SETTINGS IN POPULAR CULTURE:
(1) Movies / Documentaries

 Patent Scam (2017) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6567002/?ref_=nv_sr_1
 Patent Wars (2014) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3546434/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl
 The Circle (2017) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4287320/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
 Gold (2016) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1800302/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
 The Founder (2016) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4276820/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
 The 986 Patent (2015) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2497840/?ref_=nv_sr_1
 The Imitation Game (2014) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2084970/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
 Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1441952/?ref_=nv_sr_1
 Patent Absurdity (2010) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8532410/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
 3 Idiots (2009) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1187043/?ref_=nv_sr_1
 Flash of Genius (2008) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1054588/?ref_=nv_sr_1
 Shooting Fish (1997) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120122/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
 The Man in the White Suit (1951) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0044876/?ref_=nv_sr_1
(2) TV
 Engineering Connections (2008-2012)
 Extreme Engineering (2003-2009)
 Extreme Machines (1997-2004)
 How It's Made (2001-2016) and How Do They Do It (2006-2019)
 Patent Bending (2006-...)

 Prototype This (2008-2009)

 Silicon Valley (2014-2018)
 Smash Lab (2007-2009)
 The Big Bang Theory (2007-2019)
 The reinventors (2008-2011)
 The Secret Life of Machines (1988-1993) http://www.secretlifeofmachines.com/
 Unchained Reaction (2012)
(3) Literature
 Disch, Thomas M. (1979). On Wings of Song. Victor Gollancz Ltd
 Egan, Greg (1994). Permutation City.
 Kress, Nancy (1991). Beggars in Spain. Phoenix Pick [1993)
 Lodge, David (2011). Nice Work. Vintage Books [1988]
 Stephenson, Neal (2011). Snow Crash. London: Penguin Books Ltd. [1992]
(4) Popular Science

 Lomas, Robert (1999). The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century: Nikola
Tesla, forgotten genius of electricity. Createspace Independent Publishing.
 Miodownik, Mark A. (2014). Stuff Matters: The Strange Stories of the
Marvelous Materials that Shape our Man-made World. London: Penguin
Books Ltd.
 Stewart, Ian (2013). 17 Equations that Changed the World. Profile Books Ltd.
 Tesla, Nicola (2012). My Inventions and Other Writings. London: Penguin
Books [1919]
(5) Music
 Blondie - Atomic (1979)
 Coldplay - Gravity (2002)
 Elton John - Electricity (2005)
 Elton John - Rocket Man (1972)
 Freezepop - Science Genius Girl (2000)
 Freezepop - I Am Not Your Game Boy (2004)
 Imagine Dragons - Radioactive (2012)
 Kate Bush - Pi (2005)
 Kelly Clarkson - Einstein (2011)
 Kraftwerk - Pocket Calculator (1981)
 Oingo Boingo - Weird Science (1985)
 One Direction - Maths Song (parody of That's What Makes You Beautiful)
(2011)
 Steve Miller Band - Space Cowboy (1969)
 Styx - Hundred Million Miles From Home (2017)
 Styx - Mr. Roboto (1983)
 The Pointer Sisters - Neutron Dance (1986)
 The Polecats -Make a Circuit With Me (1981)
 They Might Be Giants - Science Is Real (2009)
 Timbuk3 - The Future's So Bright I Gotta Wear Shades (1986)
 Tom Lehrer - The Elements (1959)
 Weird Al Yankovich - White and Nerdy (2006)
 Weird Al Yankovich - Virus Alert (2006)
 Weird Al Yankovich - It's All About the Pentiums (1999)

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Unit developed by Ismael Arinas Pellón, lecturer at the E.T.S.I.I.

Los detalles de los términos de esta licencia "Creative Commons" se

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 1

UNIT 2: Communication in Engineering Projects

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 2

4.1.1. DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE IN TEXT (A) ...................................................................... 13

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 3

(1) Movies / Documentaries.................................................................................................... 28

Communication plays a fundamental role in engineering projects. Projects

Customers, Customer advocates, Environmentalists,

Owners, Employees, Shareholders Suppliers

Media Governments Competitors

Figure 1: Potential Stakeholders in Engineering Projects (based on Freeman et al. 2010)

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 4

EXERCISE 2: Answer the following four questions.

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 5

RETAILER  CASH FLOW  INCOME  PAYBACK PERIOD  SUBSIDY

EXERCISE 4: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill video

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 6

DRIP  SPEW  LEAK  DRAIN  STEEP  TRICKLE  SIPHON  FLOW  SOAK

1. Comment [IAP25]: steep, soak,

2. Comment [IAP26]: drain, pour, pump,

3. Comment [IAP27]: overflow, flow,

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 7

4. Comment [IAP28]: spew, gush, spout

spit or eject liquid

5. Comment [IAP29]: drip, leak, trickle

DRILL BIT OIL RIG PIPING

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 8

2. COMMUNICATION EVENTS AND MOTIVATION

Figure 2: Examples of Communication in Engineering Projects

Elements considered when making purchases in B2B contexts (Almquist et al.

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 9

EXERCISE 6: Which of the communication events in Figure 2 are typically used to

Figure 3: Relationship between arguments and stakeholder decisions

Rational and emotional arguments play a role on all sides of professional

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 10

 Improve impact on environment (environmental impact reports,

Figure 4: Miscommunication in projects (source unknown).

EVENT DEFINITION RESPONSE

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 11

3. BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS: THE LANGUAGE OF

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 12

Systematic processing Heuristic processing

An important task during the first stages of a project is gathering information. In

4.1. READING COMPREHENSION (A): PROFESSIONAL MAGAZINES

4.1.1. DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE IN TEXT (A)

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 13

Example 1: US Patent 4,754698 Example 2: Dolan (1976: 179)

EXERCISE 9: Look at the three examples of descriptions. What is the Density -

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 14

4.2. READING COMPREHENSION (B): PATENTS

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 15

SUMMARY PAGE Includes technical classification information,

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 16

4.3. READING COMPREHENSION (C): E-MAIL OFFER9

GuiZhou Handier Import & Export Trading Co., Ltd

5. WRITING PROJECT - TECHNICAL REPORT: OFF-GRID WHISKEY

EPAC- UNIT 2 DLACT - ETSI Industriales 17

h) The liquid entering the distillation stages is called? WASH

Barley 1st distill. 2nd distill.