PresentazioneFC2010 11

Fuel cells:
Choice, Design and Application
Rodolfo Taccani
Energy System Laboratory
Mechanical Engineering
Department
University of Trieste
- Italy -
29.11.10
Impiego industriale dell’energia
Topics
z EneSysLab at a glance
z Fuel cells basic principles
z Stack design
z System design
z Fuel cells applications
z Conclusions
2
FC IEE 2010-11 - R. Taccani...
EneSys Lab
Energy System Lab
Staff
z 6 researchers
z About 10 external
collaborators
AIR
z Many sudents NATURAL GAS

POWER
GENERATOR
Siemens
COMPR Westinghouse TURBINE COMP
Activity TENSION
RGIBBS
z Development of process RECUPERATOR
simulation models HES

WATER
EXHAUST
z Development thermo -fluid

dynamics models
z Experimental characterization of
prototypes and commercial products
z Prototypes development
3
Topics
z Stack design
z System design
z Conclusion
4
Fuel cells
…yesterday
Sir Grove 1842
…today
Ballard Power System
5
What is fuel cell?
Fuel cell is an electrochemical energy converter.
It converts chemical energy of fuel (H2) directly into electricity.
Fuel cell is like a battery but with constant fuel and oxidant supply.
heat
_
hydrogen
BATTERY
FUEL CELL DC electricity
oxygen
+
water
6
What is fuel cell?
Fuel cell is an electrochemical energy converter.
It converts chemical energy of fuel (H2) directly into electricity.
electrode
hydrogen
electrolyte
oxygen
electrode
water
7
PEM Fuel Cell Basic Components
porous
electrode
proton
exchange
membrane
catalyst
layer porous
electrode
8
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES
PEMFC AFC PAFC MCFC SOFC DMFC

Electrolyte Polymer KOH Phosforic Molten Solid Polymer
Membrane Acid Carbonate Oxide Membrane
Temp. (°C) 70-80 80-100 200-220 600-650 800-1000 70-120
Corr.Den. H H M M H L
Reformer External External External Ext/Int Ext/Int Internal
Toll. CO2 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Si
Toll. CO No No No Yes Yes Si

Applications Space. Space Dist. Generaz. Gen. Trasport.
Transp. Transp. Generation MW Distrib.-
Portable Portable MW
FC Efficiecy 50% 50% 50% 60% 60% N.D.
H2 LHV
PEMFC: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel MCFC: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Cell SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
AFC: Alkaline Fuel Cell DMFC: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
PAFC: Phosforic Acid Fuel Cell
9
Fuel Cell Basic Principles
10
FUEL CELL COMPONENTS -1
z Electrolyte
– Good conductor of ions
– Poor electronic conductor
– Impermeable to fuel and oxidant gases
z Electrodes
– Good electronic conductor
– Sufficient porosity for reactant gas flow
– Catalytic activity for electrochemical reaction
– Non reactive w/r to other components
11
FUEL CELL COMPONENTS -2
z Separator Plate (Interconect)

– Chemical stability in both red. and ox. ambient
– Good electronic conductor (series connection)
– Non reactive w/r to other components
– Mechanical strenght
12
FUEL CELL COMPONENTS - GDL
Porous electrode structure
Gas diffusion layer surface
(carbon fiber paper)
80 µm
13
FUEL CELL COMPONENTS - MEA
cell frame / bipolar plate
current collector /
gas diffusion layer
Pt-catalyst
polymer membrane
Pt-catalyst
current collector /
gas diffusion layer
cell frame / bipolar plate
14
PEM Fuel Cell: How does it work?
electrode membrane electrode
Carbon
support
Porous Membrane
electrode
structure
Platinum
15
How does it work?
external load
collector collector
electrode membrane electrode
plate plate
oxygen feed
O2
2e-
2H+
H2 → 2H+ + 2e- 1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O
Carbon
support
Porous Membrane
electrode
structure
H2 H2O Platinum
hydrogen feed
16
IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS
z Ohmic Losses
– Electrolyte resistance
– Electrode resistance
– Contact resistance
z Activation and mass transport overpotentials
– Electrode polarization
z Concentration polarization
z Activation polarization
17
TYPES OF OVERPOTENTIALS
18
TYPES OF OVERPOTENTIALS
V=E-∆VA-∆VO -∆VC
Activation Losses ∆VA: they are caused by the slowness of the reaction
taking place on the surface of electrodes. A proportion of the voltage
generated is lost in driving the chemical reaction that transfers the
electrons to or from the electrode.
Ohmic Losses ∆VO: This voltage drop is the straightforward resistance

to the flow of electrons through the material of the electrode and the
various interconnections, as well as the resistance to the flow of ions
through the electrolyte. This voltage drop is essentially proportional to
the current density.
Mass transport or concentration losses ∆VC: This result from the

change in concentration of the reactant at the surface of the electrode
as the fuel is used
19
FUEL CELL EFFICIENCY
V *I ⎛ nFE rev ⎞ ⎛ V ⎞ ⎛ I ⎞ ⎛ γ ⎞
η= =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
mc * LHV ⎝ LHV ⎠ ⎝ E rev ⎠ ⎝ nFγ ⎠ ⎝ mc ⎠
• Erev: THEORETICAL CELL VOLTAGE
• F: 96439 coulomb;
• n: ELECTRONS INVOLVED IN THE REACTION;
• LHV: LOWER HEATING VALUE;
• mc: FUEL MOLAR FLOWRATE;
• V: CELL VOLTAGE;
• I: CURRENT INTENSITY;
• γ: USED FUEL MOLAR FLOWRATE;
• Uf: UTALIZATION FACTOR: Uf =γ/mc.
1- (nFErev/LHV). IDEAL EFFICIENCY
2- (V/Erev). TAKES INTO ACCOUNT FOR ACTIVATION, OHMIC

AND CONCENTRATION LOSSES
3- (I/nFγ:). PARASSITIC LOSSES
4- (γ:/mc). UTILIZATION FACTOR
20
Polarization curve is a function of:
-Operating pressure
-Operating temperature
-Concentration of reactants
-Flow rate of reactants
-Pt loading
-Thickness and resistivity of membrane
-Contact pressure
21
Topics
z Stack design
z System design
z Conclusion
22
Fuel Cell Components
Electrodes
Bipolar plates
Electrolyte
23
From cell… to stack
Each single cell produces about 1 V.

To obtain higher voltage it is
therefore necessary to connect more
cells. From cell… to stack.
Single cell
Stack
24
Cell performance and Stack Performance
z Single cells
– Generally ideal test conditions
– Low resistance electrical contacts
– Often use excess oxidant and fuel gas
– Near isotermal cell surface
z Stacks
– Potential for leakage at seals
– Contact resistance at interconnects
– Greater fuel utilization
– Heat transfer limitations
25
Stack Thermal Management
z Heat generated in cells must be removed to mantain operation

z Cell/Stack operation influenced by temperature
control/uniformity
z Sources
– Reversible heat of electrochemical reactions
– Irrevesible losses
z Heat transefer mechanism
– Conduction via cell/stack components
– Conduction/convection with reactant gases and/or water cooling
system
– Radiation
26
Major stack components
end plate
bus plate
bi-polar collector plates
Membrane
Catalyst
MEA Catalyst support
Catalyst layer
Gas diffusion layer
Gaskets/frames
Bi-polar Flow field
plate Separator/connector
Bus plates/terminals
End plates
Clamping mechanism
tie rod
Fluid connections
Manifolds
Cooling plates/arrangements
Humidification section (optional)
27
Stack design/engineering issues
Uniform distribution of reactants to each cell
a) “U”-shape b) “Z”-shape
Cell #(n-1)
Cell #n
Cell #6
Cell #2
Cell #1
Cell #3
Cell #4
Cell #5
c) Combined parallel-serial
28
Pressure drop
∆Pfeeder << ∆Pcell
feeder
exit
29
Stack Voltage Distribution
0.8
0.6
V
0.4
100 mA/cm2
0.2 400 mA/cm2
1000 mA/cm2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
numero
Cell cella
Number
HT PEM, 160°C
30
Stack Voltage Distribution
0.8
0.6
0.4
V
0.2 400 mA/cm2

760 mA/cm2
0.0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25
numero
Cell cella
Number
HT PEM, 160°C
31
Stack Temperature Distribution
T3
T2
T1
32
Flow field configurations
single channel multi-channel
straight criss-cross serpentine serpentine
subsequent
serpentine
mixed serpentine spiral mirror serpentine
33
CFD can help
34
Cell/stack compression
Non-uniform Uniform
Hydraulic or pneumatic piston
35
Stack design summary
A fuel cell stack is a simple, yet complex device

Uniformity of local conditions is essential for good design
Understanding of operating conditions is important
Information may be gathered through modeling/numerical
simulations and experimentally
Selection of key parameters and conditions must be made
from the system perspective
36
Topics
z Stack design
z System design
z Conclusion
37
System design and integration
38
Sistem design and integration
Fuel
Tank Stack Assembly AC or DC
Fuel Processor Drive Motor
Water Fuel Cell Wet Air
Air
Water
Regeneration
Cathode
Power Conditioner
Fuel Cell
Shift Anode Power
Reformer PROX Conditioner
Conv.
Water
Tail Gas
Stack
Heat Electric Power
Air
Air
Fuel H2O Mix Rejection
Batteries
Plant Fuel
Water
Water
Air
Burner
Air
Tail Gas Tail Gas Tail Gas
Air
Air
Air Air
Water Water
Water
Wet Air
Electric Air
Turb. Comp. Fan
Motor Water
Wet Air Tank
Air Air Air

Air Air
Air Management
39
Actual fuel cell system
back-pressure
regulator DC/DC inverter hydrogen tank
heat
exchangers air compressor
battery
main load -
propulsion fuel cell stack
motor
water tank
air
humidifier
water pump
40
41
Efficiency of fuel cell vs. ICE
60 a
b
50
c
efficiency (LHV) 40 d
30 e
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
power (% of maximum)
a) Low pressure, low temperature fuel cell system

b) High pressure, high temperature fuel cell system
c) Fuel cell system with an on-board reformer
d) Compression-ignition engine (diesel)
e) Spark-ignition engine 42
Topics
z Stack design
z System design
z Conclusion
43
Fuel Cell applications:
Status, Challenges and Perspectives
Application Status
Space in use for decades
(Sub)marine in use
Automotive demonstrations
Stationary Power demonstrations
Portable Power military
Battery Replacement close to commercial
44
Why fuel cells?
Promise of high efficiency

Promise of low or zero emissions
Run on hydrogen/fuel may be produced from
indigenous sources/issue of national security
Simple/promise of low cost
No moving parts/promise of long life
Modular
Quiet
45
©2002 by Frano Barbir. FC IEE 2010-11 - R. Taccani...
Why PEM Fuel Cells?
Simple
Quick start-up
Fast response
High efficiency
High power density (kW/kg and kW/l)
Zero emissions
46
Fuel cells status summary
Fuel cells have a great potential in many applications
There has been a lot of activities since early 2000s
There has been a lot of hype and expectations
Unrealistic promises to attract the investors

Number of press releases exceeded the number of fuel cells actually built
Skipped from labs to flashy demonstration
Back to basics
Now, fuel cell research at almost every university
Fuel cells have been demonstrated in almost every imaginable application
47
Fuel cells have already been demonstrated
in every imaginable application
Automobiles
Buses
Scooters
Bicycles
Golf carts
Space
Airplanes
Locomotives
Boats
Underwater vehicles
Distributed power generation
Cogeneration
Back-up power
Portable power
48
Fuel Cell Powered Fork Lifts
– Ideal Niche Market
Hydrogenics
BMW/Siemens Proton Motor

49
Nuvera Fuel Cells
Power 125 kW
Operating voltage 240-384 Volt
Transient response 10-90% 2 s
Dimension 210x550x900 mm
Weight 140 kg
50
Ballard Fuel Cell
51
Topics
z Stack design
z System design
z Conclusion
52
POWER PLANTS EFFICIENCIES
80
70
Hybrid Cycle
60
Combined Cycle
Efficiency [%]
50 Fuel cells
40
30 Diesel engines
Steam plant
20
10 Car engine
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Plant Power output [MW]
53
DOMESTIC COGENERATION
54
Conclusions
Fuel cells are:

versatile (many possible applications)
efficient
clean (when use hydrogen as fuel)
modular
Fuel cells are close to commercialization
niche market opportunities
Few technical challenges, but no show-stoppers
Fuel cells are only a part of a bigger system –
Difficulties in market penetration of individual
technologies
Fuel cells may be the enabling technology to pave
the road toward hydrogen economy
55
REFERENCES (selection)
z Periodicals
– Fuel cell Bulletin, Elsevier Science
– Fuel Cell Technology News, BCC
– Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Elsevier
– J. of Power Sources, Elsevier
– J. of Energy Resources Technology, Elsevier
– …
z WEB
– Fuel Cell 2000 – http://www.fuelcells.org
– CA FC Partnership http://www.drivingthefuture.org
– DOE http://www.fetc.doe.gov
– HyWeb http://www.hydrogen.org…
z Codes and standards
– American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z21.83
– Thanks to prof. F. Barbir for some slides

56

PresentazioneFC2010 11

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

PresentazioneFC2010 11

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Fuel cells:

Choice, Design and Application

z Fuel cells basic principles

z Fuel cells applications

z Many sudents NATURAL GAS

z Development of process RECUPERATOR

simulation models HES

z Development thermo -fluid

z Fuel cells basic principles

z Fuel cells applications

PEMFC AFC PAFC MCFC SOFC DMFC

Toll. CO No No No Yes Yes Si

z Separator Plate (Interconect)

cell frame / bipolar plate

cell frame / bipolar plate

electrode membrane electrode

Ohmic Losses ∆VO: This voltage drop is the straightforward resistance

Mass transport or concentration losses ∆VC: This result from the

2- (V/Erev). TAKES INTO ACCOUNT FOR ACTIVATION, OHMIC

3- (I/nFγ:). PARASSITIC LOSSES

4- (γ:/mc). UTILIZATION FACTOR

z Fuel cells basic principles

z Fuel cells applications

Each single cell produces about 1 V.

z Heat generated in cells must be removed to mantain operation

Uniform distribution of reactants to each cell

∆Pfeeder << ∆Pcell

0.2 400 mA/cm2

mixed serpentine spiral mirror serpentine

Hydraulic or pneumatic piston

 A fuel cell stack is a simple, yet complex device

z Fuel cells basic principles

z Fuel cells applications

Air Air Air

a) Low pressure, low temperature fuel cell system

z Fuel cells basic principles

z Fuel cells applications

Promise of high efficiency

High power density (kW/kg and kW/l)

Fuel cells have a great potential in many applications

There has been a lot of activities since early 2000s

There has been a lot of hype and expectations

Unrealistic promises to attract the investors

Fuel cells have been demonstrated in almost every imaginable application

BMW/Siemens Proton Motor

z Fuel cells basic principles

z Fuel cells applications

Plant Power output [MW]

Fuel cells are:

– Thanks to prof. F. Barbir for some slides

Вам также может понравиться

A fuel cell stack is a simple, yet complex device