For PMS

SOCIAL WORK

By:
Aman Ullah Gondal

M. Phil (Social Work)

Foreign Service of Pakistan (42nd CTP)

(PMS Officer) (Ex. Lecturer in Social Work)

0323-5277949

PMS Social Work Paper-1

1. Define Social Work. Discuss its Historical Background & Development Of

Social Welfare In Pakistan.
2. Define Society & Discuss The Characteristics Of Pakistan Society ?
3. Draw A Comparison Between Rural & Urban Society.
4. Define The Term ‘Culture’ & Discuss The Influence Of Allied (Islamic,
European & Indian) Culture On Our Culture.?
5. What Is Meant By ‘Social Norms’ Discuss In Detail Various
Stages/Components Of Social Norms.?
6. Define Socialization & Describe Various Factor Of Socialization.
7. Define Social Institution & Discuss The Function Of Following Institutions In
Society(!-Family Institution,2-Religious Institutuin,3- Political Institution,4-
Economic institution,5-Educatioal Institution)?
8. Discuss The Importance Of Social Institution In Human Society.
9. What Is The Social Change? Discuss The Factor Voyage, Provoke, Cause
Eccelerate Social Change/Also Discuss Hurdles In Social Change.?
10. Define Social Problems & Describe Causes Complication & Solution To
Following Social Problems?

 Drug Addition
 Over Population
 Juvenile Delinquency
 Crime
 Child Labor
 Child Abuse And Neglect
 Bonded Labor
 Illiteracy
 Beggary
 Environment
 Violence
 Poverty
 Unemployment.
 PMS Social Work

Paper A Headings

Outlines

Q:1. Define Society, What Are The Characteristics Of Pakistani Society?

1. Geographical background 2. Geographical features

3. Population 4. Men power
5. Literacy rate 6. Religious
7. Races 8. Caste system
9. Sectarianism 10. Provincialism
11. Linguistic Provisions 12. Dress-code
13.Food-habits 14. Religious & national festivals

15. Traditions & taboos 16. Supersitition & conservatism

17. Uneven distribution of wealth 18. Snobbery / extravagancy

19. Family system 20. Hobbies

21. Social change 22. Professions

23. Unemployment 24. Status of woman

25. Environment & atmosphere 26. Social norms & values

27. Social mobility 28. Leadership

Q:2. Characteristics of Pakistan culture:

1. Islamic culture 2. Respect of mankind

3. Veil / pardah 4. Status of women
5. Masjid 6. Architect
7. Islamic Beliefs 8. Customs & Taboos
 9. Fine Arts 10. Language
11. Festivals 12. Education
13. Muslim Brotherhood 14. Pan-Islamism

Q:3. Comparison of Rural and Urban Society.

1. Population 2. Literacy rate

3. Religious attachment 4. Caste system
5. Dress 6. Food habits
7. Traditions & Taboos 8. Family System
9. Hobbies 10. Social change
11. Professional 12. Unemployment
13. Status of women 14. Empowerment
15. Social norms 16. Social mobility
17. Leadership

Q:4. Impact of European culture on Muslim / Sub-continent / Pakistan culture:

1. Historical background 2. Change in social norm

3. Feudal system
5. English Language
7. Architect
9. Material culture
11. Industrialization
13. Materialism
15. Infrastructure development
4. Recreation
6. Decline of religious culture
8. Missionaries
10. Conclusion
12. Change in professions
14. Judicial system
16. Irrigation system0
Q:5. What are social institutions? Functions of various social institutions.

1. Family (Institution)
2. Religious Institution
3. Political Institution
4. Educational Institution
5. Economic Institution

1) Family Institution Functions:

1. Biological functions 2. Reproduction

3. Breed & brought of child 4. Protection and security
5. Social & economic needs 6. Education & training
7. Religious guidance 8. Marriage
9. Discipline 10. Transformation of protection of
cultural heritage
11. Social relationship 12. Political consciousness
13. Recreation

2) Religious Institution:

1. Metaphysical concept 2. Guideline to character

3. Self-esteem & confidence 4. Spiritual needs
5. Social control 6. Welfare
7. Reformation 8. Unity
9. Recreation 10. Correction of social institutions
3) Education Institution Functions:

1. Transformation and protection 2. Reconstruction of cultural

of cultural heritage
3. Socialization of individuals 4. Provision of skilled manpower
5. Inventions & discoveries 6. Civic sense
7. Social development 8. Social change
9. Solidarity 10. Coordination & corporation
11. Rights & Duties 12. Discipline

4) Economic Institution:

1. Provision of goods & services 2. Regulation and cont of services

& goods
3. Provision of labour 4. Division of labour
5. Social satisfaction 6. Social relations
7. Dependency 8. Social status
9. Personality development 10. Role in politics

Q:6). Social change? Factors promoting social change, barriers of social

change:

1. Inventions 2. Discoveries
3. Diffusion 4. Acculturation
5. Assimilation 6. Social institutions
7. Physical environment 8. Social movements
9. Social mobility 10. Population
11. Expansion in cultural element 12. Continuity in cultural
components
13. Mass media 14. Natural resources
15. Fear 16. Natural disasters

5) Hurdles/Barriers in social change:

1. Customs & taboos 2. Ignorance/ Literacy

 3. Poverty 4. Under privileged social setup
5. Underprivileged means of 6. Vested interests
communication / transportation
7. Hesitation in accepting 8. Habits
invention
9. Rigidity in thoughts & attitude 10. Geographical location
11. Ethnicity 12. Jingoism

Q:7). What are Social Norms? (Expected Social Behavior According to Situation)

1) Undefined Acts
2) Folkways
3) Mores
4) Laws

Q:8). Socialization? Factors of Socialization?

Define : “A Process Of Changing Biological Entity Into A Social Entity”

Factors:

1) Family
2) Peer Group
3) Education institutions
4) Mass – Media & Communication

Q: 9. Social Problems In Pakistan Society:

1. Population 2. Corruption
3. Energy crises 4. Illiteracy
5. Terrorism 6. Poverty
7. Inflation 8. Health sector problems
9. Child labour 10. Violence against Women
 11. Political instability 12. Unemployment
13. Crimes & Law and order 14. Intolerance

Q: 10. Role Of NGO’s In Social Development In Pak Society?

1. Role Of NGO’s In Education Sector

2. Role Of NGO’s In Health Sector
3. Role Of NGO’s In Child Labour
4. Role Of NGO’s In Women Rights
5. Role Of NGO’s In Minority Rights
6. Role Of NGO’s In Environment Issues
7. Role Of NGO’s In Youth Development
8. Role Of NGO’s In Volunteerism
9. Role Of NGO’s In Bounded Labour
10. Role Of NGO’s In Free & Fair Elections
11. Role Of NGO’s In Food Security
12. Role Of NGO’s In Refugees / Immigrants
13. Role Of NGO’s In Religious Harmony
14. Role Of NGO’s In Micro Credit
15. Role Of NGO’s In Small Enterprise Industrial Development

Q:11. Social Welfare Admin:

Is a process of policy making organizational development implementation and

evaluation of the social welfare activities.

Importance:

i. Provision of services
ii. Administrative role
iii. Collecting and organizing the research based facts
 iv. Analyzing the problem
v. Determining / the objectives and policy
vi. Policy making and organizational resources
vii. Organization structure
viii. Hiring and recruitment
ix. Budgeting and finance
x. Record keeping

Q:12. Social Actions:

Social action is an effort of an individual group of community to integrate suitable

changes and reforms to improve socio-economic conditions for better social
climate.

Importance:

i. Bring about useful changes in society

ii. Introduce Legislative measure
iii. Eradication of various social problems
iv. Betterment of the weaker section of society
v. Mainstreaming of under privileged
vi. Attainment of satisfactory standards of living.
 PMS Social Work Paper-II
1. Define Social Work & Elaborate. The Basic Philosophy of Social
work Professions?
2. Discuss Basic Objectives & Principles of Social Work Practice/
Professions?
3. Discuss How Social Work Is A Profession & Draw A Comparison?
Between Professional Social Work & Voluntary Social Work?
4. What Is The Concept Of Social Welfare In Islam? Discuss In The
Light Of Right & Responsibilities Of An Individual In Islamic
Society?
5. Define Social Case-Work Along With Its Elements & Objectives?
6. What Are Various Phases & Steps In Social Case-Work & What Is
The Role Of Professional Case-Worker?
7. Define Social Group Work Along With Its Principals & Objectives?
8. What Are Various Fields Of Practice In Social Group Work &
Discuss The Role Of Professional Group Worker At Various Stages
In Group Development?
9. Discuss Community Development, What Are Various Phases /
Steps In Community Development Process?
10. What Is The Role Of Community Worker In The Light Of
Principals Of Community Development?
11. Define Social Research, What Are The Steps & Phases In
Social Research?
12. Write A Note On The Role Of Social Welfare Agencies / N.G.O
In The Socio-Economic Development Of The Country?
Headings
Q:1 Define Social Work. What Are The Objectives Of Professional SW?
Ans: Definition:
Social Work Is A Professional Activity Aiming At The Solution Of
Various Social Problems Faced By An Individual, Group or Community,
While Restoring Their Social Functioning And Ensuring Satisfactory
Standards Of Living.
Objectives:

1. Harmony in the Society.

2. Healthy Social Relationships.
3. Satisfactory Standards Relationships.
4. Satisfactory Standards Of Living.
5. Civic Sense And Social Responsibility
6. Awareness of The Muds And Problems.
7. Self-Help And Self-Reliance
8. Eradication Of Useless Taboos
Q.2 Define Social Work, What Are Basic Principles Of Social Work?
Ans: Principles:
1. Principles of Acceptance.
2. Principles of Confidentiality.
3. Principles of Participation.
4. Principles of Communication.
5. Principles of Self-Awareness.
6. Principles of Determination.
7. Principles of Impartiality / Individuality
Q.4 Difference Between Professional Social Work And Voluntary
Social Work?
1. Education & Training
2. Salary
3. Basic Principles
4. Code Of Ethics
5. Basic Philosophy
6. Methods Of Social Work
7. Equality
8. Social Welfare Institutions
9. Self-Dependency / Reliability
10. Cooperation / Coordination’s
11. Restoration Of Society
12. Transformation Of Knowledge
13. Planning / Policy Making
Q.5 What Is Relationship Of “Social Work” With Other Social
Sciences?
1. Social Work and Sociology.
2. Social Work and Anthropology.
3. Social Work and Psychology.
4. Social Work and Pol Science.
5. Social Work and Law.
6. Social Work and History.
7. Social Work and Communication Studies.
Q.5 What Are The Methods Of Social Work?
1. Primary Methods / Direct Methods.
 I. Social Case Work
II. Social Group Work.
III. Community Development
2. Secondary / Indirect Methods.
I. Social Research
II. Social Welfare Administration
III. Social Action

Social Case Work

Q.6 What Is Social Case Work? What Are The Basic Principles Of Social
Case Work?
Ans: Social Case Work:
Social Case Work Is A Method Which Help The Individual Clients To
Effect Better Social Relationships And A Social Adjustment That Makes
It Possible For Them To Lead A Useful Life.
Principles:

I. Principle Of Request
II. Principle Of Acceptance
III. Principle Of Participation
IV. Principle Of Individuality
V. Principle Of Confidentiality
VI. Principle Of Communication
VII. Principle Of Self-Awareness
VIII. Principle Of Self-Determination
Q.7 What Are The Objectives Of Social Case Work?
1. Strengthening The Ego
2. Nourishing The Attitude & Behavior
3. Establishment Of Healthy Relationships
4. Restoration In The Society
5. Addressing Psychological Disorders
6. Self-Help And Self-Reliance
Q.8 Fields Of Social Case Work?
1. School Social Work
2. Medical Social Work
3. Welfare Of Criminals And Juvenile Delinquents,
Q.9 What Are The Components Of Social Case Work?
1. Person
2. Problem
3.Place {5Ps}
4. Process
5. Professional Case Worker
 Person Problem Place Process Professional Case
Wrker

1.Individual Under 1) Hurdle In Social 1) Social Agency 1.Study 1) Representative

Stress 2) Functioning 2) Policy Of of Agency.
3) Chain Reaction Agency 2.Diagnosis 2) Accept the client
2.Disadjusted In 4) Unfulfilled Desire 3) Nature Of request
3.Treatment
Society 5) Understanding of Agency 3) Record keeping
Problem 4) Services Of 4.Followup rehabilitation.
3.Seeking Solution Agency 4) Follow the policy
5) Professional
4.Approaching Case Relationships
Worker 6) Co-ordination
with other
Agencies.
7) Planning &
Development
Q.10 What Is The Process/Strops/Phases Of Social Case Work?
Ans:
1. Study
2. Diagnosis
3. Treatment
4. Follow-up

Study Diagnosis Treatment Follow-up

1. History & Background 1. On The Basis Of 1. Provision Of Services 1. Follow-up
2. Multi Dimensional Study 2. Environmental 2. Post-
Info 2. Finding The Manipulation treatment
3. Reality Of The Root Cause 3. The Repautic Home Visits
Problem 3. Multi Interview 3. Advantages
4. Psycho-Social Dimensional 4. Behavioral Change
Background Analysis 5. Psychological Support
5. Maintaining Biodata 4. Professional
6. Interviewing Opinion
7. Approaching The Facts 5. Bridging Study &
8. Record Keeping Treatment
9. Source Of Knowledge 6. Importance
 Social Group Work
Q.11 What Is Social Group Work? What Are The Basic Principles Of
Social Group Work?
Social Group Is Method Of Working With The People In Group For
Enhancement Of The Social Functioning And Achievement Of The
Socially Desired Goals.
Principles of Social Group Work:
1. Principle of Planned Group Formation.
2. Principle of Specific Objectives
3. Principle of Purposeful
4. Principle of Individuality
5. Principle of Group Interaction
6. Principle of Flexible Policy Making
7. Principle of Self- Determination
8. Principle of Programme Planning
9. Principle of Resources Utilization
10. Principle of Evaluation
Q.12 Components Of Social Group Work?
1. Group
2. Agency
3. Group Worker
 Group Agency Group Worker

1. Having specific 1. Value of services 1. Organizes the group

objectives 2. Specific & 2. Analysis group needs
2. Collective objectives Specialization 3. Formation of objectives
3. Discipline & 3. Budget, staff 4. Planning & coordination
Manners 4. Corporate Culture 5. Attendant & technical
4. Changing Attitude & guidance
Behavior 6. Record Keeping
5. Mutual Respect 7. Solving group disputes
6. Democratic 8. Bridging between agency
7. Democratic and group
8. Democratic 9. Enhancement of Various
Skills

Q.13 What Are the Objectives Of Social Group Work?

Ans:
1. Satisfying basic needs
2. Provision of education & training
3. Skill development
4. Recreation
5. Enhancement of capabilities
6. Attitudinal modification.
7. Discouraging negative mind sets
8. Provision of democratic atmosphere
9. Coordination & cooperative
10. Discipline
11. Leadership
Q.14 Fields of Social Group Work?
1. Women welfare
2. Child welfare
3. Youth welfare
4. Welfare of senior citizens
5. Welfare of physically & mentally disabled / handicapped
Q.15 What Are Stages Of Group Development In Social Work?
1. Pre-Group Stage
2. Developing Stage
3. Mature Stage
4. Declining Stage
Community Development
Q.16 Community Development? Principles?
Ans: Community Development:

“A process of solving community problems while utilizing

community resources with the active participation and leadership of
community people”.
Principles of CD:
1. Principles of respect
2. Principles of self-determination
3. Principles of participation
4. Principles of self-help
5. Principles of need fixation / prioritization
6. Principles of equal opportunity
7. Principles of co-ordination & planning
 8. Principles of resource utilization
9. Principles of programme planning (cultural concerns to be kept in
mind)
10. Principles of Flexibility
11. Principles of guidance

Q.17 What Are The Steps / Phases / Methods / Precess Of Community

Development?
Ane:
1. Study
2. Planning
3. Execution
4. Evaluation

Study Planning Implementation Evaluation

1.Background 1. It is a paperwork 1. Organization of 1. Impartial evaluation
2.Economic structure 2. Felt need the community 2. Evaluation of study,
3.Educational structure 3. Start with easy task 2. Committees & planning and
4.Needs & profile 4. Ensure community sub-committees implantation
5.No. of affectees participation 3. Supervision by 3. Due appreciation
6.Felt needs 5. Alignment with its people 4. Analyzing nature of
7.Existing resources Govt / national 4. Coordination coordination
8.Key persons prog / policy 5. Eradication of 5. Achievements and
9.Cultural patterns 6. Compatible with hurdles failure
10. Collective behavior community 6. Suggestions / 6. Role of supervision
resources consultions
7. Motivation &
enforcement
Q.18 Role of Professional Social Worker For All ( Social Work, Case
Work, Group Work, Community development)
1. Leader
2. Coordinator
3. Mentor / Expert
4. Liaison
5. Expert
6. Consultant
7. Moderator
8. Guide
9. Trainer
10. Mobiliser
11. Planner
12. Supervisor
13. Representative
14. Educator
15. Capacity builder
16. Psychological support provider
17. Motivator
18. Counselor
Q.19 Social Research:
Steps / Phases In Social Research.
1. Selection of the topic
2. Literature
3. Hypothesis formulation
4. Research design
5. Data collection
6. Data analysis
 7. Research report
Q.20 Social Research Methods
1. Survey
2. Content analysis
3. Experiment
4. Field research
5. Comparative historical
6. Participant observation
 ELABORATE SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL WORK
PRACTICE IN BROAD VIEW
Social work has been a product of an increasingly complex world that
makes it difficult for people to meet their needs effectively through
conventional interaction with family, friends, neighbors and the various
social institutions. Social work is a profession through which help is
provided to the different segments of the society. Social work is a
profession committed to improving the quality of life for people through
various activities directed towards social change. To deal effectively with
such a wide range of individual and institutional change, social work has
become a profession characterized by diversity of clientele, knowledge
skills and diversity of service provided. Social worker view diversity as a
strength.
It has been possible to describe social work practice but is more
difficult to produce a definition of this profession that is sufficiently
specific and concise to be useful. Although definitions of social work
bound in texts, legislations that licenses social workers and in other
professional literature, there is no universally accepted definition.
Perhaps the diversity of settings and methods of practice or even the
emerging nature of social work has interfered with the development of
a widely accepted definition. As a profession that emerged in response
to these changes, its public sanction evolved gradually and a clear
conceptualization or professional definition was elusive.
A theme that provides an understanding of social work is the focus
of this profession on helping to improve social functioning. Social
functioning is the manner in which people interact with their
environment with the people and social institution with which they come
in to contact. Social worker help to facilitate change in social functioning
between people and social institutions in order to solve problems or to
enhance the qualities of already adequate functioning.
The definition of social work has gone through several cycles. The
early efforts to describe social work were perhaps best exemplified by
Mary Richmond in her classic book, Social diagnosis, in 1917. The
American Association of social workers convened a meeting of agency
executives in Milford. Pennsylvania in 1923 , in order to define social case
and each successive year the communalities hidden among differing
social work practice organizations merged in to the National Association
of Social Worker NASW. The process completed in 1955. A critical step
was the publication of the “Working Definition of Social Work Practice”
in 1958. In the 970s and early 1980s NASW published three special
editions of Social Work that presents substantial debate and discussion,
but not conclusions about nature of social work. A definition of Social
Work was adopted by the NASW Board of Directors 1970 represents the
latest official definition of this profession. Although there is not complete
agreement that this definition adequately describes social work, it has
acquired strength through the sanction of social workers professional
association. It was defined as;
“Social Work is the professional activity of helping individuals, groups,
or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning
and creating social environment favorable to that goal. Social Work
practice consist of the professional application of social work values
principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends: helping
people obtain tangible services, helping communities or groups provide
and improve health service and participating in legislative process. The
practice of social work requires knowledge of human behavior of social,
economic, and cultural institution, and cultural institution, and of the
interaction of all these factors”.
Now we look at this definition in detail;
“Social Work is the professional activity of helping individuals, groups,
or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning
and creating social environment favorable to that goal”.
It is a professional activity that requires a particular body of
knowledge, values and skills as well as discrete purpose to guide the
practice of the social worker. The reminder of the sentence captures the
uniqueness of social work. It makes it clear that social workers serve a
range of client systems that include individuals, families or other
household units, groups, organizations, neighborhoods, communities,
organization and even larger units of the society. However the unique
preparation and competence of the social worker is directed toward
helping those systems interact more effectively with persons or social
institution that have an impact on them. The term social functioning
interaction of person with society, captures the social worker’s effort to
help people whether individuals or collectives, change their functioning
to create more satisfactory forms of social interaction. The central social
work focus is places at the interface between or the meeting place of
person and environment. Social functioning is a helpful concept because
it takes in to consideration both the developmental characteristics of the
person and the forces from the environment. It suggests that a person
brings to the situation a set of behaviors, needs and beliefs that are the
result of his/her unique experiences from birth. Here in lies the
uniqueness and the relevant environment to improve the quality of their
interaction. In contrast, the physician is primarily prepared to treat
physical aspect of the individual and the larger environment. The social
worker however, gives secondary attention to the individual and the
environment separately, and directs primary attention the manner in
which they relate to each other. In other works, the social worker is
primarily engaged with in facilitating transaction between the person
and environment. Following picture depicts this unique focus of social
work that is both person and environment.

“Social Work practice consists of the professional application of

social work valves, principles, and techniques to one or more of the
following ends: helping people obtain tangible services, counseling and
psychotherapy with individuals, families and groups, helping
communities or groups provide and improve health services and
participating in legislative processes”.
This part of NASW definition directs attention what social workers
do. The payoff for the clients of social workers, whether they are
individuals, groups or various social institutions, is in the services
provisions tangible items such as food’ housing clothing or financial
assistance. They might also include social services or more intangible
forms of helping such as using counseling or group process skills to help
people solve problems or to improve their functioning relative to their
interactions with other people or with various social institutions. Finally,
social workers engage in the use of social action techniques to improve
the functioning of community groups and organizations or to influence
the legislative process to make the laws more responsive to human
needs.
“The practice of social work requires knowledge of human behavior
of social, economic, and cultural institutions; and of the interaction of all
these factors”.
 Definition concludes with recognition that social work practice
must also be guided by knowledge. The social worker is obligated to
provide the best service possible. To get the maximum benefit one must
have the knowledge of human behavior and larger society. First he/she
must gain both general knowledge about aspects of the human
conditions and specific technical knowledge required for social work.
PURPOSE/ OBJECTIVE OF SOCIAL WORK
Social work practitioners serve clients toward specific objectives
while the means of accomplishing those objectives very according to the
unique circumstances of each problematic situation. The activities of all
objects of the profession. These goals unify the profession and assist
members in avoiding the development of perspectives limited to
particular practices settings.
Council of social work education (CSWE) describes the social work
as having six purposes;
1. Help people enlarge their competence and increase their problem
solving and coping abilities. People who employ social work
services are typically overwhelmed by their difficulties and have
exhausted their coping resources. Practitioners intervene in the
following ways;
Assist client to view their difficulties from a fresh perspectives,
consider various remedial alternatives, foster awareness of
strengths and mobilize both and latent coping resources, enhance
self awareness, and teach problem solving strategies and
interpersonal skills.
2. Help people obtain resources. People often have little knowledge
about various available resource systems, so practitioners often
perform their role of broker in referring people to resources system
such as public legal services, health care agencies, child welfare
divisions and family counseling services.
DEFINE SOCIAL WORK AS A PROFESION
Social work as a profession is young however, it is compulsory for any
profession that it should have its specified and scientific definition, field
of practice, body of knowledge, code of ethics, and above all professional
responsibility of the professionals. Following are the essential
characteristics which distinguish a profession from an occupation.
1. Body of Knowledge
A profession must have a body of knowledge. In respect or
systematic body of knowledge social work has made a good start though
in comparison with other professions it was yet to go a long way, a
careful study of the researches conducted in the field of social work
makes it clear that there is already a good beginning in this field.
2. Communicable Knowledge and Skills
The knowledge and skills of a profession must be communicable to
others (not only theoretical but also practical). This demand for
established field of practice for social work professionals. Initially there
was only medical and psychiatric setting where social work practice was
established in different hospitals and psychiatric settings. However with
the passage of time practice expanded from community development to
group work and further specialized services of individuals, groups,
communities and organizations. Now social work is practiced in diverse
fields with verity of populations. All students studying social work do
practicum as major part of their Social Work Master degree.

3. Public Interest
 A profession must be responsive to public interest and well being
of people. Social Work demands from its practitioner’s formal and
technical knowledge about human growth and behavior, human
relations, methods of social work and their application in the practical
field for the amelioration of human suffering and promotion of social
well being and also for the advancement of profession.
4. Code of Ethics
A profession must have a code of ethics to guide its practitioners.
Social Work equally satisfies the criterion of code of ethics. It has
developed certain basic values and code of ethics which guide the social
work practitioners in their professional work.
5. Professional Responsibility
The professional persons must assume the responsibility of
spreading professional knowledge and advancement of profession. In
advanced countries like United States of America social work has got
professional associations like National Association for Social Workers to
devise ways and means for development of the profession. In developed
countries where social work is considered as very strong profession and
elections are decided o the basis of welfare incentives party announce
for the general public, such associations are very strong. There are not
only associations for all social worker but also separate associations of
social work practitioners and educators are also established to set
standard of practice and to safeguard the rights and interest as
professionals.
Critical perusal of Social Work in the light of the above criteria
shows that it satisfies almost all of them. It is an enabling profession
which seeks to help people to help themselves.

VALUES BASE OF SOCIAL WORK

Value base required for social work practice
It is important for worker to be able to distinguish between values
and knowledge and to be aware of the role each plays. The worker
frequently must make decisions based on values rather than on
knowledge. Pincus and Minahan (1973) concisely defined the difference
between values and knowledge as;
“Values are beliefs, preferences, or assumptions about what is
desirable or good for human being. They are not assertions about how
the world is and what we know about it, but how it should be. As such,
value statements cannot be subjected to scientific investigation; they
must be accepted on faith. Thus we can speak of a value as being right
or wrong only in relation to the particular belief system or ethical code
being used as a standard.
What we will refer to as knowledge statements, on the other hand,
are observations about the world and man (human) which have been
verified or are capable of verification…”
The council on Social Work Education emphasizes that;

Among the values and principles that must be infused throughout

every social work curriculum are the following:
1. Social worker’ professional relationships are built in regard for
individual worth and dignity and are furthered by mutual
participation, acceptance, confidentiality, honestly and responsible
handling of the case.
2. Social workers respect people’s right to make independent
decisions and to participate actively in the helping process.
3. Social workers are committed to assisting client system to obtain
needed resources.
4. Social workers strive to make social institutions more humane and
responsive to human needs.
5. Social workers demonstrate respect for and acceptance of unique
characteristics of diverse populations.
6. Social workers are responsible for their own ethical conduct, the
quality of their practice, and further study to seek continuous
growth in the knowledge and skills of the profession.
 6. Cause of Problem
Problems of living are often produced by inadequate knowledge
and/or coping mechanisms. By gaining knowledge and learning new
skills, people often not only resolve difficulties but also achieve personal
growth in the process.
7. Maximum Independence
Social worker has a responsibility to assist people in to achieve
maximum independent. Clients grow in strength as social worker
promotes independent action.
8. Self Awareness
Awareness of self is the first step to self realization; astute and
sensitive understanding by social workers facilitates self-understanding
by clients.
9. Environmental Change
Social worker has a responsibility to work toward changing
environmental influences that adversely affect clients.
10. Human Growth is Purposive and Goal Oriented
Human behavior is purposive goal oriented, although the purpose
and goals are often not readily discernible. Human does not ‘naturally’
behave in a rational manner they are by birth ‘amoral’ and asocial’.
11. Human Growth occurs in the Context of Relationship
Human growth occurs in the context of relationship with other
human beings. Growth in helping relationships is fostered by the power
of love, manifested by acceptance, respect, concern, encouragement
and affirmation of client’s self worth. All human behavior is the result of
the interaction of biological organism and its environment.
ELABORATE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOLUNTARY &
PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK
Voluntary social welfare is traditional welfare. It aims at a change
of the pattern of the life of the whole community. Voluntary social
welfare means the work for the welfare of the society without pay and
reward just for seeking spiritual and religious gratification.
In other words we can say anybody who does anything for the
betterment of the society without pay is called voluntary social worker.
He works with the religious zeal and with social mission. He also caters
to be popular in the society. Much of what we find today in the field of
social welfare is the result of vigorous moments and the activities of the
reformers or volunteers in the past. Social forms are naturally the field
of the voluntary social welfare.
In social welfare has its own importance and it can never be
ignored.
Main Differences
Following are the main differences between voluntary and
professional social work.
1. Training & Education
For a professional social worker training and education of social
work is necessary but voluntary social worker is not expected to have
necessary education and training of social work.
2. Return for Services
Professional social workers always receive salary in return of his
services whereas voluntary social worker does not receive any salary in
return of his services.
 3. Sense of Sacrifice
Professional social workers are not as sacrificing as voluntary social
worker. On the other hand a voluntary social worker is more sacrificing
in nature.
4. Working Periods
Professional social worker devoted his whole working time for
social work but the voluntary social worker is not be able to devote his
whole time for social work.
5. Working Initiative
Professional social workers with a missionary zeal while a voluntary
social worker works with religious zeal.
6. Relationship with Social Agency
A professional social worker has a relation with the social agency
and work as a representative of the agency and professional while the
voluntary social worker has no relation with the agency.
7. Use of Techniques
A professional social worker uses different types of techniques but
voluntary social worker appeals the emotions and sentiments of the
people.
8. Monetary Motives
Professional social worker works for the reward from the
government for his services while a voluntary social worker works for the
reward of goodness.
9. Aims and Goals
Professional social worker comes to eradicate the social evils from
the society and gives to the people specific goals and targets to attain
whereas voluntary social worker comes for the eradication of moral evils
and raises slogans to achieve targets and give the people a specific
motto.
 10. Mission
Professional social worker works for welfare mission whereas the
voluntary social worker works for sacred mission.
11. Utilization of Resources
Professional social worker works with the people to utilize the
resources of people, so that they may lead a prosperous and happy life.
If there is any problem in society, the professional social worker tries to
solve the problem with the help of people. He enables the client as
independent person of society.
But non-professional worker works for the people. He gives monthly
fee to a student or donates same money to a widow. In this way he
destroys the capacities of an individual/ person/ client. The person
becomes parasite and proves burden on society.
12. Code of Ethics
In professional social work, there is a code of ethics for a
professional social worker. He is bound to adopt his code of ethics e.g.
he does not impose his idea on any client. He does not make false
promises.
In non-professional work, there is no hard and fast code of ethics.
13. Uniformity
The professional social worker is also equally treat, the client and
does not make the distinction between the clients on the bases of color,
creed and caste.
But a voluntary does not do so. He can make the distinction of
colors, creed and caste.
 14. Financial and Moral Help
Professional social worker gives to the client financial and moral
help, but the non professional gives only financial help.

Relationship between the Voluntary and Professional Social

Work
Relationship between the voluntary and professional social work
can be given as;
Social problems are as old as the history of mankind itself. In all ages
and all societies make helped the disturbed. In these days, humanitarian
activities were inspired by religious, sentiments and injunctions.
Those who helped the needy persons called reformers or voluntary.
However, due to the impact of industrialization the problems are
cropped up. Consequently, the traditional forms of social services failed
to solve these problems effectively.

This situation calls for some scientific techniques and trained

persons and as a result professional social work came into existences.
Professional social work and voluntary social work both are
concerned with the welfare state and the ultimate end of both is the well
being of the society.
 SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN
PAKISTAN
In Pakistan social work has received a great deal of recognition.
Though it has not yet achieved distinctive professional status which is
according to the old and established professions like law, medicine and
education. Such recognition is still awaited from government and the
general public particularly from those who had no contact so far with the
profession either is particular participant in or as recipient of services.
Social work in Pakistan has not yet made itself quite clear in terms
of contents and skills. Agency jobs are not clearly defined in terms of
qualifications required for effective performance. There is perhaps still
some confusion in the made of authorities and intelligentsia as to the
distinction between jobs requiring training only in theoretical social
services.
Nevertheless, attempts have been made to overcome all these
difficulties on social work’s way to be a full-fledged.
 THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OF SOCIAL
WORK
When engaged in practice, the social worker must relate
simultaneously to the knowledge, value and skill aspect of the practice.
In this way the profession resembles a three ring circus: social work skills
are the observable aspect of practice in centre ring, but important
contributions are made by’ knowledge and values in the side rings.
Knowledge

Skills

Values
If the social worker is to provide client with competent services, he
or she must be prepared with substantial knowledge. Although ‘tested’
knowledge in the social and behavioral sciences is somewhat limited, the
social worker should be able to use theories and concepts relevant to
practice. At a less scientific level but equally important level, the social
worker must develop individual practice knowledge based on experience
in serving client i.e. practice wisdom.
Knowledge
It may be defined as “Theoretical or practical understanding of sonic
branch of science, art, learning or other area involving study, research,
practice and the acquisition of skills”.
 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK
PRACTICE
There are few very important principles of Social work. Objective of
these principles is to guide the professional social worker and help in
building a meaningful professional relationship between Worker and
client. Following are the principles that are common to all types of social
work practice.
1. Principle of Acceptance
It is the responsibility of Professional Social Worker to accept the
client. He is not a person who only gives lip service rather he shows with
his interest and attitude that he is with the client. He works with great
interest and full responsibility with the client. Then the client develops
full confidence on the workers (that is outcome of the worker
acceptance) then the shares with workers with factual problems and
circumstances.
2. Principle of Communication
Purpose of this principle is to create a meaningful relationship
between worker and client. It is responsibility of the worker to inform
the client about his role and expectation he associates with the client in
view of his situation and personal capacities. In verity of ways worker
informs or makes clear in what was the client will be can he served.
3. Principle of Confidentiality
Worker assures to the client that all the information shared will be
kept secret and none of his secret will be disclosed to anybody without
his prior information or permission. It is responsibility of that the worker
that he reinforce with his attitude that he is a reliable and trust worthy
person on whom one could safely trust. Davison say: the preservation of
himself tries to find out solutions of his problems. If a client is to he
helped to extricate himself from a stressful situation and to regain a
personal social dance that is satisfying and enduring, he must be involved
as an active participation in the helping process.
4. Principle of Self Awareness
The worker is a professional and whatever she / he say or do during
his/ her communication with client is meaningless. It is important for
him/ her to always be vigilant and never ignore his/ her professional
responsibilities. Maintain his/ her relationship with the client certain
professional limits, and keeps his/ her personal likes and dislikes and
biases from his/ her professional life. She should keep his/ her personal
self separate from the professional self. She controls his/ her feelings and
does not express any such emotions that breaks the professional
relationship of worker and client and creates of distrust in client towards
worker. His/ her attitude toward client is neutral.
 TECHNIQUES/ SKILLS OF SOCIAL WORK
PRACTICE
Social, worker uses a change process in working with client. (Client
includes individuals, groups, families and communities the council on
social work education in it curriculum policy statements identities eights
techniques/skills that are needed for social work practice. These eight
skills interestingly provide an excellent framework for conceptualizing
the phases of the change process in social work.
1. Defining Issues
Defining issue is the first step in change process and often becomes
fairly complex. The first step a social worker must take in a problematic
situation is to identify the wide verity of issues raised. The issues serve
as a guide for the next phase data collection and assessment. During this
initial phase and during the other phase and during the other phases as
well, the worker must establish and continue a working relationship with
the client. To do so, the worker must build a strong rapport and reflect
empathy (sympathy/ compassion), warmth and genuineness.
2. Collecting and Assessing Data
In this phase social worker begins an in-depth collection and
analysis of data to gain answers to the issues raised in phase I. For some
of the issues useful information can be obtained directly from the client
and for other issues related to the client’s problem information can be
collected from other sources. Assessment is the process of analyzing
data to make sense of it.
 SOCIAL CASE WORK
Social case work is that primary method or principle of social work
by which a social worker helps the individuals, finds the solution of
their problems in social functioning which they fail to solve by their
own efforts.
Social case work is a complex and complicated by the fact that it
deals with materials which are in interaction and change among
themselves and also in response to injection case work itself.
As it is experienced practiced, therefore we can say that social case
work situation is a living event. As such it almost cannot be contained
within a single and static defined. Just for the sake of definition social
case work can be defined as:

L.B. Swift
“Social case work is that helping skill which assists individuals to
enhance personal qualities and powers by which they can solve their
social problems”.

Marry Richmond
“Social case work consists of that process which develops
personality through adjustment consciously effected individual by
individual between men and their social environment”.

H.H Pearlman
“Social case work is a process used by some human welfare agency
more effectively with their problems in social functioning”.
According to Bowers
“Social case work is an art in which knowledge of science of human
relations and skills are used to mobilize the capacities in the individual &
resources in the community, appropriate for better adjustment between
the client and all or any part of his total environment”.

British Contribution
“Case work is professional services provided by qualified workers
for individuals who require skills assistance in solving some material or
emotional problem.
It is a disciplined activity which requires a full appreciation of the
need of the client in his family and community setting”.
 DEFINITION
L.B Swift
“The art of assisting the individuals in developing and making
use of this person capacity to deal with problems which he faces in the
social environment “.

Richmond
“The art of brining about better adjustment on the social
relationship of individual, men, women or children”.

H.H. Pearlman
“Social case work is a process used by some human welfare
agencies to help individuals to cope more effectively with their problems
in social functioning.
In case work there is a social worker and a client Professional case
work of the agency helps the client by using a special kind of knowledge.
Case worker gets information for the client through interview. It is
a helping method to explorer sentiments of any client and his mind
situation. It is a professional activity between worker and client. It is
always guided by some rules regulation and principles.
The purpose of case work is to obtain information about clients’
behavior, problems and resources.
To get knowledge of problems and sufficient understanding with
problem. It may be used to establish relationship to release the tension
of client.
 There are three phases of case work procedure:
1. Study
2. Analyze, Diagnose
3. Treatment

Elements of Case Work

1. Social case worker
2. Person with problem
3. Problem
4. Process
5. Agency
There are also some principles
1. Acceptance
2. Self determination
3. Participation
Two Persons with Same Problem
Two persons may suffer from similar problems but they may
possess quite different personalities and the cause of their problem may
also be different. So each of them with his own problem has certain
unique characteristics and a case worker try to help the client as an
individual who is a combination of biological, psychological and social
process or forces.

Problem is also related with Case Work

However this does not mean that the case work process only
emphasis on the client but also problem has very prominent place in
social case work process because case work process stress upon solving
the problems of the individuals. In fact the problems vitally effect the
individuals during their functioning.
Therefore we can say that for the case worker both individual and
his problem have quite importance for the social of his problem and
providing help it is understood that case work process is person oriented
than problem oriented.
This can be justified in the basis of following arguments:
1. No Person, No Interaction, No Problem
If there is no person, no interaction will take plan because problems
take out in the result of interaction. It means, if there is no interaction
no problem will take place.
2. Person Himself Comes to Agency
We see that if the problem is important a person with a problem
himself comes to an agency for help not a problem with a person.
3. All Principles & Values revolves around the Person
All the principles of social case work as principle of acceptance
confidence vitality etc revolves around the person & not the problem.
4. Disrupted Relations involve Person’s Help
Social case worker deals with the disrupt relationships which
involve firstly the person. Then case work provides the solution of the
problem e.g. conflict between husband and wife etc.
5. Every Person is Unique in Nature
And each person has certain specific qualities and capabilities like
physical structure, mental level and social attitudes.
So, the solution of the problem depends upon this uniqueness of
the person e.g. (two persons having same problem. Now the case worker
will treat them in the different ways according to the code of ethics of
his profession).
6. Person is Focus of Attention
When the client comes to the case worker for seeking help, case
worker should involve him in helping, activity to understand his
problems to provide him with desirable solution. It can only be done by
focusing in whole attention on the person.
7. Person is Dynamic by Nature
His behavior is keeps on changing. So do his interaction with the
person environment. So, the person keeps on changing but problem
remain the same.
8. Case Work Process concern what People make to happen
As well as case was concern itself with happen to the people (the
problem).
9. Case Worker Affects Individual’s Behavior
The essence of social c. work is its aim to help the person in their
social adaptation and develop his functioning as a social being.
To do this case worker affect the behavior of a person.
10. Worker Study Past to Understand Person
Often, the problems have their rash in the past and they affect the
functions of the client to understand his problem.
11. Case Worker makes the Client Relax
The client when comes to the agency he is under stressful,
depressed and effects conditions. The worker focuses his attention to
treat the person in the best way. He tries to make him ease to solve his
problem and release his tension etc.
12. Case Work Studying The Weakness Of The Client
When we try to solve any problem of your client. We don’t put
much emphasis on the problem and its nature but we assess the
weakness and strength of the client’s personality structure.
Conclusion
So we can say that case work process is more person oriented but
it does not mean that the case work process is daily revolves around the
person but both person and problem are the basic element of the case
worker process.
 STEPS (OR) PHASES OF SOCIAL CASE
WORK PROCESS
The total case work process is consists of
1. Study
2. Diagnosis
3. Treatment
Process of social case work is like a rope consisting of above three
elements. The total process consists of the study, diagnosis and
treatment is a continuous and interrelated one. The validity of the total
process as a whole however is dependent precision and accuracy with
which each step is carried through a clearly defined body of principles
assure. The achievement of the specific objectives of each step during
the process. The worker must be aware of own professional
responsibilities for carrying in an objective way of these steps study
diagnosis & treatment and relative himself to different objectives.
The fundamental logic of treatment process or remedy is based
upon diagnoses from facts (study) rather than this is the foundation of
the whole process.
a) Study
It is the first phase of social case work process. It consists in
studying and revelator, the various social, psychological, cultural, and
physiological others allied factors are related to the client problems and
its solution. It is designed to study the past history of the client of his
position and personality.
All investigation are for the purpose of coming to a better
understanding of a person who has a problem in order to engage in
effective treatment. In order to solve the problem following steps are
taken:
ATTENTION
The first and more task of a work is to give take attention with
interested to his client and his situations.
Understand the Cases
He should try to understand what are the cases of the problem are
and how the client is the interested to solve his problem and how much
the ability he has to solve the problem himself. What kind of problem he
is facing and what reaction he will show in case of failure. What and why
he has certain liking about the problem.
Intake Study
When a client makes a request to the case worker he talks all the
things about his problem as well as himself. After studying the nature of
the problem, resources of the client, rules and regulation of the agency
and its area of functioning if the agency is able to help the client, he
accepts the client for help otherwise not.
In this situation he gives guidance or consolation to the client this
accepting of client for help is called “INTAKE“. OR
In other words intake is the stage from where the case worker
starts his process of help to the client.
Past History
Gathering information sometimes the client does not tell the real
problem and actual situation of the problem which case misguidance for
the case. In this situation case work should establish good personal
relationship with the client together facts about the client’s life.
Purpose of Study Process
In fact the purpose of study process to take a horizontal view of
client life his horizontal view involves the fact gathering of the client’s
life during horizontal view worker display joint efforts to solve their
problems.
To get correct and true information a case worker use different
techniques and tools which can be referred as below:
1) Situation and history
2) Home study and observation
3) Collateral resources
4) Special examination & tests
1. Situation and History
At first it is important to get enough factual material. It Facilitate in
understanding of the client present situation and what the client has
done himself and now wants us to do about it.
In order to understand a worker takes a view that now the client
has managed his affairs in the pass. He takes the history of the client life
appropriate history taking not only is essential to sound evaluation but
also may keep one from getting involved in pre mature or wrong
treatment.

2. Home Study & Observation

 A worker makes home visits of the client’s home to understand the
current situation. He observes his client in his actual functioning with the
family members.
Purpose of home visits is as follows:
 To understand the personality of the client for the better solution
of the problem.
 To study the families background his environment educational
standard, religious cultural and social background.
 To verify the facts told by the client.
 To follow up the case in the best way
 To satisfy the client
 To help the client

Collateral Resources
These are those secondary resources which from the client himself
and immediate family group, consolation by the visits, Letters or
telephones, school, hospital employers, trade unions, carts relatives and
banks are often called collateral resources.
Special Examination and Test
Social worker utilizes other disciplines to supplement his
investigation on order to arrive at correct to the problem presented by
their clients. The test may guide the workers to understand the client
problems.
Principles of Study Process
During horizontal study, after the group examination, we made
some tentative hypothesis which is some sorts of causes of action. The
study process then moves in from the inquiry about the concern of the
demand to a horizontal survey of his life situation and his functioning. In
it gross examination of his life situation includes a final examination of
any one single aspect.
The study process then involves to formulation of a hypothesis
must be tentative (changeable) tentative working hypothesis emergence
from the interpretation of the data lead to increasingly. Definite things if
inquiring and acquiring of new information which either establishes or
refuses the hypothesis and may indicate the necessity of new or
verification of the hypothesis must be internal and external.
The way in which the part of client study if together and seems to
be in keep with what is already about topic & social situation also the
appropriateness of the happenings. The external verification requires
the surer of collateral resources by of information and direct
observations.
The study process is essentially an inquiry directed towards
answering “WHAT” the answer furnished with the data with which the
diagnostic process deals.
DIAGNOSIS
Before formulating a treatment plan to help the client in his social
functioning it is necessary for the c. worker to marshal the facts of the
person, the problem & the place to organize and analyze them in the
particular content of case work situation. It is also necessary to study the
reaction of the client to his problem and the social situation of which he
is a part. Diagnosis, the second phase of the social case work process is
the mental activity of examination the parts of the problem for the
important of their nature and organization for the interrelation among
them and for the relation between them and means to their solution.
Diagnosis seeks to define the nature of the problem, the factors related
with them and interrelation among them. It is also designed to measure
the strength of the client deal with his problematic situation & his own
limitation.
Case work diagnosis includes the assessment of strengths and
limitations and the definition of the situation based on his assessment.
Treatment Process
Diagnosis in social case work process is followed by a plane of
action and adoption and certain measure to enable the client to improve
his social functioning. The plan of action and the adoption of measure
are technically known as “Treatment”.
“Social case work treatment is that phase in the case work process
which is undertaken with in a plan & systematic framework to enable the
client and fame group to restore, strengthen or improve certain aspects
of adoption and social functioning”.
Treatment is the final case work process it is the social therapy &
helping process. Treatment “depends upon” on the willing participation
of both case worker and the client careful diagnosis, future planning &
course of action. All things necessary for proper treatment.
Objective Goal
In case work treatment is always person oriented. Case work in
interested in preventing social break down of the client by restoring
social functions, in making life experience more conformable in creating
opportunities for break and development and increasing ht capacity for
self direction and social contribution.

Aims and Objectives of Treatment

 Treatment in case work is always person interested. Case work is
interesting in preventing social break down of the client in restring social
functions in making life experience more can ratable, in creating
opportunities for broke development and increasing, the capacities for
self direction & social contribution.

 To improve the social functioning of the client.

 To help the client change his attitude.
 To make the life experience of the more comfortable and enhance
his potentialities for break down.
 To prevent further break down.
 To establish the confidence.
 To the mobilization of the resources.
 To reduction of anxiety by acceptance.
 Measure undertaken to assure and understanding of the Problem.
1) Providing social assistance.
2) Offering Shelter.
3) Legal aid.
4) Arranging for involvement services.
Convalescent Services
Mean after discharge treatment for those who have no facilitated
to attend him or to come from for fluting area the maintenance of the
focus on the specific goals desired by the client the support of
constructive defenses and the introduction of practical resources.
Ability to Forecast
The ability forecasting depends upon the knowledge of the worker
about the profession and professional skills. A worker should have a
precise knowledge about community services i.e. medical services
existing in eh community for job he must know the employment offices
and should have direct contact with them.
A worker should have diagnostic skills. He should also have the
capability to arrive at factual and actual cause of the problem presented
by the client i.e. a person comes to case worker who actually needs
financial aid but he asks for a job. Now it is the talks of a case worker to
see the real problem of or sub reactivity of the problems.
Similarly in some cases, the client may have enough resources for
his adjustment but he may not be aware of them. Then there is need to
make the client aware about his owner sources by successive interviews.
But same client nay lack in the requisite resources. In that case
provision for material may be necessary. But population may be
sufficient to help client improve and strengthen.
Method of Treatment
1. An Administration of social Services
“It is the oldest method of treatment in which a worker assists the
client use and to choose social services provided by the various welfare
agencies or avoid in the community”.
This services is one of social works most valuable contributions, a
large part of all treatment is concern with such practical services. The
case work method able the person to use it constructively providing
financial assistance offering shelter procure medical case and arranging
for convalescent opportunity. Convalescent is example of such tangible
practical activity. The worker must have not only the knowledge of
practical resources which energy represents but also other resources of
agency available in the community.
2. Environmental Manipulation
 “All attempts to correct or improve the situation on order to reduce
stress & strain or pressure in all modification of living experience to offer
opportunities for growth or change may be referred as environmental
manipulation or indirect treatment”.
“In many cases problems are the outcome of family conflicts or the
strain * stress situation”.
In this situation only administrative method is not sufficient. We
have to modify the situation and environment. Environment
manipulation includes arranging program. To reduce strain from these
mentally handicapped persons, for T.B patients and delinquents. Provide
with hearing instruments to a deaf is also environment manipulation.
3. Direct Treatment
By direct treatment means that services of interview for the client
are taken into action to maintain emotion equilibrium. It means to
provide to client the “Psychological”. This support is very useful in
change one’s mind. During direct treatment the interview of the client is
made by two ways.
1. Counseling
2. Therapeutic
1. Counseling
The most common expression of direct interview is up to certain
extant an educational program. It means to help a person in rational way
it may include the giving information explaining a regime analyzing issue.
It is an art in which the problem in classified and conflict change.
2. Therapeutic Interview
The process in which the client is treated along with the medical
treatment therapeutic method was traditionally regarded as the area of
physician but as the field of medicine has broadened, it also covered
psycho therapy.
So Indirect treatment we try to reduce such feelings and attitudes
on the part of the client, which strength his capacity to maintain
emotional attitude to decide correct and restore his equilibrium and
could compose himself.
 COMPONENTS/ELEMENTS/PREREQUISITES
PHASES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK
H.H Pearlman has defines the basic components of social case work
As;
“Social case work is a process used by some certain human
welfare agencies to help individuals to cope more effectively with their
problems in social functioning”.
In fact this simple definition embodies the four components of
social case work situation which are called sometimes as UPS. In simple
words, when a person finds himself in some problems, he approaches a
welfare agency where a professional case worker helps him to solve his
problems by using a special process which is called social case work
process.
There are four basic components. Elements as;
1. Person
2. Problem
3. Place/ agency
4. Process
1. Person
‘The person may be a man or women, child or anyone, who finds
himself in the need of help in some aspects of his social or emotional
living’. Whether the need to be for tangible provision or counsel. As he
belongs to receive such help, he is called as a client.
Client is also like other individuals, as a man of flash and blood
hiving liking and disliking.
Study Behavior of A Person
 Before starting the help of a person worker first studies the
behavior of a person. Behavior of a person is regarded as an
aggregation of all the activities of a man.
Purpose and Meaning of Individuals Behavior
1. To gain satisfaction
2. To avoid or to dissolve frustration and
3. To maintain his balance in movement
The effect of human behavior in promoting his well being largely
depends upon the structure of his personality.
a. Personality
“Personality is the total organization of the attitude and activities
developed and utilized by a given person in dealing with his
environment, particularly with respect to inter person relationship in
dealing with his own internal tension or purpose”. OR
“Personality is a result of his interaction with his environment
which may consist of father, mother, sister and brother etc of a person.
Personality varies from individuals to individuals and it depends
upon the environment of which his personality is a product. If a person
interact with his in environment, his personality will change with respect
to the environment but if he does not interact with his environment, his
personality will receive as effect of his environment.
So in order to understand the problem of a person, it is necessary
to know this personality with respect to particular environment.
Personality Formation
Components of personality are;
1. ID
2. Ego
 3. Super Ego
1. ID
ID is the live force in all the individuals. It is the combination of
energy and felt needs. ID is primitive derive for gratification of things and
all the needs of life. It is the seed of instincts which drives person to want
and wish. It follows ensure principle to obtain felt needs. IED is
omnipotent because it has magical power is fulfill his wishes by
imagination, fantasy, hallucination. It does not think but act.
2. Ego
Ego is that part of personality which is orientates towards outer
world. It is the ‘I’ part of personality when it stands for untrained passion.
Ego stands for reason understanding ego aims at reality while super ego
aims at simply a person with strong ego had strong personality structure
and does not feel the need of consoling because he is always helped by
his super ego to rationalize him in such a way that responsibility is with
right. On the other hand, a person with weak ego is badly affected by any
problem. His super ego does not play any part to rationalize him.
3. Super Ego
Super ego is the check system of personality checks the unfair
means of satisfaction and tells right path for the fulfillment of his desires.
The structure and functioning of personality and environment are
the product of inherited and biological strength and experience and
environment. A person at any stage of development is not only a product
of post nature but it also and always in process of being in present and
becoming in the future.
So as man is the product of nature and environment is not a
complete product but he is always integrate process of to change. But all
the changes are subject to bring the client out of stressful situation
because the person who comes as a client to social agency is always
underserved.
b. Problem
Any disturb physical social or psychological condition which paired
the role; performance of social functioning of an individual is called a
problem.
Either the problem may take the shape of inter family tensions such
as difficult in child parent relationship etc, or it may circle around the
social functioning of the individuals i.e. self rapport, adequate health etc.
H.H Pearlman had mentioned the following characteristics by which
a case worker looks at human problems.
1.Cope with Hindrance
These problems within the preview of a social case worker which
effects or affected the individuals during his social functioning.
It means a problem offers hindrance in social functioning and in its
reaction and individuals always tried to cope with that hindrance. When
fail approaches to an agency to seek assistance. First of all social role is
affected and client cannot do perform his role. His mentally disturbed
and he has attention.
2.Work on Multifaceted Problems
The multifaceted and dynamic nature of the client problem makes
necessary the selection of some parts of the problem as unit for work
which is done by the case worker and the client.
Under three main considerations a case worker tries to want reach
the focused of the client about this problem.
What the client wants and what are his needs? What is case
workers professional judgment and what the case provide for possible
and desirable solution of the problem?
 What the agency is for can offer keeping this in mind you have to
work with client. Role of case worker is to help the client or lead the
client.
3.Human Problems have Chain Reaction
Problem in any part of the human life tend to have chain reaction.
In other words, any single problem in human being creates a chapter of
problems. (I.e. social, emotional of the fact that a man is dynamic in
nature).
4. Objective of Case Worker and Client’s subjective Significance
Every problem, from which a person encounters, has both an
objective and subjective significance.
A problem is important both for an observer as well as for a carrier.
The worker should all feeling of client. He should reality of problem. One
who has problems of and he is deeply involve in it subjective type and a
person who only see and listen the problem is objective.
5. Relation of External and internal Problems
Not only do the objective (external) and subjective (internal)
aspects of a problem coexists but either one may be the cause of the
other.
Sometimes external problems may create the client the internal or
voice versa. For example a person has an emotional need and he wants
to fulfill it. It is an external problem. But when he finds himself unable to
fulfill j=his need he gets frustration which is an internal problem. A client
who is involved in any problem he comes to an agency.
6. Nature of the Problem
Whatever the nature of the problem, the person brings to the social
agency. It is always accompanied and often complicated by the problem
of being a client.
c. Place/ Agency
By place we mean the agency, where people come to seek
technical assistance, material aid, situation change, counseling and
psychological help.
Agency aims at to help the individuals for their better adjustment
or social functioning. It has its own importance in the components of
social case work. There are three main and importance characteristics
which differentiate an ordinary agency from a social case worker
agency.
1. Source of Support
On the basis of source of support, agencies can be classified into
two categories;
a. NGOs and CSO
Private or voluntary agencies are usually supported by the people
who organize it for the betterment of other people. They collect finds
people also give donation for it. A private agency is usually established
by the people. By their own intention will if a private agency faces
deficiencies or financial support. It can take a partial help from the
government in the form of financial aid or technical device or both.
An agency which is sponsored, financed and administration by the
government is called a public agency.
2. Source of professional Authority
On the basis of professional authority, agencies are classified into
two categories.
Primary Agencies
Are those which posses the soil responsibility and full authority to
carry on its functions. It has to drive its authority from other bigger
organization e.g. family welfare, child welfare etc.
Secondary Agencies
Is a part of bigger organization it has to drive its authority from
the bigger organization of which it is a smaller part e.g. medical social
work, school social work etc.

3. Special Function & Theory of Concern

The third distinguishing characteristic of agencies is its area of
functioning.
Some agencies are specialized in some particular aspects area
such as single purpose agencies in which they give services. They
develop expert of knowledge and specified area provide on the other
hand some agencies deals various problems which are called
multifunctional agencies. They may extend their services for the whole
nation.
To understand an agency, there are many ways which are given
below;
 1. The social agency is an organization fashioned to express the will
of a society or some groups in that society as to social welfare. It
means that an agency helps the members of society to protect
them from maladjustment.
2. Each social agency develops a program by which it meets the
particular area of need with which it sets out to deal. Program
consists of services of activities which are made to achieve a
particular goal.
3. The social agency has a structure by which it organize and
delegates
4. Social agencies are living adaptable organism susceptible to being
understood and changed such as other living organism.
5. Living organism means the organism which develops and grows
himself according to the change in society and shows response in
accordance with the needs of the society.
6. Every staff member in any agency speaks and acts for some part
of the agency function. As a caseworker represent the agencies in
it problems solving help.
A case worker does not work as a private practitioner but he works
with a client as a representative of the agency. Case worker
representative his profession.
7. Case worker in the first and foremost he performs his duty
according to his professional ethical codes.
4. Process
Problem solving is a task in which human being have been
engaged from the moment of his birth till death consciously on
unconsciously. All human beings try to solve their problem with their
own efforts but when fail then they came to a Case worker to tries to
solve their problems by technical assistance and with a problem solving
process. Study, diagnosis treatment). There are six different factors to
which a normal individual has to confront, when he tries to solve his
problem himself.
1. Lack of Resources
A problem can’t be solved until the necessary tangible means
and resources are not available to the person. For instance a client can
understand his problem and knows its accurate solution, but agencies,
which contain those provision he can do nothing. Then social agencies,
which contain those materials provisions, can supply means if then to
the client sometimes some problem creates due to the varying nature of
problem. In such condition the client can get the help of the case worker
to adopt compromise between his ideas and the reality means of
solution.
2. Ignorance
Sometime people are unable to solve their problems simply out
of ignorance or misapprehension about the facts the existing ways of
meeting it. (For example, Parents compelled left handed child to use
right hand, because they think it is bad habit. It is example of ignorance).
In such situation the case worker tells the parents the original
cause of child’s personality become unsuitable/ damage due to their
misbehaviors.
3. Depletion of Emotional and Physical Environment
When a person is depleted or drained of emotional or physical
energy then the becomes unable to solve his problem. Depletion of
emotional and physical environment unable the people to solve their
problems. So an ordinary problem becomes a complex one due to
depletion of physical energy.
 Now he wants to seek help from the case worker. Who tells him
that first of all make a plan and program and then act accordingly.
Whenever he feels some hardships, case worker will provide him
technical, Psychological or physical assistance, which will restore the
person’s equilibrium.
4. Due to Intensity of Problem
Reined all thinking capacity of a man due to intensity of some
problems arouse high emotional feeling in the people and this impact is
also strong that they over power by their emotions as a result. They defy
their conscious control.
Strong feelings disintegrate a person’s capacities and pull him
into pieces in such case, the worker need to release person’s feeling.
Social case worker deals with the individuals. Unless the worker
understands how the individuals grows develops and changes and how
he reacts to life’s stresses both normal and abnormal it is impossible for
him to deal with the individuals so a knowledge of human growth and
personality development is of importance to the social case worker.
5. Use of the Worker Client Relationship
More knowledge unaccompanied by skill in relationship is
inadequate and almost useless. The worker client relationship is
regarded as the Chanel of the entire case work process. It is through this
relationship that flow the mobilization of the capacities of the client
resources of the community and the agency through it flows the skills in
interviewing, study and diagnosis and treatment.
6. Inter Personal Relation
The worker client relationship is only one part of the entire
interpersonal relationship. There is a network of close relationship
between the individuals (client) natural interrelationship.
7. Due to Personality of person
His personality becomes the complexity problem of a person is
directly with a personality of a person. Sometime he becomes the victims
of thos4 feelings which are affecting his thoughts and acts for a long
period of time. Therefore he cannot solve problem himself.
8. Due to Lack of systematic Habits
Some people find difficulties to solve their problem, because
they have never develop systematic habits or orderly method of thinking
and planning. There is a lack of proper scheming to cope with problem.
 SKILLS IN SOCIAL CASE WORK
Social case work requires professional skills in dealing with the
client and enabling him to secure satisfactory social and personal
balance. It is believed that the following factors are essential for the
development of skill in social.

1. Knowledge of Human Growth and Development

Great influence on the personality ground of the individuals. If
the case worker is to understand the client in his entire he must have
knowledge of the interpersonal relationship.
2. Interviewing Process
Development of skill in social case work practice requires
knowledge in the interviewing process. It is through the interviewing
that the worker can get first hand knowledge about the client and that
the case worker can go beyond the external behavior of the client and
entire in to his inner life. If he is successful interviewer, he can know
many things about the client problem and his even silence at particular
points.
3. Use of Resources
The development of skill in social work depends to a great extent
on the case worker’s knowledge of the resources so the client of the
agency and of the community at large.
 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK
In social case work process, a social worker has to deal with number
of persons having of different nature. As the person’s behavior is
dynamic nature. Therefore to solve their problem, case worker has to
adopt different approaches and methods depending upon the
uniqueness of the situation. Because of this variation between the
nature of their problems, there are some well recognized general
techniques which provide enough guidance to every case worker in
solving the problems.

These techniques are those well recognized general techniques

which provide enough guidance to social worker on solving the
problems.
“The principles are those well recognized general techniques which
provide enough guidance to social worker in solving the problems”.
These principles are referred as;
1. Principle of request
2. Principal of acceptance
3. Principal of communication
4. Principal of confidently
5. Principle of individuals
6. Principle of Participating
7. Principle of self determination
8. Principle of responsibility
9. Principle of self awareness

1. Principle of Request
 In fact, the case work process start from this principle which is the
first professional contact between the case worker and the client.
Request means the when a person finds himself in some problem
and he tries to get rid to them. Sometimes he succeeds to eradicate
these problems himself. In case of failure, he requires some technical
assistance from the case worker and request for help.
This request may be in the form of application or in the form of
vocal discussion. There the case worker takes the further step regarding
the request of the client.
The principle of request infect is purely the western principle.
Western people know their obligation and rights and have no shame and
hesitation to tell their problems to the case worker. But in developing
countries like Pakistan this principle is rarely used and people don’t like
to tell about their problems to other people. But this request should be
necessarily followed & request must be made even by the relative or
friends etc of the client. (if you will feed proud and not understand your
importance but when he comes to the worker he understands the value
of worker.
2. Principle of Acceptance
“Acceptance means to accept the client with all his deficiencies and
drawbacks as a person with a problem”.
This acceptance of client will remove the gap between the case
worker and the client. Because when the client meets the case worker
for the first time, he may develop enormous fears about the case worker
as he is already under stressful situation. Now the case worker’s success
depends upon the establishment of good rapport between him and the
client. So the case worker should accept under stressful condition.
Worker should show warmth interest in his inner feelings and external
obstacles of the client. This may lead to the counter acceptance of the
worker by the client. This rapport of mutual understanding helps enough
to solve the problems of the client.
3. Principle of Communication
In social case work, communication refers to the mutual exchange
of ideas between the client and the case worker when a client
approaches the case worker to seek help. The case worker is not
completely acquainted with the client and his problems. He can only
understand the client through by the exchange of ideas and feelings
through mutually through communication. Otherwise is the absence of
communication, worker will fail to understand client and nature of his
problem fully or to considerable extant.
4. Principle of Confidentiality
Social case worker in many cases has to deal with the client; private
life. But if the client is given to understand that his private affairs are
being disclosed to others by the workers, he will not be free and frank to
the worker. Consequently the case worker will fail to understand this
problem fully.
That is why case worker must give fully assurance to the client that
he confidentiality will be maintained. However, with the permission of
the client his private affairs can be discussed with others people. To
maintain confidentiality the ethical obligation of the case worker, and its
violation could destroy the whole relationship.
5. Principle of Individualization
Individualization refers to a process of looking at the client as an
individual having some unique characteristics and possessing certain
uniqueness of the problem from which he suffers.
The case worker rests upon the concepts of individuality because
two person saving same as different problems but may possess quite
different personalities and causes of their problems may be quite
different. so each of them with his own problem has certain unique
characteristics that are why individualization refers to the process of
mark the uniqueness of the client from others.
The principle of individualization stipulates that he case worker
tries to relate and help each client as an individual who is involving in a
unique combination of biological, psychological and social forces.
6. Principle of Participation
“Participation means the involvement of the client along with the
case worker in problem solving process”.
When a client approaches a case worker and wants to seek help
that time case worker as an enabler wants to enable the client to do work
for himself. He believes in that the client has every right to define his
own problems and to suggest measures for its solution. So he involves
the client throughout the problem solving process. And this participation
will be the indirect training of the client through which, he will be able to
solve his problems in future himself without any outside help. This
involvement will strengthen his ego and in case of failure he will not
blame anyone.
Infect the problem solving process demands the joint efforts of the
case worker and the client, because worker believes that eradication of
problematic situation and to regain a satisfying personal and local
equilibrium in possible only by involving the client in problem solving
process.
7. Principle of Self Determination/ Responsibility
This principle refers to the conscious use of the professional self of
the case work. It is also known as “principle of democracy”.
As the worker has work with the client not for the client. So the
worker should realize the client about problems and tell him proper
solution of the problem. But he should try not to impose his personal
liking and disliking on the client. Because each individual has as the
worker has to work with the client not for the client. So worker should
realize the client about his problems but after fixing the priority of the
problem and their possible solutions. The worker should wait for the
client’s final decision because each individual has to right of self
determination to choose his own course of action. But worker should try
not to exercises his own liking and disliking in his professional life, this
will hinder the discharge of his professional life role. Case worker should
provide him opportunity to solve his problems according to his own wish
and will.
8. Principle of Self Awareness
It also refers the conscious use of the professional self of the case
worker. In his professional life the case worker has to deal with different
persons having different liking and disliking and social and cultural
backgrounds. He has to establish good professional relation with all of
them. But if he exercises his own liking and disliking in his professional
life. Then he is likely to accept those who possess similar liking and
disliking as his own and ignores others. This will hinder discharge of his
professional role. So, in his professional field he must maintain his
professional self above personal self and control and regulate his own
liking and disliking while engaged in a social worker activity.

FIELDS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK

 “The fields of social case work mean the different fields existing in
our country, where the method of social case work is being practiced at
present time said to be the fields of social case work”.
There are some major fields where the social case work method in
purely utilized such as;
1. Medical social work (family planning)
2. School social work (Correctional services)
3. Youth social work (family welfare)
4. Women social work & social assistance
5. Child social work
6. Labour welfare
1. Medical Social Work
“Medical social work is an important field where the social worker
discipline is highly applicable because have physical aspect as well as
psychological aspect”.
In old days the diseases were in small number and not more
complex, and their remedies are also well known to a layman. In those
days, the doctors have much time to talk about patient’s social life.
Need of Medical Social Work
With the passage of time as the life became more complicated the
diseases also become more complex and in large variety the concepts of
medical health changed. In such types of circumstances, where the
medical health does not mean only the physical health but the total well
being of man their need of medical social work is must “Mind and body
relationship”. There is no denying the fact that mind and body are
intimately related with each other.
 If a patient suffers from mental trouble due to some sound factory
more medical treatment is likely to be ineffective. But generally in
hospital, doctors and nurses have much to do within a short period of
time. It is impossible for them to deal individual by individual completely.
That is why doctors and nurses hardly deal with the personal problem of
the patient, rather other than physical problems.
It is social work who seeks to help the patient in his rehabilitation
so that they may be saved from undesirable situations like relapse of
disease break down of family relationship, economic stress in the family
and loss in the values of life.
Importance
There was a close intimate and informal relationship between the
physician and people at community incapable practiced. He was not only
a physician to the patients but he was also a friend, a guide and helper
to them. He shared the joys sorrows of the people served.
Now the profession of medicine has become very much
commercial, complex and informal. Doctor and nurses in the hospital are
found to be concerned with certain particular aspect of the client or
patient’s life due to the tendency of specialization in various services of
the hospital. They are mainly concerned with providing medical care to
the patients.
The doctors and nurses do not bother very little for the social and
emotional problems of the client. They investigate whether the services
rendered by there are being utilized properly by the patients. This ca;;s
for the services of ‘social worker’ in hospitals and clients. He can meet
with the social and emotional needs of the patients and can help them
also to make best use of medical care provided by the hospital staff.
Function of Medical Social Worker
Medical social worker can help the patient by the given following
ways;
1. As a Liaison
When any patient enters in the hospital for treatment for the first
time. He feels quite insure and worry and may develop enumerator
fears and anxieties about new faces and new environment there, which
may affect the cure, of the patient.
In such case, the medical social worker can act as a liaison between
the patient and hospital staff and may establish good relationship
between them. He may remove the anxieties & fears of the patient
about the hospital setting by giving him some orientation about hospital
life, diet, disease treatment, visiting hours and restrictions.
2. Arranges the Medicines for the Patient
Medical social worker arranges costly drugs, medicine and diet,
may be prescribed for patients who are too poor of some social agency
or any other source.
3. As a Motivator
Some patients may be required to undergo some operation but
they are not willing to undergo it in such the medicine social worker can
explain the nature of the disease to them and also explain the
importance of this treatment in his life.
4. Provision of Background History
Medical social worker provides post history and family background
of the patient for treatment to the doctors.
5. Provision of Financial Aid to Dependent
In many cases, the only bread earner of family happens to be
hospitalized for prolonged treatment. It is natural that he always worried
about his dependents, which acts adversely on his recovery.
In such situation, the medical social worker can do a lot in removing
his mental worries by giving the patient regular information about his
dependent, and arranging visits for them in the hospital. He may also
provide financial help to the patient from some social agency or by
person employers.
6. Medical Social Worker Arranges Job through training
There may be patients who were facing by some accidents and may
fail to get their precious job or any new after discharging from the
hospital. The medical social worker can help them to be self supporting
by providing vocational training for them.
7. Medical Social Work is a Source of Early Recovery
By providing recreational programme and facilitates the medical
social worker divert the attention of the patient from illness and
contribute much in early recovery.
From all these, it is clear that through medical social work itself
does not provide medical case or service, it helps in all possible ways to
make medical treatment effective and that medical service can’t work
adequately without cooperation of medical social workers. This is why it
is said that medical social workers are must for every well equipped
medical team.
2. School Social Worker
“The main objective of school social work is the provision of
education, is to facilitate and enhance the fullest development of every
child in all aspects of life. This requires a healthy atmosphere for the child
both at school and at home”. OR
Functions of School Social Work
“School social work has been defined as the method within the
programmes of the school for children who are having difficulties in
using the resources of school effectively”.
For the implementation of this process, school social worker is
appointed in the school. There he performs many works for the well
being of the children. School social worker enhances their abilities. He
observes such children and tries to solve their problems because children
sometimes come from broke families.
Following are the major tasks which he performs during the course
of working within a school.
1. Formulation of Area of Difficulty
School social worker helps those children who suffer from physical
social or emotional problem which hamper their social and academic
growth. The children exhibit symptoms of social, emotional difficulties in
the forms of aggressiveness, shyness, withdrawn behavior etc.
School social worker tires to diagnose the problem and identify the
area of difficulty through a series of interview with the child, his parents,
relative and other associate.
2. Formulation of Treatment Plan
School social worker after having focused the area of difficulty
formulates the treatment plan.
3. Works with Guardians
Social case worker works in close cooperation the school teacher
and guardians of the child.
4. Awareness to the Parents and Teachers
He makes the parents and teachers aware of the deficiencies of the
child.
5. Recognition of Resources
He can also make the parents and teachers aware of the available
resources which used for the development and growth of the child.
6. Coordination between Teachers and Parents
He helps the teachers and parents through faculty meetings and
parent teacher association.
7. Coordination Services
If family atmosphere is not conducive to the best performance of a
child in school, corrective measures may be applied to alter family
imbalance.
8. Application of School Case Work along with Group Work and
Community Organization
It helps the child in his school life. The social worker applies S.C.W
along with organization and Method of group work.
All above function of school social worker has proved that, school
social work holds the same position in school (S.W) as the medical (S.W)
occupies in the hospital.
3. Family Planning
If the population of a country is too large and can’t be supported by
the available resources (as it has been case in Pakistan). Then it is rare to
give rise to poor health, and low per capital income. So in any scheme of
social or economic reconstruction of country, it is necessary to take into
consideration the size of population and the rate of its growth.
In this respect, govt. of Pakistan in 1958 fully realized the
importance of family planning. Family planning is not the newly
introduced field which provides good chance and scope for the practice
of social C.W. family planning is concerned with sex affairs and demands
individualized service of confidential nature to make the F.P programme
more effective, application of C.W method is a must.
4. Correctional Services
Crime and delinquency has been increased day by day and are
found in every society. So to control such problems correctional services
are given to the offenders. Previously corporal punishments, changing
and imprisonment and many other physical punishments were
considered to be the best answer to anti-social behavior. But in modern
criminologists, sociologist and social workers after studying the behavior
at the all Enders. The constructive factors of crime and after investigation
they have come to conclusion that the traditional methods of
punishment can’t produce the desired result in correcting the behavior
of the culprits. It increases offence and disorganization. They come to
know that previous methods of correction have produced more offence.
Revengeful attitude in the offenders, towards the society and its
systems. Jail system work as a training ground to make young offenders
as export criminals.
So to control such problems correctional services are given to the
offenders. These are individualized services and society of offenders. It
includes social services for child, youth and adult who violate the rules.
 Probation
 Portal
  Detention
 Juvenile court
 Boastal jail
 Prevention homes

The worker helps the young people to abide by the social rules, as
he understands the behavior and attitude, motivations and those
elements which influenced this behavior.
Vattern’s Services
These are armed services which are provided to disabled or war
veterans. Which include special employment services, counseling and
rehabilitation of these families? The case worker gives psychological
support to veterans and their families.

5. Family Welfare
Case worker deals with broken families and deals with the
members of family to solve their problem (conflict between husband and
wife, parents and children). Case worker tries to resolve the crises and
conflicts of husband and wife and help them to fulfill their
responsibilities its aim is to strengthen the family life.
6. Social Assistance
Pakistan has no regular social assistance performance (save and
except the relief activities carried on at times of natural calamities). We
badly require a regular social assistance programme and social case work
method may be profitably applicable, when it is introduced.
7. Labour Welfare
Lastly, since social work methods are basically introduced, case
work may profitably if the other method be also utilized along with it as
case work method may require to be used even in May heads which are
largely the fields of for group work or community organization.
8. Services for Older’s
Due to the trend of nuclear family system. Cultural values are
totally changed. So the respect and importance of old age people are
attained day by day. They considered burden and are totally ignored by
their four million. They face a problem of loneliness.
Case worker provides them researcher services and tries to solve
their problems. He not only shifts them to old age homes but also
provided them what they want.

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 SCOPE OD SOCIAL CASE WORK IN
PAKISTAN
Pakistan has an underdeveloped economy. Hence it is often argued
that social case work which requires individual services is a luxury for our
country. There are again certain cultural factors like illiteracy,
conservativeness, Purda etc, which also make the practice of social case
work difficult in our country. Still there are some fields in our country
where social case work can be practiced the major fields where social
case work may be practiced in our country are as follows;
1. Medical Social Work
Medical social work in an important field where social case work is
highly applicable there is no denying the fact that our mind and body are
intimately related with each other. The soundness of one depends on
the soundness of the other. If a particular patient suffers from mental
troubles due to some social factors mere application of medicines is
likely to be ineffective.
But generally hospital doctors and nurses hardly deal with the
personal problem of the client. It is also a fact that the doctors and nurses
do have little time and training to deal with these personal problems
other than physical illness of the client. It is the medical social worker
who can help on solving these person problems of the client in
establishing good relation between the patients and the hospital staff in
maintaining contacts between the patient and hospital his relations in
organizing care of the dependents of the patients and in many other
instance a vital role is played by medical social worker order who is out
and a social case worker.
 SOCIAL GROUP WORK
Social group work is one of the basic methods of social work.
Social work is a methodological role which is whole compromises of its
methods.
Methods are divided into two parts;

What is Social Group Work?

1. Already Discusses that
 Social group work is one of three basic methods of social work.
 Social group work is used by professional social workers in when
children, youth or adults meets together as groups in social
agencies with a worker who is there to help them.
2. Some Misconceptions about Social Group Work
 Some persons tend to refer the method as specific kind of social
agency;
 Some perceives social group work as type of activity programs and
 Some take it as a specific group.
3. Therefore Social Group Work is
 Not an agency but a way of carrying out all or part of the functions
of an agency;
 Not an activity program but a way of conducting many activities
and;
 Not a specific group but actually refers to a way to work with
many different types of groups.
4. Introduction
Group work is a method of group leadership used in organizing and
conducting various types of group activities. While group work
developed first in connection with recreation and voluntary informal
education… its use is not confined to those fields. It is increasingly being
used in various types of institution, in hospitals and clinics, in the
extracurricular activities of school and in similar situations. The guiding
purpose behind such leadership rests upon the common assumptions of
a democratic society namely, the opportunity for each individual to fulfill
his capacities in freedom, to respect and appreciate other and to assume
his social responsibility in maintaining and constantly improving our
democratic society.
Social work with group represents a broad field of direct social work
practice (Garvi Gutierrez & Galinskey, 2004). Social workers, work with a
variety of groups in settings in which social work is practiced.
For practice to qualify as social work with groups four conditions
must be met:
 The worker should focus attention on helping the group members
become system of mutual aid;
 The group worker must understand the role of the group process
itself as the primary force responsible for individual and collective
change;
 The group worker seeks to enhance group autonomy;
 The group worker helps the group members experience their
groupness upon termination (Middleman & Wood, 1990).

Primary Method
 Social Group Work
 Social Case Work
 Community Development

Secondary Method
  Social Research
 Social Action
 Social Welfare Administration

When we speak of social group as a method, it means an orderly,

systematic, planned way of working with the people in the group. A
method is a conscious procedure. A design means of achieving a goal in
its outer aspects, a method is a way of doing something but underneath
the doing we always discover an integrated arrangement of knowledge
understanding and principles.
Actually social group work is a borrowed discipline. There are two
courses.

 Foundation course
 Method course
While the foundation is not strong you can’t get real meaning or
real fruit. Foundation courses are very strong essential for any social
worker.
Konopka defines social group work in this way,
“Social group work is a method of social work which help individuals
to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group
experiences and to cope more effectively with their personal, group or
community problems”.
In 1959, the curriculum study of the council on social work
education summarized generalizations on the social group work method,
process and goal on which a substantial degree of acceptance was
evident.
 Social group work is a method of rendering services to persons
through providing experiences in groups.
  Development of the person towards individual potential,
improvement of relationships and social functioning
competences and social action are recognized as purpose of
social group work.
 Social group work is a generic method which can be used in
different setting.
 The method includes conscious use of worker member
relationships, relationships among relationships with
individual’s members and the group as a whole.
He works as an enabler with both helping members and the group
to use their capacities and strengths. He uses himself differently in
accordance with specific objectives and his assessment of member
needs, interests and capacities.
Social group work is often used in conjunction with other social
work service methods and with other disciplines. It is sometimes used
predominantly and sometimes as one method in more inclusive
treatment plans. It is used in should term as well as long term programs.
Goal selection, decision making, program development acceptance and
internalization of appropriate controls, creative utilization of conflicts
are recognized as some of the components of Social group work
process.
It has become increasingly evident that in social group work the
focus of the worker is always on the victual in the group. Group work
can be carried on in which a wide variety of settings. Group work
requires a special kind of worker who accents the helping process. The
worker is viewed as a “helping person” whose job is to help the people
discover and utilize individual, group, agency and community resources
for the achievement of desired goals.
 DEFINITIONS
Milton G. Thackeray
“Group work is a method of working people in groups (two or more
people) for the enhancement of social functioning and for the
achievement of socially desirable goals”.
Gisela Konopka
“Group Work is an approach consciously directed toward
developing the individual’s greatest capacity while relating him to the
group and learning when he has to contribute and when he has to
withdraw”.
Toseland and Rivas in “Introduction to Group Work Practice”

“Goal directed activity with small group of people aimed at meeting

socio emotional needs and accomplishing tasks. This activity is directed
to individual members of a group and to the group as a whole within a
system of service delivery”.
H.B. Tracker
Social group work is a process and method through which
individuals in group in social agency settings are helped by a worker to
related themselves to other people and to experience growth
opportunities in accordance with their needs and capacities. In social
group work the group itself is utilized by the individual with the help of
the work primary means of personality growth, change and
development. The world interested in helping to bring about individual
growth and social development for group as a whole as a result of
guided group interaction.
Focus in Social Group Work
Close study of this descriptive statement will indicate that:

 Group work always focuses on the individual in the group.

 Group work is carried on in the setting of the social agency.
 Group work has a dual purpose of individual and group growth.
 In group work the group itself is a major tool.
 In group work, a particular kind of work is called for.
The refrain which runs through these sentences is “help”. The
worker is viewed as a “helping person” whose job it is to help people
discover and utilize individual, group and agency strengths for the well
being all persons involved.

The use of the word “help”, when referring to the role of the group
worker is deliberate. In group work individuals and groups are helped by
the worker to attain certain end. The worker is a “helping person” or an
“enabler” rather than a “group leader”. What kind of help does the
worker give to the group? How does he give it? These are fundamental
questions which need considerable exploration. Social group work is not
only a matter of what the worker does but also a matter of how the
worker does it and why he does that way. Truly the key to social group
work is the worker.
What is Social Work?
“Social work is the paid profession activity that aims to assist
individual, groups and communities in overcoming serious problems in
their lives by providing care, protecting and counseling services or
through social support advocacy or community work”.
 Social work defined in “Oxford Advance learners Dictionary”, as “It
is a paid work that involves giving help and advice to people living in the
community who have financial problems”.
“It is a coordination activity through which disadvantages
individuals may have all the available resources in the communities to
meet their unmet needs.
“It is the professional help to the people for the purpose of assisting
standard of life with their needs and capacities and inharmonic with
those of the community”.
What is Group?
“A group is constituted when we have two or more than two
individuals in a state of positive psychic interaction design to meet some
set objectives.
Interaction is that stage where two or more than two individuals
are engaged in doing something. There are two main interactions;

 Verbal interaction
 Nonverbal interaction
Coyle says “Social group work like case work, community organization,
administration and research now recognized as a basic aspect of social
work practice. Its distinct characteristics in the act that group work is
used in social relationship within group experience as a mean individual
growth and development and the group worker is concerned in
developing social responsibility and active citizenship for the
improvement democratic society”.
Group Work as a Specific Kind of Activity
 Some persons used to identify social group work with a specific kind
of agency. However, social group work is not an agency but one way of
carrying all or any part of the function of an agency.
Group Work as a Type of Activity Program
Other persons used to describe social group work as a types of
activity program. Actually social group work is not an activity but a way
of conducting many different activities.
Group Work is a Specific Kind of Group
Some leaders that social group work refers to a specific kind of
group or a small children group. For instance this is unfortunately limiting
because social group work actually refers to a way of work with many
different kind of group.
 METHOD
A method is a conscious procedure, a designed means of achieving
a goal.
Social Group Work Method

“Social group work is a method or process through which individual

groups in social agency settings are helped by a worker to themselves to
other people and to experience growth opportunities in accordance with
their and capacities.
“Social group work is a method through which individuals in groups
in social agency settings are helped by a worker who guides their
interaction in program activities so that they may relate themselves to
other and experience growth opportunities in accordance with their
needs and capacities to the end of individuals. Groups and community
development”.
Wilson and Royland “in the enabling method the members are
helped to learn new ideas, develop new skills, change their attitude and
deepen their personalities. Through participation in social process where
in they make decision and take the social action necessary to accomplish
the purpose of the group. We therefore see social group work as a
process and a method through which group life is affected by a worker
who consciously directs the interacting process towards the
accomplishment of goals in our country are conceived in a democratic
frame of reference”.
Important ingredients of social group work are agencies, groups,
workers around and underlying process. Perhaps, the most important
among them is group worker around whom the group work resolves. He
has been aptly called by H.B. Tracker as the key to group work.
Group work has a preventive aspect also. It has now been accepted
that the problem or delinquency is mostly the assault of unhealthy social
conditions hence it is necessary. To initiate a comprehensive preventive
program in order to check the occurrence of the several social problems
including juvenile delinquency, group work activity should be an integral
part of such a program. Here stem is laid in group work as a treatment
program for various types of social maladjustment thus group has
proved agency beneficial to individuals, groups and communities.

Meaning of Social Group Work to the Individual in the Group

Group work aims at to individuals into a group experience which
will equip them for useful group life. As such group work provides an
opportunity to children, youth and adults from a group in the agency
setting under the guidance of worker and participants in group activities.
Individuals look at this experience from different angles from some
individuals, group participant may mean having a good time, fun,
enjoyment or relaxation that comes with warm get together. For others,
involvement in group situation, activities is a means of expression to
interests for the development of skills.
For still others, the opportunity to achieve status or recognition is
the meaning that they give to group work. Irrespective of these
interpretations they attach to group experience.

Social Work Practice/ Conceptual Frame Work of Social

Work
 “Social work practice consist of the professional application of
social work values, principles and techniques to one or more of the
following ends:
1. Helping people obtain tangible services
2. Counseling and psychotherapy with individuals
3. Families and groups
4. Helping communities or group provide
5. Improve health service and
6. Participating in legislative processes
So we can say that social work practice means practical application
of body of knowledge.
 PRNCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK
PRACTICE
There are few very important principles of social work. Objective of
these principles is to guide the professional social worker and help
building a meaningful professional relationship between worker and
client. Following are the principles that are common to all types of social
work practice.

1. Principle of Acceptance
It is the responsibility of professional social worker to accept the
client. He is not a person who only gives lip service rather he shows with
his interest and attitude that he is with the client. He works with great
interest and full responsibility with the client. When the client develops
full confidence on the worker (that is outcome of workers acceptance)
then he shares with worker his factual problems and circumstances.
2. Principle of Communication
Purpose of this principle is to create a meaningful relationship
between worker and client. It is responsibility of the worker to inform
the client about his role and expectations associates with the client in
view of his situation and personal capacities. In a verity of ways worker
informs of makes clear in what ways the client will be/ can be served.
3. Principle of Confidentiality
Worker assures to the client that all the information shared will be
kept secret and none of his secret will be disclosed to anybody without
his prior information or permission. It is its possibility that worker that
reinforce with his attitude that he is a reliable and trust worthy person
on whom one could safely trust. Division as the preservation of
confidential information is a basic right of the client and an ethical
obligation upon the worker. It is generally recognized that the client
himself should be the worker’s primary source of information and that
other agencies and individuals should be consulted only with his
knowledge and consent.
4. Principle of Self Determination
Self determination is very important principle in practice in social
work the individual in emotional and material need is entitled to the right
of self determination he regains confidence in himself when recognizes
his ability to find solutions for his problems and to decide on his way. The
social worker believes that people are capable of changing their attitudes
and behaviors. If worker starts doing all the things and making all the
decisions regarding client, the client will lose interest in the whole
process of rehabilitation.
5. Principle of Individuality
Social worker is a professionally trained and experienced person
having knowledge of human behavior, human psychology and problems
emerging out of social functioning. Usually problems of different clients
seems similar but the workers not distracted by the similarity of the
situation however he tries to find out the solution of problems keeping
in view their different personalities. He knows that every person is
different from the other all this difference determines his/her response
to the situation. In same situation two different people will react
differently.
6. Principle of Participation
Giving proper guidance to the client is worker’s job. Client himself
tries to enhance his capacities. Worker ensures client’s participation in
every task to enhance confidence and potentialities of the client. Client
himself tries to find out solutions of his problems, if a client is to be
helped to extricate himself from a stressful situation and to regain a
personal social balance that is satisfying and enduring, he must be
involved as an active participant in the helping process.
7. Principle of Self Awareness
The worker is a professional and whatever he/she say or do during
him/her to always be vigilant and never ignore his/her professional
responsibilities. Maintain his/her relationship with the client in certain
professional limits and keeps his/her professional life. He/she controls
his/her client and does not express any such emotions that break the
professional relationship of worker and client and client feeling of
distrust in client towards worker. His/her attitude towards client is
neutral.

Techniques/ Skills of Social Work Practice

Social work uses a change process in working with client. (Client
includes individuals, groups, families and communities) the council of
social work education in its curriculum policy statements identifies eights
techniques/skills that are needed for social work practice. These eights
skills interestingly provide an excellent framework for conceptualizing
the phases of the change process in social work.
1. Defining Issues
Defining issues is the first step in change and often becomes fairly
complex. The first step a social worker must take in a problematic
situation is to identify the wide verity of issues raised. The issues serve
as a guide for the next phase data collection and assessment. During this
initial phase and during the other phases as well. The worker must
establish and continue working relationship with the client. To do so, the
worker must build a strong rapport and reflect empathy
(sympathy/compassion), warmth and genuineness.
2. Collecting and Assessing Data
In this phase social work beings an in-depth collection and analysis
of data to gain answers to the issues raised in phase. For some of the
issues useful information can be obtained directly from the client and for
other issues related to the client’s problem information can be collected
from other sources. Assessment is the process of analyzing data to make
sense on it. Phase II involves an assessment of degree agency between
the client. Its needs and the agency’s eligibility requirement and
resources. The services may be terminated for the lack of fit. The client
may be declared elsewhere for service, perhaps because of the
presumed superiority of some other agency.
3. Planning and Contracting
Planning includes formulation of initial objectives (goals) and
decision, making regarding which objectives to pursue. Often a strategy
such as cost benefit analysis (estimating resources being used and
estimating potential benefits) is used to make decisions about which
objectives to pursue. Due to time and resource constraints only rarely
are social worker able to pursue all worthy objectives.
4. Identifying Alternative Interventions
At this stage/ phase the worker tries to find out different alternative
interventions for the solution of client’s problem. Interventions are
proposed on the basis of objective formulation at the earlier stage. The
worker identities several interventions with the help of client and help
him to the one which is most practical and suitable in his (client’s)
perspective i.e. personalities environment, social background among
others.
5. Selecting and Implementing Appropriate Course of Action
This step involves selection and further implementation of correct
strategy to work. This selection is based on the background knowledge
of social worker of human psychology and behavior, previous similar
cases experience of the agency, existing body of knowledge and research
conducted on various kinds of cases and client at earlier stage.
6. Using Appropriate Research to Monitor and Evaluate Outcomes
This involves identifying appropriate research design to monitor the
whole process and evaluate outcomes of the helping process or
techniques/ skills applied. In may involve not only research of the whole
process but also several other desk or field studies that are required as
preliminary/ baseline information of the issue/ problem or client.
7. Applying Appropriate Knowledge
Latest research based knowledge is used in this phase as a tool to
help the client in solution of his problem. It may include interact and on
line computer services to research database for the relevant information
or effective models, programs, interventions introduced in this regard
worldwide. Furthermore different films or video tapes could also be used
as a tool to instrument change.
8. Terminating
If a close working relationship has funned between the worker and
the client termination is often a painful process especially for the client
and sometimes also for the workers. In the change process, sensitive
issues are often addressed, considerable effort is frequently made to
make constructive change, dependency may develop and as a result the
client is expected to experience a sense of loss when termination occurs.
A final evaluation is usually a part of terminating. The final evaluation
involves more than the assessment of what occurred during monitoring
because it places a value on the usefulness for change process. The final
evaluation is also extremely significant to the agency because it provide
information about whether for this situation agency’s services have been
beneficial the individuals who are participating in a group work process
get an opportunity to carry out their responsibilities in overall interest of
the group. They participate in group activities which encourage creative
expressions and feel the presence of the worker who is here help them.
They pursue a policy of “give and take” which enables them to work out
at mutually satisfying social relationship. Ultimately they identify
themselves with their group and feel that the agency and the workers
are helpful persons available to guide and assist them as individuals and
as members of a group.
“Social group work thus becomes new types of group, a service that
is primarily positive and that is designed to give people an opportunity
to live, work and play together under conditions that are planned to
meet their needs”.
 BASIC PHILOSOPHY UNDERLYING
SOCIAL GROUP WORK AS A METHOD
1. The philosophy of social group work is based on the importance of
group life.
2. From cradle to the grave every person is a member of various groups
in an ever widening circle.
3. These social groups play an important role in the life of an individual.
4. His effective social functioning depends up the ability of the individual
to move in diverse group.
5. It is mainly a question of getting along with other people an ability to
relate to other in a positive manner. The establishment of satisfying
group life outside the family is a pre-requisite for effective social living
which every individual must accomplish throughout his life.
6. To some people this comes naturally, for others it may have to be
fostered and developed.
7. For the latter, social group work situation serves as forum for the
establishment of social relationship in the form of group and provides
opportunities for the development of social habits which are helpful
to social adjustment. Mutual give and take policy enables the
members of the group to evolve a mutually satisfying social
relationship among themselves.
8. If early experiences of a person have been mostly positive in nature,
he/she develop a positive attitude and he/she will not usually be
experiencing difficulties in adjusting with other persons.
9. Social group work thus aims to give a constructive and satisfying group
experience to people as individuals. They are likely to adopt this
 constructive approach and positive outlook also in other spheres of
life.
10. The experts of the group work are of the view that group work helps
the socialization of a group. (Socialization is a process through which
a biological person is changes into social entity). This process is not
completed unless a person has a group experience. The experiences
they gain are satisfying. Then we can say that they have a balance
personality and they are well-socialized.
According to H.B. Tracker, the Philosophy of Social Group Work is
based on the following points:
1. Need a Variety of Group Experiences
It is central concept of social group work that all persons need a
variety of group experiences. Their needs of group experience tend to
parallel the various kinds of group adjustments all people must make.
Larger, less cohesive group supply the means of integrating the
individual with the wide range of experiences. The small intimate,
cohesive friendship group affords an opportunity for individual
development and personal satisfaction. Social group work thus seeks to
provide group experiences of several levels.
2. Individuals have Ability to Change & Grow
Social group workers believe that individuals can be helped to grow
and change in personality and attitudes through experiences with other
people in the setting of social agencies, personality growth are not only
possible but probably better in those groups which have workers
appropriately skilled in process of utilizing group interaction.
3. Experiences are Most Significant
Social group workers are increasingly aware of the fact that
structure and organization within a group have little to do with the actual
influence of the group have on the individual. Rather the emotional
quality and tone that individuals bring to and take from group
experiences are most significant.
4. Democratic Behavior is Learned Behavior
Social group workers believe that democratic behavior is learned
behavior. Individuals must be help to understand what democracy really
means and the same individuals must be given an opportunity for
practice in democratic living.
5. Growth of Capacities and Well-Balanced Personalities
Social group work makes possible the release of individual
capacities and the growth of well balanced personalities. There is no
room for rigid and imposed program in which the individual is
subordinate to activity. There is ample evidence that through group
experience individuals acquire skills and other abilities of like nature.
In short, social group work aims to give its members a democratic
experience and satisfying group life which will make them democratic in
outlook as well as in practice. It is service not merely to individuals but
to democracy itself. That is the greatest venture of social group work in
the modern society.
 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL GROUP WORK
The purpose of these principles to guide the group worker who
needs knowledge of individual and group behavior and social conditions
as well as the ability to work efficiently with group of people.
H.B Tracker in his master price “Social group work principles and
practice,” has given the following principles at social group work.
1. The Principle of Planned Group Formation
In social group work just basic unit through which individuals are
helped to grow physically, socially and culturally. The first task of the
group worker is to from a group. The agency and the worker must be
aware of group situation viz, structure of the group inherent
potentialities of members of the group, their aptitudes and habits, their
needs, resources and limitations. This is the first principle of social group
work practice called the principle of planned group formation.
In social group work the group is used as the vehicle far the all
around development of the group. Group worker’s function is to prepare
the group in such a way that the group members fully utilize their own
capacity and available resources to achieve desired ends.
2. The principle of Specific Objectives
The purpose of social group work is to help the group to satisfy is
needs and achieve a desired purpose through the proper utilization or
the group member’s capacities and resources of the group.
Group work requires that the group worker the agency must take
into account the need, resources, strengths and limitation of the group
and must frame specific objectives in accordance with the group’s needs
and capacity.
 The function of the group worker is a helping or enabling function.
This means that his goal to help the members of the group and the group
as a whole to move towards greater independence and capacity for self
help. Specific objectives of individual and group development must be
consciously formulated in harmony with group wishes and capabilities.
3. The Principle of Purposeful Worker Group Relationship
The group work method requires the worker to form purposeful
relationship with group members and the group. This includes a
conscious focusing on the purpose of the agency concerned and the
needs of the group as expressed by members. One of the main tools in
achieving such a relationship is the conscious use of self. This includes
self knowledge and self discipline on the part of the group worker in
relationship with the group members without lost of warmth.
The establishment of the relationship demands that group worker
must accept the group members with all their strengths and weaknesses
and the group members must be prepared to accept the help rendered
by the group worker.
4. The Principle of Evaluation
Continuous evaluation of group work process and progress in terms
of outcome is essential. The worker must be capable of evaluating the
progress of the group. Evaluation must be undertaken in accordance
with a prescribed standard. Social group worker deals with different
groups having different needs and capacities and possessing different
ways of achieving ends.
 OBJECTIVES/ PURPOSES OF SOCIAL
GROUP WORK
The broad objectives of social group work are similar to those of
social work profession as a whole.
However agencies do have specialized objectives and in
accordance with these varying objectives the programs also vary so as
to meet the needs of the individuals of the group.

Some important objectives of social group work are given below:

1. Development of Individual and Group
The development of individuals along with the group and in
keeping with the agency function is the ultimate objective of the group
work.
2. Social Adjustment of Individual
It is interested in the social adjustment of the individual and in
developing social consciousness within the group.
3. Development of Personality
It believes that mutually satisfying experiences among people are
necessary for the growth and development of their personalities.
4. Social Group Work
Tries to enrich community life by teaching individuals to take
responsibility for their own behavior and also become participating
members of the group thus members of the group become socially
mature and responsible.
 5. Positive Qualities
Social group work provides opportunities for the development of
positive qualities and habits in the members which create social
cohesiveness in the group.
6. Group Work
Seek to provide opportunities for planning group experiences that
needed by all people.
As a specialized technique, a group work seeks to provide a group
setting in a place of old institutions like joint family and neighborhood
etc.
Here its objective is to provide a kind of experience in a controlled
environment which enables the members to participate freely and
effectively varying group situations.
7. Social Group Work Provides training for Democratic Life
8. Its main purpose is to initiate such comprehensive preventive
including juvenile delinquency.
9. In group work through meetings members learn punctuality and
discipline.
(OR)
Its main objective is to taught discipline and punctuality to people
through the programs.
10. Group work provides recreational facilities not only for entertainment
but also for the training of the people.
Thus group work has proved equally beneficial to individuals, groups
and communities
 BASIC SKILLS IN SOCIAL GROUP
Skills refer to the ability or capacity to apply the theoretical
knowledge in the practical field.
Group work implies that the group and the worker will be engaged
in some activity which may be social, recreational, educational or
cultural in nature. These group work activities require certain skills on
the part of the worker. He must have skill in working with the people in
an agency setting. He must know the community. He must also possess
a growing awareness of himself as well as of the group.
H.B Tracker has suggested the following skills which a group
worker should possess. These skills are.
1. Skills in Establishing Purposeful Relationship
The worker must be skillful in gaining the acceptance of the group
and relating himself to the group on positive professional basis. He must
be skillful in helping individuals in the group to accept one another and
to join with the group in common suits.

2. Skill in Analyzing the Group Situation

He must be skillful in judging what the group needs and how quickly
the group can be expected to move.
3. Skill in Participation with the Group
The role of the group worker is the situational, so that he must
determine his own role, helping group members to participate and to
locate leadership among them.
4. Skill in Dealing with Group Feelings
The group worker cannot work with the group, unless the understands
the reaction of the group members among themselves towards.
 FACTORS INFLUECING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL
GROUP WORKER
The role of the worker varies different group. Because group
situations are so different and as such their programs and needs also
differ. The first duty of the group worker is to study the group and the
circumstance surroundings it before attempting to define his specific
role with it. This is not confined to the behavior of the individuals in the
group makes meaning against these factors.
Following factors influencing the role of social group worker:
1. Community
2. Agency
3. Group Worker
4. Group

Community
Social group are nothing but a part of some community which in
its turn is an aggregation of different groups.
The agency through which group work is practically dependent and
its existence on the support of the community morally and materially.
This suggests that the community has much influence on the role of the
group worker. The main factors of the community which determine the
role of the group worker are:

 Economic Condition
 Cultural Values
1. Economic Condition
It is an important factor for determining the role of group worker.
If the group comes from a community which is economically advanced
he has to display different role than in a group coming from an
economically background community.
2. Cultural Values
It also influences the worker’s role. The group worker is in favorable
position, if the program is supported by the agency and the group is
supported by the cultural values the community concerned.
But if it not supported by the cultural values of the community, his
role has to be shifted from the group to the larger community for
motivating the latter to accept the new program.
The Agency
Social group work is practiced through some agency. The agency
has its own purposes and limitations. The group worker cannot go
beyond the purposes and limitation of the agency.
Thus the agency is an important determining factor of the group
worker’s role in following ways:

 Agency facilities and program

 The agency function and scope

The Worker
The group worker assigned to the group as a professional person.
He is expected to help the group achieved its own purpose and not to
realize any personal interest. His responsibilities lie in discharging his
professional role. This indicates that professional status of the group
worker himself is an important factor in determining his own role.
SCOPE OF SOCIAL GROUP WORK OR NEED OF
SOCIAL GROUP WORK
From each and every aspect of life, we Pakistani badly in need of
organized group work. In fact our national outlook organized from the
philosophy of social group work and we have this prescribed to the world
our greatest achievement Pakistan. However as a developing country,
Pakistan needs recognition from different aspects of life. This calls for
the practice of organized group work.
Following are some of the important fields which provide good
scope for the practice of social group work in Pakistan.
1. Housing and Settlement
In an area like “Muhammad Pura” in Dacca, city where group work
may be practiced. The history of group work footnotes that group work
practice started through housing and settlement/ movement.
Group work is highly essential in this field. This kind of area is
inhabited by people with differing backgrounds. Moreover they are new
in the locality. It is very likely for them to maladjustment to the new
situation. In establishing the spirit of cooperation living among them
social group work can play a vital role.
2. Neighborhood Centers
A community can never enrich itself and contribute to the
development of nation as a whole unless there is strong we feeling
among its neighbors. The community can move forward rapidly for
progress only when its neighbors do feel for each other participates in
the common affairs of the neighborhood. But this feeling of
neighborhood is lacking group are likely to be different from those of
boy’s group. It is evident from this, that age and sex of the group
members have much influence in determination of the role of the group
worker.
Attitudes of the Group Members
The most important factor that influences the role or the worker is
attitudes of group members.
If the group members do not show their interest for achieving the
goal then the group worker’s ability has no importance until they show
their willingness for achieving the group purposes.
 WHAT IS COMMUNITY?
In Sociological literature one can find a number of definitions for
the specific term of community depending upon social scientists, authors
and knowledgeable writers and their focuses of attention about a special
problem.
The term of community is still undergoing the stages of
qualification and modification. Anyhow just for the sake of reference, we
can say that the concept of community refers to;

 “A large number of people living together with in a given

geographical area, sharing a common way of life in such a way that
they meet most of their basic needs and problems from local and
social institutions”.
 “Community is a large group of people living in a common territorial
area and has a considerable degree of interpersonal acquaintance
and contact, and some special basis of coherence that separates it
from neighboring group”.
 The community may have some special bonds of unity such as
recreational origin or religious affiliations”.
In urban area a word or a Mohallah can be called a community
where the number of people falls approximately in the range of 1500 to
2000, but in rural area a village or a town can be said community where
the number of people falls approximately in the range of 500 to 2000 in
Pakistan life.
If we make a view of (urge area, we shall find that after every
hundred miles the values and the traditions are changed, these changes
may be tangible or non tangible. Therefore it can be said that there are
so many community patterns existed in our country.
 Ogburn and Nim Coff has also defined the term community as
under,
“A community may be thought of as a total organization of social
life within a limited area”. OR
Arthur Dunham says that;
“A community is a group of human beings settled in a fairly compact
geographical area, and having some significant elements of common life
as shown by manners, customs, traditions and modes of speech”.
In developing countries the resources are very limited with respects
of problems and needs. Therefore it becomes difficult for government to
meet individual’s problems one by one, so government takes them at
community level, we study their problems and in way we can secure their
welfare.
 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Social work consists of six methods, some are basic methods and
some are helping methods. Basic methods are called primary methods
and helping methods are called secondary methods.
Primary methods are those which are directly involved in social
functioning or used directly in social functioning and secondary methods
are those methods which are indirectly involved in social functioning or
used as helping methods in applying the primary methods.

 Community development is a primary or basic method of social

work which is applied by a professional social worker in a specific
area. Social workers try to collect the up to date information and
condition about the community people and try to guide and
stimulate them to their needs on self help basis.
 Community development does not limit itself to any particular
section of the community. It smooth the way for personal freedom,
economic and social justice for every man and woman of the
community.
 Community development copes with the problems of the
community people without any distinction of caste, creed and
color.
 Community development includes all aspect of people’s lives in the
community and seeks to enrich their life in all aspects. There are
economical, social, physical, educational and recreational aspects.
 In community development nothing is imposed on the community
people. The community worker seeks to secure the participation of
the community development programs. This participation of
 people in the community development programs is not due to the
application of force but the persuasion.
 Community development seeks to smooth the way for economic
and social revolution with in a democratic setup where the worth
of an individual and his talent capacity the growth and
development is enhanced.
They already become conscious of their problems, it means they
become aware of their needs and problems and they want some change.
This awareness about the problems and needs to infect stimulates them
and forces them to act and exist.
On the other hand if the people are ignorant about their needs and
problems, it means they are unaware of their needs and problems. They
do not have the senses of awareness. And how can they think about the
solution of their problems.
Therefore, it can be said that a worker should start his work with a
basic theme and he should make condition and situation later for their
awareness through different ways and practices, so if the people of any
society or community have consciousness and it has gone to their minds,
they will think and observe different ideas, plans and solutions of their
own problems. They will create new and modern things to meet their
needs. Only consciousness and awareness about their problems makes
them superior to others, because it is the supreme quality of the human
beings for the solution of different felt needs.
Consciousness is the first step to reach the target and goal,
objective and solutions. The question arises if consciousness is so
important, how it can be secured?
Proper education is necessary for consciousness because
consciousness comes through information and for information proper
education is necessary. Otherwise there is no way to bring it in the minds
of human society. One must be education, well guided and sensitive to
become fully conscious of his environment.
For consciousness as stated above that proper education is
essential. It does not mean that education of schools colleges or
universities only, but the people should have clear cut ideas and sense
of their own needs and problems. People of the community already
know a lot of things and they have a great number of information only.
The purpose of education is that they should be educated in their own
field and profession.
In other words, it is a journey from ignorance to knowledge, called
education.
 COMMUNITY LEADERS
Another thing which is also important for professional social worker
for the purpose of community development is to involve the persons of
the community.
A professional social worker should keep leaders are very
important. They are the gateways of this community. They have
authority and can ask people to do some certain things. We do not know
about the traditions, attitude, likings, disliking and behaviors of the
community people. Community leaders have much knowledge about the
community people. Generally community leaders are presidents of
welfare a agencies, chairmen of Zakat committees, Counselors, school
teachers, Nambardars and Imam Masjid etc.
The front line of the community is the leaders of that community.
They are key persons and decision makers. They are the main gates by
which a professional social worker can provide them the consciousness
and awareness of their needs and problems because they have great
influence upon community people.
Key persons can easily provide them consciousness because of their
status and authority. How do they can provide? What is their need? They
answer is that it is the application of logic (evidence) and magic. The
people try to understand that why so, why it is, how it is, and who it is
etc.
These are the sentiments which deal with life motivation. It is
esteem for life. Both reasons and emotions are only involved to
complete the objectives of our life. It provides us the way of action to
achieve the target and goal of life in community and society.
 STEPS OR PHASES OR STAGES OF
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Steps or phases in the community development process mean
those different skills, techniques and methods by which a professional
social worker tries to get up to date information about the community.
Then to get fruitful results off community development process he
arranges the programs according to their expressed needs and problems
and then he checks their accuracy. These steps are essential, important
and necessary for professional worker during the course of community
development process. The utilization of these steps has deep rooting
meanings in the process of community development.
Community development process involves four steps i.e. study,
planning, execution and evaluation.
1. Study of the Community (First Phase)
It is an important step in this sense that without having a picture of
the community conditions, it is difficult to formulate a picture of program
of social development. It is necessary for a professional worker, who is
appointed in a community where people are quite unaware or have no
concept of community development, where people are ignorant the
worker has to study that community from different point of views or
from different angles and corners.
Study of the community is only possible with the cooperation of
representative and key persons especially. The worker, who is an outside
in the community, must have a meeting with the key persons of the
community. With the help of key persons he will get different types of
information about the community.
 For instance, what are the social, political, economic and religious
conditions of the community? What types of people live in it? What is
education? What are the traditions values, norms and customs of the
major problems of the people?
It means that first step is designed to discover and present a broad
picture of the community which forms the foundation for planning and
execution. The methods and techniques used in community survey are
questionnaire, schedule, observation, interview available relevant
literature, journals etc.
2. Planning/ Paper Planning (Second Phase)
Planning constitutes the second step in the community
development process. It is an important phase or stage in which paper
planning of program or policy is made.
This stage consists n the formulation or well discipline ideas and
policies and also discipline of future course of action. It absolutely
depends upon the up-to-date and true information collected by the
community worker during study of the community. That is why, it is said
that study of the community forms the foundation for planning without
having a picture of community conditions, it is very difficult to formulate
a program of social advancement.
The question arises that why the paper planning is necessary before
the execution of any welfare program. The answer is that it is necessary
to avoid wastage of energy and resources, time and labor.
It is only possible through proper planning of the program or
otherwise it will become very difficult to complete any program or
project accordingly. It will also assist a worker in the last stage of the
community development process.
 The following points are very important for a professional social
worker. He should keep in his mind when he is going to plan any welfare
program.
 The program should be according to the customs, norms and
cultural patterns of the community people.
 The first program started by the worker should have clear cut
chances of success.
 Priority should be given to the felt and expressed needs and
problems of the community people.
 The program should be multipurpose to meet the manifold
needs of the community people.
 The program should take into consideration the availability of
resources and technical services necessary for
implementation.
 The program should take into consideration to complete it
within time limits and sources
 The program should be according to the all national policies.
 The program should support and be supported by the other
projects of the community.
 The readiness of community people to accept the program
should also be considered.
 The programs which utilize maximum labor power should be
given priority.
 The program should have the flexibility.
3. Execution of program (Third Step)
In the community development process execution is the third
important step or phase. It implies the implementation of the plan or
discipline in the practical field for the achievement of its objectives. It is
the stage where the actual labor force of the community can be involved
in welfare activity or program.
In that execution of the plan the existing administrative unit of the
community should be constructed because the formation of new
executive or administrative unit is costly.
In that case the achievement of main objective of community
development i.e. maximum benefits out of human resources will not be
possible. It may create conflict between old and new administrative units
which may hinder the successful implementation of the program. So, it
is better to adjust existing administrative setup as far as possible.
4. Evaluation (Fourth step)
The fourth and final stage of the community development process
is evaluation through evaluation a community worker observes different
hurdles difficulties which come into the way of the process because of
which he could not complete his project and programs within limited
resources and time. It consists in studying and assessing all the strength
and weaknesses of the program.
How much response is given to the program by the local people?
To what people have shown their ignition and indignation to the
program. And how much time has been spent to complete to a program.
Evaluation seeks to study how far the program has met the
expressed and needs of the people and whether it needs modification in
view of the existing conditioned of the community.
 HOW A PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL
WORKER ENTERS IN A COMMUNITY?
A professional social worker when entered in a community he has
to follow the basic that are as below:

 Meet the key persons of the community

 Contact with the different institution of the community
 Try to study the psychological condition of the people of the
community
 Understand the rules and regulation, customs and other traditions
of the society
 Adopt the culture of the community
A professional social worker when entered in a community he
follow the above basic steps because when he is able to understand the
multidimensional part of community then he is able to get through in a
community successfully.
Secondly here the process is very important through which a
professional social worker is able to do community development, that
are:
A professional social worker starts his services from the very basic
theme of the development. This is a fact that worker must be kept in
mind when he entered in a community and start the development
process that human beings do not act and exist until they do not be
conscious.
Development is a story of human consciousness. People become
conscious of their needs and problems and try to solve them only when
they are conscious of it otherwise if they don’t have the sense of
awareness then how they can think for the solution of their problems.
So the consciousness only gets through by education as the word
consciousness is a journey from ignorance to knowledge.
For achieving the goal of development for which a professional
social worker enters in a community he has to firstly deal with the key
persons of the community because they are the gate way of the
community without their cooperation the worker will not be able to do
work successfully.
 APPROACHES IN THE COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
As a professional social worker knows that there are different
methods and skills in social work practice. Just like the methods and skills
there are some approaches in community development process which
are known as orientations of change or simply as approaches in
community development.
Definition
“An approach means a specific and particularly way of working in
the community whether it is through professional worker or any bady
else e.g. a reformer or a politician etc”.
There are several approaches in community development, but give
of them are more remarkable. These represent the different ways of
working with the community and each of them has its own specific
philosophy, values, techniques and results.
Selection of Approach
Now this is the worker who has to select the last one from them to
get or achieve his goals. In other words selection of a suitable approach
for the community development program is much important because
the whole process of development importance basic on suitable
approach.
Execution of paper Plan depends upon the selection
It can be said that the proper implementation or execution of the
paper plane is only possible when the selection of the approach is very
position and suitable.
 OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
Community development has the following objectives;
1. Community development aims at making proper use of the
available resources for meeting the felt and basic needs of
community people.
2. It aims at brining about planning change in community through
combining efforts of public and private authorities.
3. It aims at establishing mutual understanding among the welfare
agencies.
4. It aims at providing training facilities for all types of workers
voluntary and paid by establishing professional training
institutions.
5. It aims at establishing purposeful working relationship among
people at all levels from local community to national level.
6. It aims at establishing proper organizational machinery for
achieving best possible results in social and economic
development.
Some Other Objectives of Community Development
7. To help mankind
8. To collect information
9. To provide services
10. Planning
11. To make budget
12. Coordination
13. To raise the standard of living
14. Awareness
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION
Following are the major differences between community
development and community organization.
Definitions
Community Development
“Community Development is a process designed to create
conditions for economic and social progress for the whole community
with its active participation and the fullest possible reliance upon the
community initiative”.
According to Murray C. Ross
“Community organization is a process by which a community
identifies its needs, finds the resources to deal with these needs
develops cooperative and collective attitude”.
Practice
Community development is practiced mainly in underdeveloped
and static communities, where no change has been introduced and
which needs new services.
 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
As we know that a community embodies different types of people
having multifarious behavior. A community worker has to work with the
community from different points of view to achieve material as well as
immaterial progress for the community.
To achieve the targets and objectives the worker works according
to some rules and regulations according to the code of ethics and
according to the line of action provided by his profession.
These codes of ethics, rules and regulations and lines of action are
called principles of community development.
For better adjustment between needs and resources and for a
balanced and successful progress a worker should keep in his mind these
important and certain principles during the course of working with the
community people.
1. Principle of Acceptance or Recognition of Dignity of community
people
As we know that community where professional worker is
appointed consists of different types of people e.g. some capitalists,
some poor, some rich, some criminals, some back marketers etc.
The demand of principle of acceptance is that if anyone of them,
individual or group of individuals comes to the worker to seek help,
should accept them with all of their potentialities qualities and
deficiencies without any distinction of race, creed, color, loin, tongue
and nature of their profession. He should keep in his mind all human
beings are consisted of fish and bones. The difference is only that he is
with a problem. That is why it is said that the value of community
development is deep rooted in the recognition of the dignity of each
individual of the potentialities of the community people to raise the
standard of their life through their own efforts.
 The principle of the acceptance and the community worker, who
brought it into action to achieve better result and social target of
profession are of great importance for community development.
2. Principle of Participation of Local People
No double a community worker has much knowledge, professional
skills and a lot of experience about community anyhow he is not much
familiar with changing problem as an individual of community. The
community people know hundred times better about the existing
problems than any outside. This principle puts much stress and emphasis
on the active participation of the community people in the program
which is being started by the worker for the welfare and betterment of
the community.
Therefore, the goals and targets of community development
process can only be achieved through the participation of the local
people.
Expectation
The worker should involve maximum number in the whole process
of development from A to Z: because the problem deals with them and
worker has work with them, not for them. This participation ensures the
achievement of the targets and ends.
3. Principle of Self Help
The base of social work profession is the principle of self help. It is
the philosophy of social work profession to overcome different types of
problems through local people within their own resources. Some
problems can he solved by the community people but they do not know
the solution of these problems because they have no proper guidance
interest and knowledge in this situation. The role of a community worker
is just to provide proper guidance and information about the solution of
the problems. The community worker should tell the community people
that how to solve it.
The complete the welfare programs community development rests
on the principle of sell help. Every community has resources and
potentialities which can be achieved and mobilized for its self
improvement. The principle of self help of great importance especially
for the developing countries has unlimited problems and limited
resources. They are not in position to visit the problems of individuals
door to door. Therefore they are taken at community level and on self
help basis their welfare can be secured. Through the principle a
professional worker can easily achieve his targets and objectives because
our resources are limited.
4. Principle of Self Determination
The worker should create awareness among the community people
about their problems and he should tell them the proper and possible
solutions of their problems. The worker has to work with the community,
not for the community. He has no authority to impose decisions upon
the community people because community development believes in the
right of self determination.
The worker can estimate and can guess about the problems. After
fixing the priority of the problems and their solution, the final decision
comes from the community side because the community development
believes that the people of the community have the right to determine
their own course of action. The worker should provide them the
opportunity to solve their problems to maintain their programs and
services according to their own wish. The worker should feel their will
that how they want to solve their problems.
5. Principle of Coordination
Coordination of people working for development is very necessary.
If it does not exist we cannot get fruitful results of any effort. Because
when balanced development of community is the goal of community
then coordination action is necessary. When the efforts will be scattered,
they cannot contribute much to the uplift of local community. The
people should have very much integration about the program of social
worker. They should have the hand of coordination to make any
decision. No overlapping of any service should be there.
 The project which is going to be setup in the community should not
slash with any other program which already exists in the same
community area, because community development aims at facilitation
of better coordination between public and private efforts.
6. Principle of Equal Opportunities for All
When a professional community worker is places or appointed in
community to perform his duties. In that certain area different types of
people are living. Now the worker to bring change in the community by
working with the community not for the community.
Therefore it is his duty to make such plans or program which
provide a chance every individual of the community to make use of these
programs for their own welfare that is why the process of community
development believe is the democratic principle of providing equal
opportunities for all sections and for all sects of people living in that area
irrespective of any difference of caste, creed, age and sex. If one section
of population of the community is ignored and left behind, the balanced
development of the community cannot be ensured.
7. Principle of Consistency with Cultural Values
Each community has its own specific and important cultural values
and the people consider them their glory. They give them great
importance. Therefore a community worker should keep in his mind
during the course of time that every activity, program and every step
should be according to the basic cultural values of the community where
he is placed or appointed. The basic values with the passage of time and
from community to community. If the worker wants to secure his targets
and goals within the limited resources and time, he should start his
program according to the cultural values of that community, because
these values have much to do in acceptance or rejection of the program
by the community people. If the program is not supported by the cultural
values, it is likely to be rejected by the people of the community where
it is to be executed.
That is why community development stresses that the program
should be made in consistence with the existing cultural values of the
community concerned.
8. Principle of Felt Needs
Community development believes in the principle that program
should grow out of the felt and expressed needs of the community
people. It is not only democratically desirable but also psychological
sound that people are likely to participate in a program concerned with
their life and felt needs.
If the programs are not according to their expressed needs, the
community people are not likely to undertake and carry on these
programs. Only that program is being accepted that signed to meet their
felt needs and expressed needs.
9. Principle of Participation of Local Leadership
A professional worker should keep in his mind that he is an outsider
and stranger in the community so without active participation of local
leadership i.e. key persons of the community he will not be able to find
out different types of needs and programs sources and resources of that
community. First of all, he has to conduct a meeting of the social leaders
like counselors, teachers, Nambardars and Imam Masjid etc. with the
support of these key persons it will become convenient to conduct a
meeting of local leaders and to conduct the survey of that community.
Study of the community has keep deep rooted meanings in
planning and study exams only be taken with the help of these leaders.
10. Principle of Integration of Public and Private Efforts
Community development aims at facilitating better coordination
and integration between public and private efforts.
11. Principle of Utilization of Community Resources
Composition of community development puts much emphasis on
the utilization of available resources of the community. Its ultimate
objective is to promote the well being of community through proper
utilization of community resources.
 SOCIAL RESEARCH
P.V Young defined as
“Research is a careful, exhaustive, intelligent, purposive and
unbiased investigation of a problem. It is an exploration into the
unknown facts”.
W.A Fried Lander
“Social work research is a systematic, critical investigation of the
questions in the field of social welfare with the purpose of yields the
answers to the problem of social work and to extent and generalizes the
social work knowledge and concept”.
If social welfare is to serve its clients effectively, it is essential to get
their opinion about the services already being offered to them it is also
important to study the effects and impacts of the services of social
agencies on their beneficiaries.
Now the role of research is to find out the influences one over the
other because the programmes of welfare are in influenced by the needs
and cultural conditions of the purpose. Social welfare policies and
practices have their impact on people living conditions and these inter
influenced by the conditions of the people. Other objective of evaluative
research is that and what changes may be required in the policies and
the methods used to provide the services.
Research also helps to determine cause effectiveness of the welfare
programme because it is necessary to assess as what are the benefits in
relation to the cost of the programme.
 SOCIAL WORK—THEORY AND PRACTICE
Mostly it is because a profession that strives to be respectable must be
“research base” The research method is one way of knowing. It can help
us to know what we are doing so that the selected intervention to be on
our client is based on mere than faith and hope. Thus, one reason for
research’s sudden respectability is the profession aeration of social
work.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
There are three precautionary ethics that must be taken before
beginning any research study. These are: (1) obtaining the participants’
informed consent, (2) designing the study in an ethical manner, and (3)
ensuring that others will be properly told about the study’s findings.

MAIN STEPS OF SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH

Like other social sciences, certain steps are required in the field of social
work research too, for conducting research on scientific lines. These
steps are as follows:
1. Selection of subject: On the basis of experience and available
information the researcher formulates the problem under study. It may
either be a specific aspect, or includes the total aspects of the problem.
The problem selected should be relevant to the branch of social work
which the researcher is going to study.
2. Formulation of hypothesis: Acting selecting the problem, the
researcher gathers certain ideas about the problem. This process is
known as hypothesis. According to George Lundberg: “the hypothesis is
tentative justification the validity of which remains to be tested.’ In its
most elementary stage the hypothesis may be guess, imaginative ideas
which becomes the basis for investigation.
3. Construction of a research design: For social work research, it is
necessary to prepare a research design. The research design enables the
worker to carry on his work systematically. The research should be
formulated carefully and once the design has been prepared, it is easy to
test the hypothesis, analyze data and take other steps.
4. Survey of literature related to the problem: Mere selection of
problem is not sufficient. For proper understanding of the problem the
worker has to survey the literature related to that problem.
5. Investigation and study of material related to the problem: No
study is complete in itself. There are various matters and topes related
to the problem. For proper study it is necessary to investigate and study
the material related to the problem. This investigation and study is
helpful in taking the future steps.
6. Collection of data: After preparing the research design, the process
of data collection is started. For this purpose, first step. Is the collection
of
Data or facts pertaining to the problem.
7. Tabulation of Collected data: Mere collection of data is not
sufficient for research. For proper study of the problem, it is necessary
that data should be systematically tabulated and classified. This step
helps the worker to proceed in the right direction.
8. Analysis and interrelation, of data: Once data has been tabulated
and classified, the, worker proceeds to analyze and interpret it. One the
basis of tabulation, the worker is able to categorize the, data according
to its characteristics. This makes the analysis and interrelation of data
easy.
9. Verification, of the problem and hypothesis: After analysis and
interrelation-of’ data, the ‘research. Verifies the problem and the
hypothesis. Without verification, it is not possible to arrive at any correct
result.
10. Generalization: Once hypothesis has been proved to be correct as
a result of verification, certain general principles can be laid down. These
general principles are bead on the results of the analysis and verification
of the data scientifically tabulated and classified.
 NGO ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT
 NGOs could play an effective role in many people oriented
programs such as health, family planning, environment and non-
formal education
 Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) has been playing a central
role in education of marginalized group in developing countries.
 NGOs are playing very important role for over all development of
back ward segment-of society through providing right base
approach and service delivery. NGOs are working in the field of
Education, Health, women development, economic development
and capacity building of civil society organizations. More over NGOs
are playing pivotal role to create awareness among community
about their rights and responsibility. Pakistani NGOs are very
vibrant to watch the progress of overall development and had
played very active role to restoration of judiciary.

Fields of NGOs
 Education
 Women development
 Environmental
 Economic development
 Rural development
 Youth development
 Health
 Disaster Management
 Handicapped
 Human Rights (Child, women, minorities etc)
 Animal Welfare
Education
 Education for children is provided through formal and informal
schools
 Designs and implements early childhood education programs
 Engaged in provide education to under-privileged communities
 Aims to provide quality education at low coast
 Vocational centers provide computers and vocational training for
youth
 Construction of schools
 Deserving students’ scholarship for a college education.
NGOs working in education sector are:

 CARE
 SABAWON
 The Citizen’s Foundation
 Taleem For All Trust
 UNICEF etc

Women Development
 Provide skilled training, micro financing & community development
 Provide medication & counseling services
 Running awareness campaigns
 Working against the sexual harassment of women
 Free legal aid, legal awareness
 Literacy campaigns for women
 Women and Children’s Rights
 Battered women assistance center
 Group therapy for sexually abused women
NGOs working for women rights and development are:

 LHRLA
 APWA
 WAR
 PAWLA

Environmental Development
 Sustainable water and energy consumption education
 Keeping mountains and forests clean
 Inspire them to learn about, and take action to fight climate change
 To take positive action around climate change, building the
movement for a clean, just future.
 Unite for climate, UKYCC, 350, Green Peace, Grief Share, Green
Baluchistan

Economic Development
 NGOs also play an important role in Economic sector.
 NGOs provide services like micro enterprises/ micro loans and
micro credit.
 Provide skill training like computer training, embroidery training,
Catering services, technical training, clothing and textile etc.
 Product promotion and distribution (Bazaars etc.)
 Cooperative creation
 Financial consulting

NGOs working in this sector are

 Bahbud
 Kashf
  NRSP
 PRSP
 AGKRSP

Rural Development
 School, Health Unit construction
 Infrastructure construction
 Cultural center construction and operation
 Agriculture and Aquaculture expect assistance
 Care, SOS are NCOs working in this sector

Community Social Problems (Children Development)

 Juvenile crimes
 Runaway girls
 Street Children
 Prostitution
NGOs working for these social problems are:
 Edhi trust
 Pehchan
 Insaniat
 Khidmat foundation
 Bunyad
 UNICEF etc

Emergency Health Crises

 HIV/ AIDS education and support
 Hepatitis B, C education
  Dengue Fever education
 Drug Addiction recovery

NGOs working in this field are:

 WHO, UNICEG, ADB, World Bank, Iman, Roshni, Nai Zindgi etc.

Health Promotion
 Contraception and intimacy Education
 Organizing and celebration of health events at the national and
state level.
 Organizing public awareness campaigns and conducting education
on specific health issues.
 Supporting the health campaigns/ programmes
 Supporting the Health Camps/Medical Camps by the Ministry of
Health in the community.
 General Hygiene
 Waste Disposal
 Water Usage
 Vaccinations

NGOs working in this sector are:

 FPAP
 St. John’s Ambulance
 FFPAM
 UNICEF

Youth Development
  Develop their awareness, leadership, community building, and
critical thinking skills through active and substantive participation
with their peers and with decision makers globally.
 Career counseling
 United Nations Programme on Youth, Voices of youth and, Youth
Voices are NGOs working for Youth, youth for peace, Chanan, SYDP,
Youth Democracy etc.

Disability Rehabilitation
 (Awareness about causes of Disability, prevention of disability,
early detection of disability etc).
 Most special schools run by NGOs.
 Integrated and inclusive education.
 Barrier free environment in school.
 Teachers, Open schooling system, Alternative education.
 Vocational training.
 Microfinance.
 Arrangement for suitable job for differently able.
 Ensure reservation in jobs.
 Adequate representation in private sector.
NGOs involved in this sector are; Care
 Care
 Oxfam
 Red cross (not ICRC)
 Save the Children
 St. John Ambulance
 MSF
 Edhi foundation
  Alkhidmat foundation
 World vision

Animal Welfare
NGOs involved in this sector are:

 National Animal Welfare Trust

 WWF
 Vets Care Club
 SPCA

How NGO’s function in Community Development should be

 They seek and identify the needs of communities for which there is
widespread consensus
 Bring about an ‘inside outs change rather than an ‘outside in’
approach to change
 OD makes organizations more effective whereas CD makers
communities more responsible
 Project assessment done in conjunction with existing local groups
 Use of local paradigm (model/ pattern/ standard) in any change and
facilitation that may take place

Who pays NGOs

Funding sources

 Private Donations (citizens, businesses and foundations)

 International organizations (UN)
 National Governments
 Membership fee, subscription
 Organization independence and operational self sustainability of an
NGO can be achieved by an emphasis on their mediation and
consultation roles, but without disregarding the social welfare role.

 The social welfare role where relief and charity are key actions.
NGOs in this role can be seen as initiating internal programmes and
projects. Major secondary actors who would support the NGO in
this role include international donor agencies and other charity
institutions.
 The mediatory role where communication as a skill is important for
development and social action. NGOs in this role can be seen as
participating or taking up external programmes and projects. Major
secondary actors include government agencies and other formal
institutions.
 The consultative role where support documentation and
dissemination of information and expertise is critical. NGOs in this
role can be seen as working in collaborative programmes. Local
experts/ professionals/ resource persons play major secondary
roles here.
 TYPES OF NGO’S
NGO types can be understood by their orientation and level of
cooperation. NGO types by orientation:

 Chartable Orientation Often involves a top-down paternalistic

effort with little participation by the ‘beneficiaries. It includes NGOs
with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor
distribution of food, clothing or medicine; provision of housing,
transport, schools etc. such NGOs may also undertake relief
activities during a natural or man-made disaster.
 Service Orientation Includes NGOs with activities such as the
provision of health, family planning or education services in which
the programme is designed by the NGO and people are expected to
participate in its implementation and in receiving the service.
 Participatory Orientation is characterized by self-help projects
where local people are involved particularly in the implementation
of a project by contributing cash, tools, land, materials, labor etc. in
the classical community development project, participation beings
with the need definition and continues into the planning and
implementation stages. Cooperatives often have a participatory
orientation.
 Empowering Orientation is where the aim is to help poor people
develop a clearer understanding of the social, political and
economic factors affecting their lives, and to control their lives.
Sometimes, these groups develop spontaneously around a problem
or an issue, at other times outside workers from NODs plays a
facilitating role in their development. In any case, there is maximum
involvement of the people with NGOs acting as facilitators.
NGO Types by level of operation:
 Community-based Organizations (CBOs) arise out of people’s own
initiatives. These can include sports clubs, women’s organizations,
and neighborhood organizations, religious or educational
organizations. There are a large variety of these, some supported
by NGOs national or international NGOs or bilateral or international
agencies, and others independent of outside help. Some are
devoted to raising the consciousness of the urban poor or helping
them to understand their rights in gaining access to needed services
while others are involved in providing such services.
 Citywide Organizations include organizations such as the Rotary or
lion’s Club, chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of
business, ethics or educational groups and associations of
community organizations. Some exist for other purposes, and
become involved in helping the poor as one of many activities,
while others are created for the specific purpose of helping the
poor.
 National NGOs include organizations such as the Red Cross,
YMCAs/ YWCAs, professional organizations etc. some of these have
state and city branches and assist local NGOs.
 International NGOs range from secular agencies such as Redda
barna and save the children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford and
Rockefeller foundations to religiously motivated groups. Their
activities vary from mainly funding local NGOs, institutions and
projects, to implementing the projects themselves.
 VOLUNTARY SOCIAL WELFARRE
AGENCIES/ THERE ROLE & PROBLEMS
WITH REMEDIES
Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies
Social welfare agency is an agency which caters to the social welfare
needs of the people. It is the manifestation of community’s organized
efforts to the provide social services to the people.
Social welfare agencies may be of different kinds. Some agencies
may be involved in giving direct social services. e.g. orphanage and clubs,
while other agencies may render social services as well as other services,
e.g. diabetics association some agencies may be organized with the
objective of rendering services only in a specific area, e.g. recreation club
while others may be organized with manifold objectives e.g. orphanage.
Sonic agencies may not render any direct services, but may assist in the
promotion and maintenance of services e.g. of coordinating council,
national council of social welfare etc.

A social welfare agency whether rendering direct services or

indirect services, whether having single objective or manifold objectives
may be either public (governmental) agency or a private (voluntary
agency) or even may be the collaboration of both.
Public agencies are organized controlled and financed by the
government. Their aims objectives, rules and regulations are determined
by the government authority. Works and activities of public agencies are
generally performed by regular paid staff.
 Private agencies, on the other hand, are the agencies organized by
people out of their own will to render services to the needy. It is also the
manifestation of people spirit of self help and mutual aid. A private
agency depends for its existence on the support and cooperation of the
people. It is financed by the subscription, donations etc. it may or may
not receive financial assistance from the government.
Role of Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies
The spirit of voluntary help to the needy is not at all a modern
phenomenon. It existed in the remotest past too. Even in those days
when people were not civilized in the modern sense. They rendered
voluntary and mutual assistance to the needy. Without this spirit human
society could not make the gigantic progress it has made in the various
aspects of life and living.
Voluntary activity has played an important role throughout the
entire history of mankind. In fact voluntary agencies pioneered the
modem social services. For example the charity organization society in
America played an important role in providing the social services to the
people whether to individual or to the groups. In our country also (luring
natural calamities voluntary agencies contribute a lot. In ancient time’s
orphanages, madreses, maktabs, and many others social services and
institutions cropped up a result of voluntary efforts.
Pakistan is committed to build up an ideal welfare state where each
and every individual can lead a happy life. There is no denying the fact
that in a welfare state the government should assume the major
responsibilities of fulfilling the basic needs of the people. Pakistan is now
at a developing stage. At present it is not possible for the government to
solve each and every problem of the country. These problems in the
solution of which the government cannot pay full attention can easily be
solved through voluntary cooperative efforts of the people. As voluntary
agencies deal directly with the people they can be well aware of the
people’s needs and can make suitable programmes to solve them by
utilizing local resources. Voluntary agencies can create social
consciousness and the spirit of self help among people and motivates
them to take active role in the welfare activity. Voluntary agencies may
also develop leadership among people and prepare them to manage
their own affairs. Voluntary agencies can experiment in new services and
justify their importance in national life. If these services prove useful,
government may take initiative to expand and improve them.
We are living in a period of transition. With rapid social change
caused by the industrialization and urbanization our needs and problems
are also changing. As the rules and regulations of governmental agencies
are rigid and strict and some formalities have .o undergone in changing
them, they cannot be easily changed to meet the changing needs of
people. Private agencies being free from red-Taoism and rigidity of
governmental mechanism can easily change their policy to meet the fast
changing needs of people.
Problems of Voluntary Agencies
Voluntary agencies have undoubtedly, to play a significant role in
our national reconstruction. But unfortunately voluntary agencies in
Pakistan are confronting multifarious problems which are hindering the
effective performances of their role. These problems are as follows:
Problems of voluntary Social Welfare Agencies

1. Financial problem
Finance has become a notorious problem for voluntary agencies in
Pakistan. Most of the voluntary agencies have to depend on
subscription, contributions and donations for financing their activities.
But the amounts received from these sources are generally not
adequate. Financial grants from the government arc also not up to the
mark. Consequently, the zeal and enthusiasm with which voluntary
agencies arc established are soon lost for lack of finance.
2. Lack of Trained Personnel
The knowledge of technique and efficiency necessary for carrying
out Social services calls for adequate number of trained professional
staff. Due for the absence of qualified staff the standard of services is
low.
3. Lack of Adequate Statutory Protection
Lack of adequate statutory protection at the time of critical
moment also leads many voluntary social welfare agencies of Pakistan to
die immature death.
4. Lack of Coordination
Lack of healthy co-ordination is another handicap for voluntary
agencies. We find a club here, an association there and an adult school
here and so on. But there is no proper coordination among them. This
lack of coordination leads to duplication of services and misuse of energy
and funds. Beside lack of cooperation and sincerity of purpose
organization difficulties and social conflicts also adversely affect the
healthy functioning of voluntary agencies in our country.
Remedies
In solving financial problems the voluntary agencies can rouse
public interest in their activities and convince them to make financial
contribution by publishing annual reports of their activities and by
arranging practical demonstration of their services. The government
should provide more financial grants to the voluntary agencies under
strict supervision. By establishing coordinating councils coordination
among voluntary agencies may be effected.
Government should take a more active role in providing financial
grants and trained paid staff, enhancing coordination, providing
adequate supervision and imparting training and education to the
voluntary agencies. It is through the collaborative efforts of the public
and private sectors that we can expect rapid development of our social
services programmes. To quote former president Mohammad Ayub
Khan, “the responsibility of inculcating the spirit of service devolves on
all such citizens as are well places in life. But it seems that like the most
of our activities, social work is also considered a governmental
responsibility. After all, the government cannot encompass the whole
range of national activity with manifold nation building projects which
the government is required to undertake with its vastly limited
resources. The scope for social work becomes naturally restricted. It is
therefore of the outmost importance that private individuals and
organizations is our country pursue the national objective of social work
with determination and purposefulness worthy of a great nation”.
What it implies is that in a developing country like ours successful
development of social service depends on the joint efforts of the people
and the government.
Purpose/ objective of Social Work
Social work practitioners serve clients toward specific objectives
while the means of accomplishing those objectives vary according to the
unique circumstances of each problematic situation. The activities of all
objectives of the profession. These goals that unify the profession and
assist members in avoiding the development of perspectives limited to
particular practice settings.
 Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) describes the social work
as having six purposes;
Help people enlarge their competence and increase their problem
solving and coping abilities. People who employ social work services are
typically overwhelmed by their difficulties and have exhausted their
coping recourses. Practitioners intervene in the following ways;
Assist client to view their difficulties from a fresh perspective,
consider various remedial alternatives, foster awareness of strengths
and mobilize both and latent coping resources, enhance self awareness,
and teach problem solving strategies and interpersonal skills.
 PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK & ISLAM
Islamic Values and Social Work
Islam is not a religion in the ordinary sense of the term. Religion in
the western sense is an affair between man and his creator and does not
deal with his relationship with other fellow-beings. Islam is a complete
code of life since it not only deals with the man relationship with the
creator but also his relationship with other human beings.
Islam believes int eh oneness of Allah and the proper hood of
Muhammad (SAW). It believes in one Allah who created the universe and
its master, sovereign and sustainer. The holy Quran says “Lahu mulk us
samawate wal Arde” (Surah 2:101). The essential code for the conduct
of life, according to Islam, may be divided as follows:

 Imam (faith)
 Amal (practice)
Iman contains:

 Iman billah (faith in Allah)

 Iman bil mlaikah (faith in angels)
 Iman bil kutub (faith in revealed books)
 Iman bir rasul (faith in prophets)
 Iman bil yaom ul Akher (faith in judgment day)

Amal includes:

 Salat (Prayer),
 Sawm (Fast),
 Hajj (Pilgrimage)
 Zakat (Poor tax).