[Mathematics

Report]

Tbark Hussien
6/27/2020
 ‫وزارة التعلين العايل والبحث العلوي‬

‫اجلاهعت التقنيت اجلنوبيت‬

‫النليت التقنيت اذلندسيت ‪ /‬البصرة‬

‫قسن هندست تقنياث هينانيل احلرارياث‬

‫تقرير هقدم هن الطالبت ‪ :‬تبارك حسني عبداالهري‬

‫الدمتورة ادلشرفت ‪ :‬هديل عور اخلالدي‬

‫ضون هادة ( الرياضياث )‬

The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value
(output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value) . Derivatives are a fundamental tool
of calculus. For example, the derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the
object's velocity: this measures how quickly the position of the object changes when time advances.

The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the
tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. The tangent line is the best linear approximation of
the function near that input value. For this reason, the derivative is often described as the "instantaneous
rate of change", the ratio of the instantaneous change in the dependent variable to that of the
independent variable.

Derivatives may be generalized to functions of several real variables. In this generalization, the derivative
is reinterpreted as a linear transformation whose graph is (after an appropriate translation) the best
linear approximation to the graph of the original function. The Jacobian matrix is the matrix that
represents this linear transformation with respect to the basis given by the choice of independent and
dependent variables. It can be calculated in terms of the partial derivatives with respect to the
independent variables. For a real-valued function of several variables, the Jacobian matrix reduces to the
gradient vector.

The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. The reverse process is called
antidifferentiation. The fundamental theorem of calculus relates antidifferentiation with integration.
Differentiation and integration constitute the two fundamental operations in single-variable calculus.
 The Importance of Derivative
 The derivative measures the steepness of the graph of a function at some particular
point on the graph. Thus, the derivative is a slope. (That means that it is a ratio of
change in the value of the function to change in the independent variable.)

 If the independent variable happens to be "time", we often think of this ratio as a rate
of change (an example is velocity)

 If we zoom in on the graph of the function at some point so that the function looks
almost like a straight line, the derivative at that point is the slope of the line. This is
the same as saying that the derivative is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at the given point.

 The slope of a secant line (line connecting two points on a

graph) approaches the derivative when the interval between the points shrinks down
to zero.

 The derivative is also, itself, a function: it varies from place to place. For example, the
velocity of a car may change from moment to moment as the driver speeds up or
slows down.

The last remark is quite important and interesting: it tells us that when we have finished
determining the derivative of some particular function everywhere, we get another function! We
could then talk about its derivative ! (Ofcourse, we do this very often without realizing it!
Whenever we talk about acceleration we are talking about the derivative of a derivative, i.e. the
rate of change of a velocity.) Second derivatives (and third derivatives, and so on) are also
functions ! Each one tells us about the rate of change of the previous function in this pyramid
scheme.

We have used a lot of words to try to describe what the derivative is. Mathematicians try to
avoid lots of words, aiming at precision and succinctness. Let's take a look at what they might do
instead.
A mathematician's code
Mathematicians have developed a kind of "secret code" that says all of the things we have
enumerated above with a few strokes of the pen. It actually took centuries to develop this
code to the point where it became part of the mathematical society's accepted language,
but now it is used universally. There is nothing particularly mysterious, interesting, or
important about the details of the code itself (which "they" call "mathematical notation")
but because everyone uses it, we should at least tell you about it.
A mathematician would start like this:

Definition of the derivative

Assume that 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) is a differentiable function at the point 𝒙𝟎 . Then the derivative of
the function at this point is:

Let's work at "cracking this code" piece by piece. It may help to look at the diagram below
while we are doing this:

First, notice that there is some "fine print" attached: "Assume that y=f(x) is a differentiable
function." We have hinted at the fact that not all functions have a derivative at every point.
If the graph of the function has a sharp corner or kink at some point (for example, the
absolute value function f(x) = |x| has a sharp graph at the point x=0 or if its graph has
an "infinite slope" near some point, then we should not expect a derivative to be defined
there.
Next, the expression on the left hand side with the vertical bar

ust means "the derivative of the function at 𝒙𝟎 ". The expression 𝒇 ′(𝒙𝟎 ) means exactly the
same thing.
Now let's look at the right hand side:
First, notice that, as expected, there is a ratio which looks like
𝒇(𝒙𝟎 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒉

The top represents a change in the value of the function between the two points whose x
values are, 𝒙𝟎 and 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒉 . The change in the value of the function is shown on our diagram
with the green line.

This means that this ratio is in fact, a slope. It is the slope of the secant line connecting the
two points on the graph: 𝒙𝟎 , 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒙𝟎 + 𝒉 , 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 + 𝒉)) . So far, we are in agreement
with the verbal descriptions of the derivative.
The final bit we need to decipher is: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒉→𝟎 ⬚ . This says, in words "the limit
as h approaches zero", which, even more simply worded is: the value that the ratio
approaches as the two points get closer and closer to one another. This is precisely what
we were saying when we talked about the way that the secant line approaches the tangent
line on the graph of a function.

Examples

Example : what is the derivative of sin(x) ?

From the table above it is listed as being cos(x)
It can be written as:
𝒅
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
Or
( ) = ( )
Power Rule
𝒅
Example: What is 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑 ?

The question is asking "what is the derivative of x3 ?"

We can use the Power Rule, where n=3:

𝒅 𝒏
𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟑
𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
(In other words the derivative of x3 is 3x2)

So it is simply this:

"multiply by power
then reduce power by 1"

It can also be used in cases like this:

𝒅
Example: What is (1/x) ?
𝒅𝒙

1/x is also x-1

We can use the Power Rule, where n = −1:

𝒅 −𝟏
𝒙 = −𝟏𝒙−𝟏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙

= −𝒙−𝟐
−𝟏
= 𝒙𝟐
 
The References

https://www.mathsisfun
.com/calculus/derivativ
es-rule
https://en.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/Derivatives.html

THOMAS’

CALCULUS

MATHEMATICS 1

Prepared by

Hadeel Omar
Alkhaled

