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Pali Text Society

Overcoming Doubts
(Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī)

Vol. I
THE BHIKKHU-PĀTIMOKKHA
COMMENTARY

TRANSLATED BY

K.R. Norman, Petra Kieffer-Pülz,

and William Pruitt

Published by
The Pali Text Society
Bristol
2018
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First published 2018

© Pali Text Society 2018

ISBN-13 978 0 86013 517 3

Published by the Pali Text Society

c/o CPI Antony Rowe – Melksham
Unit 4 Pegasus Way
Bowerhill Industrial Estate
Melksham, Wilts
SN12 6TR, U.K

www.palitext.com

Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
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CONTENTS
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Translators’ Introduction
1. Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
2. Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
3. Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
4. Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii
5. Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii
6. Arrangement of the text and parallels in Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxii
7. Names of chapters (vagga)
7.1 Nissaggiya-Pācittiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv
7.2 Pācittiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv
7.3 Sekhiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv
8. Names of the rules
8.1. Supposed divergences between the names
of the rules in Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii
8.2. Some divergences between the names of the
rules in Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxviii
8.2.1. Sgh 9 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxviii
8.2.2. Niss 4 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix
8.2.3. Niss 29 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xl
8.2.4. Pāc 20 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xl
8.2.5. Pāc 67 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli
8.2.6. Pāc 79 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli
8.2.7. Pāc 89 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii
8.2.8. Sekh 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii
9. Classification system
9.1. General statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii
9.2. Differences between the terminology in Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . xlvi
9.3. Deviations in the classifications of Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii
9.4. Faults in the classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii
10. Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix

[I. The Commentary on the Bhikkhu Pātimokkha]

[A. The Account of the Inception of the Book] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
[B. The Commentary on the Introduction] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
[C. The Section of Rules Entailing Defeat]
1. The commentary on the first rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2. The commentary on the second rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3. The commentary on the third rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

v
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4. The commentary on the fourth rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
[The commentary on the Pārājika conclusion] . . . . . . . . . . . 124
[D. The Section of Rules Entailing a Formal Meeting of the Saṅgha]
1. The commentary on the rule about the emission of semen . . . . . . . . . 127
2. The commentary on the rule about bodily contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3. The commentary on the rule about lewd speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4. The commentary on the rule about ministering to his own
sensual pleasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5. The commentary on the rule about [acting as] a go-between . . . . . . 139
6. The commentary on the rule about making a hut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7. The commentary on the rule about building a dwelling-place . . . . . . 150
8. The commentary on the rule about being corrupted and corrupting . . 150
9. The commentary on the rule about belonging to another category . . . 156
10. The commentary on the rule about a split in the saṅgha . . . . . . . . . . 160
11. The commentary on the rule about followers of [one creating] a split 163
12. The commentary on the rule about being difficult to speak to . . . . . 165
13. The commentary on the rule about a corrupter of families . . . . . . . . . 167
[The commentary on the Saṅghādisesa conclusion] . . . . . . . . 170
[E. The Section of Indefinite Rules]
1. The commentary on the first indefinite rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
2. The commentary on the second indefinite rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
[F. The Section of Rules Entailing Expiation with Forfeiture]
[a. The section about robes]
1. The commentary on the rule about kaṭhina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
2. The commentary on the storehouse rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
3. The commentary on the rule about untimely robe material . . . . . . . . . 206
4. The commentary on the rule about old robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5. The commentary on the rule about formally accepting robes . . . . . . 219
6. The commentary on the rule about asking a non-relative . . . . . . . . . . 221
7. The commentary on the rule about more than that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8. The commentary on the first rule about laid by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9. The commentary on the second rule about laid by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10. The commentary on the rule about kings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
[b. The section about sheep’s wool]
11. The commentary on the rule about silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
12. The commentary on the rule about pure black [sheep’s wool] . . . . . 237
13. The commentary on the rule about two portions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
14. The commentary on the rule about six years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
15. The commentary on the rule about a sitting [rug] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
16. The commentary on the rule about sheep’s wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
17. The commentary on the rule about having sheep’s wool washed . . . 243
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18. The commentary on the rule about gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
19. The commentary on the rule about money transactions . . . . . . . . . . 247
20. The commentary on the rule about buying and selling . . . . . . . . . . . 248
[c. The section about bowls]
21. The commentary on the rule about bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
22. The commentary on the rule about less than five mends . . . . . . . . . . 252
23. The commentary on the rule about medicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
24. The commentary on the rule about rains robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
25. The commentary on the rule about taking robes away . . . . . . . . . . . 265
26. The commentary on the rule about asking for thread . . . . . . . . . . . 267
27. The commentary on the rule about the great weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
28. The commentary on the rule about special robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
29. The commentary on the rule about dangerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
30. The commentary on the rule about apportioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
[G. The Section of Rules Entailing Expiation]
[a. The section about lying]
1. The commentary on the rule about lying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
2. The commentary on the rule about abusive speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
3. The commentary on the rule about malicious speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
4. The commentary on the rule about [reciting] the Doctrine word
by word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
5. The commentary on the first rule about lying down together . . . . . . . 287
6. The commentary on the second rule about lying down together . . . . . 289
7. The commentary on the rule about teaching the Doctrine . . . . . . . . . 290
8. The commentary on the rule about announcing what is true . . . . . . . 292
9. The commentary on the rule about announcing a gross offence . . . . . 294
10. The commentary on the rule about digging the earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
[b. The section about the plant category]
11. The commentary on the rule about the plant category . . . . . . . . . . . 300
12. The commentary on the rule about one replying evasively . . . . . . . . 304
13. The commentary on the rule about disparaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
14. The commentary on the first rule about furnishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
15. The commentary on the second rule about furnishings . . . . . . . . . . 313
16. The commentary on the rule about encroaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
17. The commentary on the rule about throwing out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
18. The commentary on the rule about a lofty hut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
19. The commentary on the rule about a large dwelling place . . . . . . . 325
20. The commentary on the rule about containing living beings . . . . . . 330
[c. The section about instruction]
21. The commentary on the rule about instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
22. The commentary on the rule about sunset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
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23. The commentary on the rule about bhikkhunīs’ quarters . . . . . . . . . 336
24. The commentary on the rule about material gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
25. The commentary on the rule about giving robe material . . . . . . . . . . 339
26. The commentary on the rule about sewing robe material . . . . . . . . . 340
27. The commentary on the rule about arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
28. The commentary on the rule about embarking on a boat . . . . . . . . . 344
29. The commentary on the rule about prepared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
30. The commentary on the rule about sitting in secret . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
[d. The section about food]
31. The commentary on the rule about meals in public rest houses . . . . . 348
32. The commentary on the rule about food [accepted] by a group . . . . . 350
33. The commentary on the rule about food in [irregular] sequence . . . 353
34. The commentary on the rule about Kāṇā’s mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
35. The commentary on the first rule about invitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
36. The commentary on the second rule about invitations . . . . . . . . . . . 369
37. The commentary on the rule about eating at the wrong time . . . . . . 371
38. The commentary on the rule about storing up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
39. The commentary on the rule about fine foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
40. The commentary on the rule about tooth sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
[e. The section about naked ascetics]
41. The commentary on the rule about naked ascetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
42. The commentary on the rule about dismissing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
43. The commentary on the rule about with [its] food” (or: “with [its]
sexual enjoyment [going on]”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
44. The commentary on the rule about sitting down in secret on a
screened [seat] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
45. The commentary on the rule about sitting down in secret . . . . . . . . 393
46. The commentary on the rule about visiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
47. The commentary on the rule about Mahānāma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
48. The commentary on the rule about an army in array . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
49. The commentary on the rule about staying with an army . . . . . . . . . 400
50. The commentary on the rule about battlefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
[f. The section about drinking alcoholic drinks]
51. The commentary on the rule about drinking alcoholic drinks . . . . . . 402
52. The commentary on the rule about tickling with fingers . . . . . . . . . . 404
53. The commentary on the rule about sporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
54. The commentary on the rule about disrespect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
55. The commentary on the rule about frightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
56. The commentary on the rule about fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
57. The commentary on the rule about bathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
58. The commentary on the rule about discolouring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
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59. The commentary on the rule about assigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
60. The commentary on the rule about hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
[g. The section about living beings]
61. The commentary on the rule about intentionally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
62. The commentary on the rule about containing living beings . . . . . . 422
63. The commentary on the rule about re-opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
64. The commentary on the rule about gross offences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
65. The commentary on the rule about less than twenty years . . . . . . . . 426
66. The commentary on the rule about a caravan of thieves . . . . . . . . . . 428
67. The commentary on the rule about arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
68. The commentary on the rule about Ariṭṭha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
69. The commentary on the rule about common enjoyment together
with one who is suspended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
70. The commentary on the rule about Kaṇṭaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
[h. The section about legitimately]
71. The commentary on the rule about legitimately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
72. The commentary on the rule about perplexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
73. The commentary on the rule about deception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
74. The commentary on the rule about a blow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
75. The commentary on the rule about the palm of the hand . . . . . . . . . 446
76. The commentary on the rule about unfounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
77. The commentary on the rule about intentionally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
78. The commentary on the rule about eavesdropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
79. The commentary on the rule about objecting to procedures . . . . . . . 451
80. The commentary on the rule about going not having given [his]
consent (proxy vote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
81. The commentary on the rule about weak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
82. The commentary on the rule about apportioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
[i. The section about treasures]
83. The commentary on the rule about the bedchamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
84. The commentary on the rule about treasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
85. The commentary on the rule about entering a village at the wrong
time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
86. The commentary on the rule about needle-cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
87. The commentary on the rule about beds and seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
88. The commentary on the rule about covered with cotton . . . . . . . . . . 491
89. The commentary on the rule about a sitting cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
90. The commentary on the rule about an itch-covering cloth . . . . . . . . 494
91. The commentary on the rule about a rains cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
92. The commentary on the rule about Nanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
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[H. The Section of Rules Entailing Confession]
1. The commentary on the first rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
2. The commentary on the second rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . 499
3. The commentary on the third rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
4. The commentary on the fourth rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . . 503
[I. The Section of Rules of Training]
[1. The commentary on the twenty-six rules on proper behaviour]
1. The commentary on the rule about even all round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
2. The commentary on the second rule about even all round . . . . . . . . . 513
3–4. The commentary on the rules about being well covered . . . . . . . . 514
5–6. The commentary on the rules about being well restrained . . . . . . . 515
7–8. The commentary on the rules about downcast eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
9–10. The commentary on the rules about [robes] hitched up . . . . . . . . . 516
11–12. The commentary on the rules about a loud laugh . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
13–14. The commentary on the rules about a loud sound . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
15–20. The commentary on the rules about swaying the body, etc. . . . . . 518
21–22. The commentary on the rules about “with arms akimbo” . . . . . . 519
23–24. The commentary on the rules about with head covered . . . . . . . . 520
25. The commentary on the rule about walking on toes or heels . . . . . . 520
26. The commentary on the rule about with [legs] enclosed . . . . . . . . . . 521
[2. The commentary on the thirty rules connected with food]
27 (1). The commentary on the rule about formally accepting
appreciatively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
28 (2). The commentary on the rule about formally accepting with
attention to the bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
29 (3). The commentary on the rule about formally accepting curry
in proportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
30–32 (4–6). The commentary on the rule about level with the edge, etc. 523
33–34 (7–8). The commentary on the rule about in regular order, etc. . . 525
35 (9). The commentary on the rule about having crushed a heap (or
having crushed [it] in a heap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
36 (10). The commentary on the rule about hiding with rice . . . . . . . . . 527
37 (11). The commentary on the rule about asking for curry and rice . . 527
38 (12). The commentary on the rule about one having the idea of
fault-finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
39 (13). The commentary on the rule about a mouthful . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
40 (14). The commentary on the rule about a morsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
41 (15). The commentary on the rule about not [yet] brought . . . . . . . . 529
42 (16). The commentary on the rule about while eating . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
43 (17). The commentary on the rule about [filled] with mouthfuls . . . . 529
44 (18). The commentary on the rule about lifted balls [of food] . . . . . . 530
45 (19). The commentary on the rule about biting off a mouthful . . . . . 530
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46 (20). The commentary on the rule about stuffing [the cheeks] full . . . 530
47 (21). The commentary on the rule about shaking the hand to and fro 531
48 (22). The commentary on the rule about scattering rice grains about 531
49 (23). The commentary on the rule about sticking out the tongue . . . . 531
50–51 (24–25). The commentary on the rule about making a
smacking sound, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
52–54 (26–28). The commentary on the rule about licking the hand, etc. 532
55 (29). The commentary on the rule about soiled by food . . . . . . . . . . 533
56 (30). The commentary on the rule about “with rice grains” . . . . . . . 533
[3. The commentary on the nineteen rules connected
with teaching the Doctrine]
57 (1). The commentary on the rule about one with an
umbrella in his hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
58–59 (2–3). The commentary on the rules about one with a staff
in his hand, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
60 (4). The commentary on the rule about one with a weapon in
his hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
61–62 (5–6). The commentary on the rule about [non-leather]
footwear, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
63 (7). The commentary on the rule about vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
64 (8). The commentary on the rule about couches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
65 (9). The commentary on the rule about sitting with [legs] enclosed 539
66 (10). The commentary on the rule about wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
67 (11). The commentary on the rule about covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
68 (12). The commentary on the rule about on the ground . . . . . . . . . . 540
69 (13). The commentary on the rule about low seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
70 (14). The commentary on the rule about standing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
71 (15). The commentary on the rule about going behind . . . . . . . . . . 541
72 (16). The commentary on the rule about going beside a path . . . . . . 541
73 (17). The commentary on the rule about defecating while
standing up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
74 (18). The commentary on the rule about defecating on green plants 542
75 (19). The commentary on the rule about defecating in water . . . . . 543
[J. The Commentary on the Settlement of Legal Cases] . . . . . 546
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Sigla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
References: Primary Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
References: Secondary Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
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PREFACE
A first rough translation of the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī was prepared by Kenneth
Roy Norman while working on the new edition of the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī
(Kkh Ee 2003) together with William Pruitt. It was based on the first
Pali Text Society edition of this text made by Dorothy Maskell (Kkh Ee
1981). The translation served as a means for editing the text, that is, it
was a simple translation to roughly understand the contents. This trans-
lation has been thoroughly revised, heavily annotated, and adjusted to
the new Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī edition (Kkh Ee 2003). For this revised trans-
lation the parallel passages in the Samantapāsādikā have been taken into
account, as well as statements in other legal Pāli texts, especially the
commentarial literature. There exist two subcommentaries on the Kaṅkhā-
vitaraṇī, an older one, the anonymous Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī-purāṇaṭīkā which
most probably originated in the tenth century CE, and Buddhanāga’s
Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī-abhinavaṭīkā, called Vinayatthamañjūsā Līnatthappakāsanī
Mātikaṭṭhakathā, written probably between 1165 and 1186 CE. The first
of these ṭīkās is quite short and often does not contain comments on
specific rules ; the second is not very genuine. Buddhanāga frequently
borrows his explanations from the Samantapāsādikā. Since the Pātimokkha
is not only transmitted extra-canonically, but also as the core of the Sutta-
vibhaṅga — the first part of the monastic code (Vinaya) — the sub-
commentaries on the Samantapāsādikā can also be taken into account
with success, as can the commentaries to the various Vinaya condensa-
tions (Mūlasikkhā, Khuddasikkhā, and Vinaya-vinicchaya as well as
Uttara-vinicchaya) which originated after the Samantapāsādikā.1
Concerning the responsibilities for the translation, the credit for the
first complete translation goes to K.R. Norman. Although this trans-
lation has been completely revised, in cases of explanations of com-
pounds, of grammatical matters, etc., as well as in lists of everyday
objects, it could often be taken over with only minor adjustments. Due
to problems associated with old age, Mr Norman was not able to help

1 The relationship of these condensations to the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī have not yet

been investigated.

xiii
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xiv Overcoming Doubts

with the revision of this translation. Thus, the responsibility for the final
translation lies with Petra Kieffer-Pülz and William Pruitt : the former
thoroughly revised and annotated the translation, the latter checked her
translation, turned clumsy expressions and incomprehensible passages
into readable English, hinted at inconsistencies, etc. This was again
checked by Kieffer-Pülz, and then again by Pruitt. In sending the
portions back and forth and discussing translations which did not
convince the one or the other, the translation took its final shape. Petra
Kieffer-Pülz systematically searched the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī for parallels it
has with the Samantapāsādikā. Such parallels are mentioned in the first
layer of footnotes. A complete list will be published in the second
volume. The decision about which explanations should be included as
appendices because they were too long to be included in footnotes was
William Pruitt’s. He also suggested the inclusion of a glossary in order
to avoid the many repetitions of constantly reappearing terms.
The Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī does not include the entire text commented on,
i.e. the Pātimokkhas, but only the catchwords explained. In order to
present the text commented on together with the commentary a trans-
lation of each Pātimokkha rule is prefixed to the respective commen-
tary. Likewise the headings of the rules are inserted before the rules,
although they actually appear as subheadings in the text. We thus fol-
low the presentation of the 2003 edition of the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī.
We decided to publish the translation in two volumes : volume one
with the commentary on the entire Bhikkhu Pātimokkha, and volume
two containing the commentary on the Bhikkhunī Pātimokkha as well
as various indices to both volumes. The latter will be published in the
not too distant future.
Petra Kieffer-Pülz, Weimar William Pruitt, Calne