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A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
Solution 104
Solution:
Let D = outside diameter
A = ¼ π (D2- d2)
= P/ A
P= A
400000N = 120 N / mm 2 (1 ⁄ 4 π (D2-(100mm)2))
400000N = 30 N / mm 2 (π ¿(D2-(10000mm2)
D2-10000mm2= 4244.1318 mm2
D2 = 119.35 mm
Strength of Materials 4th Edition by Pytel and Singer
Problem 105
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig. P-105. Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
Given:
Weight of bar = 800 kg
Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 90 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for steel = 120 MPa
Required: Smallest area of bronze and steel cable
Given:
Diameter of cable = 0.6 inch
Weight of bar = 6000 lb
Required: Stress in the cable
Formula :
Stress of the cable = Tensile Load of the cable / Area of the Cable
Solution:
Redraw the figure:
T= tensile Load
Note:
Since tensile load of cable AD is at angle, we must get the perpendicular tensile load
So,
Depending on the angle you will use, perpendicular load of A to D is T sin α or T cos β as shown in the
illustration below,
T sin α T T cos β T
β β
α α
T cos α T sin α
C2=A2+B2
C2=32+52
C=
√ 34
For right triangle,
opposite adjacent
sin α= cos β=
hypotenuse hypotenuse
3 3 β
sin α = cos β=
√34 √34
3
T sin α = T T cos β =T 3/√ 34
√34
Then,
Moment at C
Finding T, (transposing)
Formula:
Since we’re looking for the cable part
Stress of the cable = (Tensile Load of of the Cable)/( Areaof the cable)
= T/A
Note: cable is cylindrical shape so
Area of cylinder = A = 1/4 π (D2- d2)
Since no inside diameter
A = 1/4 π ((.6in)2- 02)
=1/4 π (.36in2)
=9 /100 π in2 or sq.in
= 2957.13 lb/¿
RAX
RAX
0 0
Start with 0 going upward to RAX (since RAX is positive)
RAX is 9klb so we will draw a straight horizontal line from the surface up to the point
where another axial load appears which is P
Let axial load acting along or going in the direction of RAX be positive
RAX + P = 9klb + 3klb = 12klb.
We will go an upward (+3Kup) vertical line where the P started acting upon
Make a straight horizontal line until another axial load appears
Another axial load appears at the end of the rod which is 4P. Since it is going in the
opposite direction of RAX , then it will be negative.
12klb – 4P = 12klb - 4(3klb) = 0
Go downward (-12k down) which is 0
Since it is 0, this means our diagram is correct proving that the axial load 12klb remains
constant at the of the rod
Area of rod is uniform to steel, aluminum and bronze
Solution 108
RAX
RAX
Start with 0 going downward to RAX (since RAX is negative)
RAX is -5P so we will draw a straight horizontal line from the surface up to the point
where another axial load appears which is 4P
Let axial load acting along or going in the direction of RAX be positive (plus)
RAX + P = (-5P) + 4P = -P
Go upward (+4P up) which is - P
Make a straight horizontal line until another axial load appears
Another axial load appears at the end of the aluminum which is P. Since it is going in the
opposite direction of RAX , then it will negative (minus)
Since we have -P from the result
-P – P = -2P
Go downward (-P down) which is -2P
Make a straight horizontal line until another axial load appears
Another axial load appears at the end of the bronze which is 2P. Since it is going in the
same direction of RAX , then it will be positive (plus)
Since we have -2P from the result
-2P +2P = 0
Go upward (+2P up) which is 0
Since it is 0, this means our diagram is correct proving that the axial load 2P remains
constant at the of the rod
Area of rod are different for steel, aluminum and bronze
From Axial Load diagram:
Note:
1. Disregard the negative sign since there is no negative value of load, negative
only means compression
Given:
Maximum allowable stress of the wire = 30 ksi
Cross-sectional area of wire AB = 0.4 in2
Cross-sectional area of wire AC = 0.5 in2
Required: Largest weight W
Then make a Force Polygon using the tensile load and the weight
TAC
W
TAB
From point A
α = 900-300=600
β = 900-500=400
ɣ
θ
TAC W
φ
TAB β
α
0
30 500
A
β = θ = 400
500 = ɣ = 500
For φ
1800 = α + θ + φ
Transposing
Φ = 1800- α – θ
Φ = 800
TAC 400
800 W
600
TAB
T AC T AB W
= =
sin 60 sin 40 sin 80
Note: stress is uniform to all cables as stated in the problem where cables are not to exceed
30ksi so ,
AB = AC = 30 ksi
AB AAB = TAB
Since we are looking for stress and area of cable are given, and we’re looking for W, substitute
value of TAB to the formula
Note: use the smallest weight for the safe load.
:
P=Pc=93600lb
Safe load P=90478lb answer
MA=0
24RF=16(30)
RF=20k
At joint F:
FV=0
53DF=20
DF=3331k(Compression)
At joint D: (by symmetry)
BD=DF=3331k(Compression)
ΣFV=0
DE=53BD+53DF
DE=53(3331)+53(3331)
DE=40k(Tension)
At joint E:
FV=0
53CE+30=40
CE=1632k(Tension)
Stresses:
Stress = Force/Area
CE=1 81632=9 26ksi (Tension) answer
DE=401 8=22 22ksi (Tension) answer
DF=1 83331=18 52ksi (Compression) answer
FV=0
RAV=40+25=65k
AV=0
18RD=8(25)+4(40)
RD=20k
FH=0
RAH=RD=20k
Check:
MD=0
12RAV=18(RAH)+4(25)+8(40)
12(65)=18(20)+4(25)+8(40)
780 ft kip=780 ft kip (OK!)
FV=0
3 13AB=65
AB=78 12k
FH=0
AG+20=2 13AB
AG=20 33kTension
AG= tensionAAG
20 33=20AAG
AAG=1 17in2 answer
MF=0
6(2 13BC)=12(20)
BC=72 11k Compression
BC= compressionABC
72 11=14ABC
ABC=5 15in2 answer
FH=0
2 13CD=20
CD=36 06k
FV=0
DE=3 13CD=3 13(36 06)=30k
At joint E:
FV=0
3 13EF=30
EF=36 06k
FH=0
CE=2 13EF=2 13(36 06)=20k Compression
CF= compressionACE
20=14ACE
ACE=1 43in2 answer
MD=0
4BC=7(60)
BC=105kN Compression
BC= BCA
105(1000)= BC(1600)
BC=65 625MPa (Compression) answer
SHEAR STRESS
Problem 115 page 16
Given:
Required diameter of hole = 20 mm
Thickness of plate = 25 mm
Shear strength of plate = 350 MN/m2
Required: Force required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole
Solution 115
The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter and the shear force V is
equal to the punching force P.
V= A
P=350[ (20)(25)]
P=549778 7N
P=549 8kN answer
Solution 116
T=0 03F
2 2=0 03F
F=73 33kN
V= A
Where:
V=F=73 33kN
A=70b
=60MPa
73 33(1000)=60(70b)
b=17 46mm answer
Solution 120
For member AB:
MA=0
4RBH+4RBV=2WAB
4RBH+4RBV=2(1132)
RBH+RBV=566 Equation (1)
MC=0
6RBH=1 5WBC+3RBV
6RBH−3RBV=1 5(1342)
2RBH−RBV=671 Equation (2)
FV=0
RAV+RBV=WAB
RAV+153 67=1132
RAV=978 33lb
RA= R2AH+R2AV
RA= 412 332+978 332
RA=1061 67lb shear force of pin at A
V= A
1061 67=5000(41 d2)
d=0 520in answer
MB=0
6P=2Tsin10° Equation (1)
FH=0
BH=Tcos10°
From Equation (1), T=3Psin10°
Solution 122
Shear area, Ashear=t(wcsc )
Shear area, Ashear=twcsc
Shear area, Ashear=Acsc
Shear force, V=Pcos
V= Ashear
Pcos = (Acsc )
=APsin cos
=2AP(2sin cos )
=Psin2 2A (ok!)
Problem 125
In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa
for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Solution 125
Part (a):
From shearing of rivet:
P= Arivets
P=60[41 (202)]
P=6000 textN
Given:
Diameter of each rivet = 3/4 inch
Maximum allowable shear stress of rivet = 14 ksi
Maximum allowable bearing stress of plate = 18 ksi
The figure below:
Given:
Load P = 14 kips
Maximum shearing stress = 12 ksi
Maximum bearing stress = 20 ksi
The figure below:
Given:
Shape of beam = W18 × 86
Shape of girder = W24 × 117
Shape of angles = 4 × 3-½ × 3/8
Diameter of rivets = 7/8 inch
Allowable shear stress = 15 ksi
Allowable bearing stress = 32 ksi
Required: Allowable load on the connection
Solution 128
Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Wide-Flange
Sections (W shapes): U.S. Customary Units
Designatio
Web thickness
n
W18 × 86 0.480 in
W24 × 117 0.550 in
Shearing strength of rivets:
There are 8 single-shear rivets in the girder and 4 double-shear (equivalent to 8 single-
shear) in the beam, thus, the shear strength of rivets in girder and beam are equal.
V= A=15[41 (87)2(8)]
V=72 16kips
Bearing strength on the girder:
The thickness of girder W24 × 117 is 0.550 inch while that of the angle clip L4 321
83 is 83 or 0.375 inch, thus, the critical in bearing is the clip.
P= bAb=32[87(0 375)(8)]
P=84kips
Bearing strength on the beam:
The thickness of beam W18 × 86 is 0.480 inch while that of the clip angle is 2 × 0.375 =
0.75 inch (clip angles are on both sides of the beam), thus, the critical in bearing is the
beam.
P= bAb=32[87(0 480)(4)]
P=53 76kips
The allowable load on the connection is P=53 76kips answer
Given:
Diameter of bolt = 7/8 inch
Diameter at the root of the thread (bolt) = 0.731 inch
Inside diameter of washer = 9/8 inch
Tensile stress in the nut = 18 ksi
Bearing stress = 800 psi
Required:
Shearing stress in the head of the bolt
Shearing stress in threads of the bolt
Outside diameter of the washer
Solution 129
Tensile force on the bolt:
P= A=18[41 (87)2]
P=10 82kips
Shearing stress in the head of the bolt:
=AP=10 82 (87)(21)
=7 872ksi answer
Shearing stress in the threads:
=AP=10 82 (0 731)(85)
=7 538ksi answer
Outside diameter of washer:
P= bAb
10 82(1000)=800 41 [d2−(89)2]
d=4 3inch answer
Given:
Allowable shear stress = 70 MPa
Allowable bearing stress = 140 MPa
Diameter of rivets = 19 mm
The truss below:
Required:
Number of rivets to fasten member BC to the gusset plate
Number of rivets to fasten member BE to the gusset plate
Largest average tensile or compressive stress in members BC and BE
Solution 130
At Joint C:
FV=0
BC=96kN (Tension)
Consider the section through member BD, BE, and CE:
MA=0
8(53BE)=4(96)
BE=80kN (Compression)
For Member BC:
Based on shearing of rivets:
BC= A Where A = area of 1 rivet × number of rivets, n
96000=70[41 (192)n]
n=4 8 say 5 rivets
Based on bearing of member:
BC= bAb
Where Ab = diameter of rivet × thickness of BC × number of rivets, n
96000=140[19(6)n]
n=6 02 say 7 rivets
use 7 rivets for member BC answer
For member BE:
Based on shearing of rivets:
BE= A
Where A = area of 1 rivet × number of rivets, n
80000=70[41 (192)n]
n=4 03 say 5 rivets
Based on bearing of member:
BE= bAb
Where Ab = diameter of rivet × thickness of BE × number of rivets, n
80000=140[19(13)n]
n=2 3 say 3 rivets
use 5 rivets for member BE answer
Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Equal Angle
Sections: SI Units
Designation Area
L75 × 75 × 6 864 mm2
L75 × 75 × 13 1780 mm2
Tensile stress of member BC (L75 × 75 × 6):
=AP=96(1000)864−19(6)
=128Mpa answer
Compressive stress of member BE (L75 × 75 × 13):
=AP=178080(1000)
=44 94Mpa answer
Problem 131
Repeat Problem 130 if the rivet diameter is 22 mm and all other data remain
unchanged.
Solution 131
For member BC:
P=96kN (Tension)
Tensile stress:
=AP=96(1000)864−22(6)
=131 15MPa answer
Compressive stress:
=AP=178080(1000)
=44 94MPa answer
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces,
which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
TANGENTIAL STRESS (Circumferential Stress)
Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the
tank is Land the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:
The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the total
tension in the walls T.
F=pA=pDL
T= tAwall= ttL
FH=0
F=2T
pDL=2( ttL)
t=2tpD
LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:
The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress
on the wall PT= LAwall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close
to Dt
F=pA=p4 D2
PT= L Dt
FH=0
PT=F
L Dt=p4 D2
t=4tpD
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.
t=2 L
SPHERICAL SHELL
Given:
Diameter of cylindrical pressure vessel = 400 mm
Wall thickness = 20 mm
Internal pressure = 4.5 MN/m2
Allowable stress = 120 MN/m2
Required:
Longitudinal stress
Tangential stress
Maximum amount of internal pressure that can be applied
Expected fracture if failure occurs
Solution 133
Part (a)
Tangential stress (longitudinal section):
F=2T
pDL=2( ttL)
t=2tpD=2(20)4 5(400)
t=45MPa answer
F=P
41 D2p= l( Dt)
l=4tpD=4(20)4 5(400)
l=22 5MPa answer
Part (b)
From (a), t=2tpD and l=4tpD thus, t=2 l, this shows that tangential stress is the
critical.
t=2tpD
120=2(20)p(400)
p=12MPa answer
The bursting force will cause a stress on the longitudinal section that is twice to that of
the transverse section. Thus, fracture is expected as shown.
Problem 134 page 28
Given:
Diameter of spherical tank = 4 ft
Wall thickness = 5/16 inch
Maximum stress = 8000 psi
Required: Allowable internal pressure
Solution 134
Problem 135
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a
pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12
ksi.
Solution 135
Given:
Thickness of steel plating = 20 mm
Diameter of pressure vessel = 450 mm
Length of pressure vessel = 2.0 m
Maximum longitudinal stress = 140 MPa
Maximum circumferential stress = 60 MPa
Required: The maximum internal pressure that can be applied
Solution 136
FV=0
F=2T
p(DL)=2( tLt)
t=2tpD
60=2(20)p(450)
p=5 33MPa
Based on longitudinal stress:
FH=0
F=P
p(41 D2)= l( D)
l=4tpD
140=4(20)p(450)
p=24 89MPa
Use p=5 33MPa answer
Given:
Diameter of the water tank = 22 ft
Thickness of steel plate = 1/2 inch
Maximum circumferential stress = 6000 psi
Specific weight of water = 62.4 lb/ft3
Required: The maximum height to which the tank may be filled with water.
Solution 137
t=6000psi=6000lb/in2(12in/ft)2
t=864000lb/ft2
Assuming pressure distribution to be uniform:
p= h=62 4h
F=pA=62 4h(Dh)
F=62 4(22)h2
F=1372 8h2
T= tAt=864000(th)
T=864000(21 112)h
T=36000h
F=0
F=2T
1372 8h2=2(36000h)
h=52 45ft answer
COMMENT
Given a free surface of water, the actual pressure distribution on the vessel is not
uniform. It varies linearly from 0 at the free surface to γh at the bottom (see figure
below). Using this actual pressure distribution, the total hydrostatic pressure is reduced
by 50%. This reduction of force will take our design into critical situation; giving us a
maximum height of 200% more than the h above.
Given:
Strength of longitudinal joint = 33 kips/ft
Strength of girth joint = 16 kips/ft
Internal pressure = 150 psi
Required: Maximum diameter of the cylinder tank
Solution 138
Consider 1 ft length
F=2T
pD=2 tt
t=2tpD
t33000=2t21600D
D=3 06ft=36 67in.
For girth joint (longitudinal stress):
F=P
p(41 D2)= l( Dt)
l=4tpD
t16000=4t21600D
D=2 96ft=35 56in.
Use the smaller diameter, D=35 56in. answer
Given:
Allowable stress = 20 ksi
Weight of steel = 490 lb/ft3
Mean radius of the ring = 10 inches
Required:
The limiting peripheral velocity.
The number of revolution per minute for stress to reach 30 ksi.
Solution 139
CF=q RA vR 2 2R
CF=g2 Av2
2T=CF
2 A=g2 Av2
=g v2
From the given data:
=20ksi=(20000lb/in2)(12in/ft)a2
=2880000lb/ft2
=490lb/ft3
2880000=32 2490v2
v=435 04ft/sec answer
When =30ksi, and R=10in
=g v2
30000(122)=32 2490v2
v=532 81ft/sec
=v R=10 12532 81
=639 37rad/sec
=sec639 37rad 1rev2 rad 1min60sec
=6 105 54rpm answer
Given:
Stress in rotating steel ring = 150 MPa
Mean radius of the ring = 220 mm
Density of steel = 7.85 Mg/m3
Required: Angular velocity of the steel ring
Solution 140
CF=M 2x
Where:
M= V= A R
x=2R
CF= A R 2(2R )
CF=2 AR2 2
2T=CF
2 A=2 AR2 2
= R2 2
From the given (Note: 1 N = 1 kg·m/sec2):
=150MPa
=150000000kg m/sec2 m2
=150000000kg/m sec2
=7 85Mg/m3=7850kg/m3
R=220mm=0 22m
150000000=7850(0 22)2 2
=628 33rad/sec answer
Given:
Wall thickness = 1/8 inch
Internal pressure = 125 psi
The figure below:
Longitudinal Stress:
F=pA=125[1 5(2)+41 (1 5)2](122)
F=85808 62lbs
P=F
l[2(2 12)(81)+ (1 5 12)(81)]=85808 62
l=6566 02psi
l=6 57ksi answer
Circumferential Stress:
Given:
Steam pressure = 3.5 Mpa
Outside diameter of the pipe = 450 mm
Wall thickness of the pipe = 10 mm
Diameter of the bolt = 40 mm
Allowable stress of the bolt = 80 MPa
Initial stress of the bolt = 50 MPa
Required:
Number of bolts
Circumferential stress developed in the pipe
Solution 29
F= A
F=3 5[41 (4302)]
F=508270 42N
P=F
( boltA)n=508270 42N
(80−55)[41 (402)]n=508270 42
n=16 19 say 17 bolts answer
Circumferential stress (consider 1-m strip):
F=pA=3 5[430(1000)]
F=1505000N
2T=F
2[ t(1000)(10)]=1505000
t=75 25MPa answer
Discussion:
It is necessary to tighten the bolts initially to press the gasket to the flange, to avoid
leakage of steam. If the pressure will cause 110 MPa of stress to each bolt causing it to
fail, leakage will occur. If this is sudden, the cap may blow.
CHAPTER 2. STRAIN
SIMPLE STRAIN
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the
applied force, to the original length.
= L
where is the deformation and L is the original length, thus is dimensionless.
Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression-testing machine. As the axial
load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gauge length is
measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes
place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal
stress and the strain can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with the stress along
the y-axis and the strain along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain
diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that for a medium-
carbon structural steel. Metallic engineering materials are classified as
either ductile or brittlematerials. A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains
up to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle materials has a
relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. An arbitrary strain of
0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between these two classes.
Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-
strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between elongation
and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert
Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or
or =k
The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of
Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the
stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then
=E
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape
when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is
no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape
when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is
no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking
strength.
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually
increased from O to P, in N·m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain
curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience
of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a permanent distortion.
Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually
increased from O to R, in N·m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-
strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break.
Axial Deformation
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is
given by
=E
where is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in
kg, A is the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g=9 81m/s2.
Stiffness, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.
k= P
Stress-strain Diagram
Strength of Materials 4th Edition by Pytel and Singer Problem 203 page 39
Given:
Material: 14-mm-diameter mild steel rod
Gage length = 50 mm
Test Result:
Load
Load (N) Elongation (mm) Elongation (mm)
(N)
0 0 46 200 1.25
6 310 0.010 52 400 2.50
41 600 0.433
Solution 203
Load
Elongation (mm) Strain (mm/mm) Stress (MPa)
(N)
0 0 0 0
Axial Deformation
Problem 205 page 39
Given:
Length of bar = L
Cross-sectional area = A
Unit mass = ρ
The bar is suspended vertically from one end
Required:
Show that the total elongation δ = ρgL2 / 2E.
If total mass is M, show that δ = MgL/2AE
Solution 205
=PLAE
From the figure:
δ = dδ
P = Wy = (ρAy)g
L = dy
d =AE( Ay)gdy
Another Solution:
=PLAE
Where:
P = W = (ρAL)g
L = L/2
=AE[( AL)g](L 2)
= gL2 2E ok!
For you to feel the situation, position yourself in pull-up exercise with your hands on the
bar and your body hang freely above the ground. Notice that your arms suffer all your
weight and your lower body fells no stress (center of weight is approximately just below
the chest). If your body is the bar, the elongation will occur at the upper half of it.
Given:
Cross-sectional area = 300 mm2
Length = 150 m
tensile load at the lower end = 20 kN
Unit mass of steel = 7850 kg/m3
E = 200 × 103 MN/m2
Required: Total elongation of the rod
Solution 206
Given:
Length of steel wire = 30 ft
Load = 500 lb
Maximum allowable stress = 20 ksi
Maximum allowable elongation = 0.20 inch
E = 29 × 106 psi
Required: Diameter of the wire
Solution 207
Given:
Thickness of steel tire = 100 mm
Width of steel tire = 80 mm
Inside diameter of steel tire = 1500.0 mm
Diameter of steel wheel = 1500.5 mm
Coefficient of static friction = 0.30
E = 200 GPa
Required: Torque to twist the tire relative to the wheel
Solution 208
=PLAE
Where:
δ = π (1500.5 - 1500) = 0.5π mm
P=T
L = 1500π mm
A = 10(80) = 800 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa
0 5 =T(1500 )800(200000)
T=53333 33N
F=2T
p(1500)(80)=2(53333 33)
p=0 8889MPa internal pressure
Total normal force, N:
N = p × contact area between tire and wheel
N = 0.8889 × π(1500.5)(80)
N = 335 214.92 N
Friction resistance, f:
f = μN = 0.30(335 214.92)
f = 100 564.48 N = 100.56 kN
Torque = f × ½(diameter of wheel)
Torque = 100.56 × 0.75025
Torque = 75.44 kN · m
Given:
Cross-section area = 0.5 in2
E = 10 × 106 psi
The figure below:
Problem 210
Solve Prob. 209 if the points of application of the 6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces are
interchanged.
Solution 210
Given:
Maximum overall deformation = 3.0 mm
Maximum allowable stress for steel = 140 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 120 MPa
Maximum allowable stress for aluminum = 80 MPa
Est = 200 GPa
Eal = 70 GPa
Ebr = 83 GPa
The figure below:
Given:
Maximum stress in steel rod = 30 ksi
Maximum vertical movement at C = 0.10 inch
The figure below:
Given:
Rigid bar is horizontal before P = 50 kN is applied
The figure below:
Required: Vertical movement of P
Solution 213
For aluminum:
MB=0
6Pal=2 5(50)
Pal=20 83kN
=PLAE
al=500(70000)20 83(3)10002
al=1 78mm
For steel:
MA=0
6Pst=3 5(50)
Pst=29 17kN
=PLAE
st=300(200000)29 17(4)10002
st=1 94mm
Movement diagram:
y3 5=61 94−1 78
y=0 09mm
B=vertical movement of P
B=1 78+y=1 78+0 09
B=1 87mm answer
Given:
Maximum vertical movement of P = 5 mm
The figure below:
Required: The maximum force P that can be applied neglecting the weight of all
members.
Solution 41
Member AB:
MA=0
3Pal=6Pst
Pal=2Pst
By ratio and proportion:
6 B=3 al
B=2 Pal(2000)500(70000)
B=18750Pal=18750(2Pst)
B=14375Pst movement of B
Member CD:
Movement of D:
Given:
The figure below:
Required: Ratio of the areas of the rods
Solution 215
Mal=0
6Pst=2W
Pst=31W
Mst=0
6Pal=4W
Pal=32W
st= al
Given:
Vertical load P = 6000 lb
Cross-sectional area of each rod = 0.60 in2
E = 10 × 106 psi
α = 30°
θ = 30°
The figure below:
Required: Elongation of each rod and the horizontal and vertical displacements of point
B
Solution 216
FH=0
PABcos30 =PBCcos30
PAB=PBC
FV=0
PABsin30 +PBCsin30 =6000
PAB(0 5)+PAB(0 5)=6000
PAB=6000lb tension
PBC=6000lb compression
=PLAE
AB=0 6(10 106)6000(10 12)=0 12inch lengthening answer
BC=6000(6 12)0 6(10 106)=0 072inch shortening answer
DB= AB=0 12inch
BE= BE=0 072inch
B=BB = displacement of B
B = final position of B after elongation
Triangle BDB':
cos = B0 12
B=0 12cos
Triangle BEB':
cos(120 − )= B0 072
B=0 072cos(120 − )
B= B
0 12cos =0 072cos(120 − )
cos cos120 cos +sin120 sin =0 6
−0 5+sin120 tan =0 6
tan =1 1sin120
=51 79
=90−(30 + )=90 −(30 +51 79 )
=8 21
B=0 12cos51 79
B=0 194inch
Triangle BFB':
h=B F= Bsin =0 194sin8 21
h=0 0277inch
h=0 0023ft horizontal displacement of B
v=BF= Bcos =0 194cos8 21
v=0 192inch
v=0 016ft vertical displacement of B
Problem 217
Solve Prob. 216 if rod AB is of steel, with E = 29 × 106 psi. Assume α = 45° and θ = 30°;
all other data remain unchanged.
Solution 217
By Sine Law
PABsin60 =6000sin75
PAB=5379 45lb (Tension)
PBCsin45 =6000sin75
PBC=4392 30lb (Compression)
=PLAE
AB=0 6(29 106)5379 45(10 12)==0 0371inch (lengthening)
BC=0 6(10 106)4392 30(6 12)=0 0527inch (shortening)
DB= AB=0 0371inch
BE= BE=0 0527inch
B=BB = displacement of B
B = final position of B after deformation
Triangle BDB':
cos = B0 0371
B=cos 0 0371
Triangle BEB':
cos(105 − )= B0 0527
B=0 0527cos(105 − )
B= B
cos 0 0371=0 0527cos(105 − )
cos cos105 cos +sin105 sin =1 4205
−0 2588+0 9659tan =1 4205
tan =0 96591 4205+0 2588
tan =1 7386
=60 1
B=0 0371cos60 1
B=0 0744inch
=(45 + )−90
=(45 +60 1 )−90
=15 1
Triangle BFB':
h=FB = Bsin =0 0744sin15 1
h=0 0194inch
h=0 00162ft horizontal displacement of B
v=BF= Bcos =0 0744cos15 1
v=0 07183inch
v=0 00598ft vertical displacement of B
Problem 218
A uniform slender rod of length L and cross sectional area A is rotating in a horizontal
plane about a vertical axis through one end. If the unit mass of the rod is ρ, and it is
rotating at a constant angular velocity of ω rad/sec, show that the total elongation of the
rod is ρω2 L3/3E.
Solution 218
=PLAE
from the frigure:
d =AEdPx
Where:
dP = centrifugal force of differential mass
dP = dM ω2 x = (ρA dx)ω2 x
dP = ρAω2 x dx
d =AE( A 2xdx)x
Problem 219
A round bar of length L, which tapers uniformly from a diameter D at one end to a
smaller diameter d at the other, is suspended vertically from the large end. If w is the
weight per unit volume, find the elongation of ω the rod caused by its own weight. Use
this result to determine the elongation of a cone suspended from its base.
Solution 219
=PLAE
For the differential strip shown:
δ = dδ
P = weight carried by the strip = weight of segment y
L = dy
A = area of the strip
For weight of segment y (Frustum of a cone):
P=wVy
From section along the axis:
yx=LD−d
x=LD−dy
P=112 w[(x+d)2+d2+(x+d)d]y
P=112 w[x2+2xd+d2+d2+xd+d2]y
P=112 w[x2+3xd+3d2]y
P=12 w L2(D−d)2y2+L3d(D−d)y+3d3 y
Thus,
=PLAE
d =4 LD−dy+d 2E12 w L2(D−d)2y2+L3d(D−d)y+3d3 ydy
d =4w12E L2(D−d)2y2+L2d(D−d)y+d2L2(D−d)2y2+L3d(D−d)y+3d2
ydy
d =w3E L2(D−d)2y2+2Ld(D−d)y+L2d2L2(D−d)2y2+3Ld(D−d)y+3L2d2
ydy
Let: a=D−d and b=Ld
=w3aE 0L[(ay+b)−b3(ay+b)−2]dy
=w3a2E 21(aL+b)2+b3aL+b−23b2
=w3a2E 2(aL+b)(aL+b)3+2b3−3b2(aL+b)
=w6a2E aL+b(aL)3+3(aL)2b+3(aL)b2+b3+2b3−3ab2L−3b3
=w6a2E aL+ba3L3+3a2bL2
=w6(D−d)2E (D−d)L+Ld(D−d)3L3+3(D−d)2(Ld)L2
=w6(D−d)2E LD−Ld+Ld(D−d)L3[(D−d)2+3d(D−d)]
=wL36(D−d)E LD(D−d)2+3d(D−d)
=wL36(D−d)E LDD2−2Dd+d2+3Dd−3d2
=wL36(D−d)E LDD2+Dd−2d2
=wL36(D−d)E LDD(D+d)−2d2
For a cone: D=D and d=0
=6E(D−0)wL2(D+0)−wL2(02)3ED(D−0)
=6EwL2 answer