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Infographic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page Infographics (a clipped compound of "information" Part of a series on Statistics

Contents and "graphics") are graphic visual representations of Data visualization
Current events information, data, or knowledge intended to present Major dimensions [hide]
Random article information quickly and clearly.[1][2] They can Exploratory data analysis • Information design
About Wikipedia Interactive data visualization
improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance
Contact us Descriptive statistics • Inferential statistics
the human visual system's ability to see patterns Statistical graphics • Plot
Donate
and trends.[3][4] Similar pursuits are information Data analysis • Infographic
Contribute visualization, data visualization, statistical graphics, Data science

Help information design, or information architecture.[2] Important figures [hide]

Community portal Infographics have evolved in recent years to be for Tamara Munzner • Ben Shneiderman •
Recent changes John W. Tukey • Edward Tufte •
mass communication, and thus are designed with
Fernanda Viégas • Hadley Wickham
Upload file fewer assumptions about the readers' knowledge
Information graphic types [hide]
base than other types of visualizations.[5] Isotypes
Tools Line chart • Bar chart
are an early example of infographics conveying
What links here Histogram • Scatterplot
information quickly and easily to the masses.[6] Boxplot • Pareto chart
Related changes
Pie chart • Area chart
Special pages
Contents [hide] Control chart • Run chart
Permanent link
Stem-and-leaf display • Cartogram
Page information 1 Overview
Small multiple • Sparkline
Cite this page 2 History Table
Wikidata item 2.1 Early
Related topics [hide]
2.2 20th century
Print/export Data • Information
2.3 21st century Big data • Database
Download as PDF Chartjunk • Visual perception
3 Analysis
Printable version Regression analysis • Statistical model
4 Data visualization
Misleading graph
In other projects 4.1 Time-series

Wikimedia Commons
4.2 Statistical V·T·E

4.3 Maps
Languages 4.4 Hierarchies
中文 4.5 Networks
한국어 5 Tools
Русский
6 See also
Español
7 References
Italiano
Deutsch
8 Further reading
Français 9 External links
िह दी
Tiếng Việt A Washington Metro subway map

28 more
Overview [ edit ]

Edit links Infographics have been around for many years and recently the increase of a number of easy-to-
use, free tools have made the creation of infographics available to a large segment of the
population. Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter have also allowed for individual
infographics to be spread among many people around the world. Infographics are widely used in
the age of short attention span.[citation needed]

In newspapers, infographics are commonly used to show the weather, as well as maps, site plans,
and graphs for summaries of data. Some books are almost entirely made up of information
graphics, such as David Macaulay's The Way Things Work. The Snapshots in USA Today are also
an example of simple infographics used to convey news and current events.[7]

Modern maps, especially route maps for transit systems, use infographic techniques to integrate a
variety of information, such as the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, and
local landmarks. Public transportation maps, such as those for the Washington Metro and the
London Underground, are well-known infographics. Public places such as transit terminals usually
have some sort of integrated "signage system" with standardized icons and stylized maps.

In his 1983 "landmark book" The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte defines
"graphical displays" in the following passage:

Graphical displays should

show the data

induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology,
graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or something else
avoid distorting what the data has to say
present many numbers in a small space
make large data sets coherent
encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data
reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine
structure
serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation, or
decoration
be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.

Graphics reveal data. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than
conventional statistical computations.[8]

While contemporary infographics often deal with "qualitative" or soft subjects, generally speaking
Tufte's 1983 definition still speaks, in a broad sense, to what infographics are, and what they do
—which is to condense large amounts of information into a form where it will be more easily
absorbed by the reader.

History [ edit ]

Early [ edit ]

In 1626, Christoph Scheiner published the Rosa Ursina sive Sol, a book that revealed his research
about the rotation of the sun. Infographics appeared in the form of illustrations demonstrating the
Sun's rotation patterns.[9]

In 1786, William Playfair, an engineer and political economist, published the first data graphs in
his book The Commercial and Political Atlas. To represent the economy of 18th Century England,
Playfair used statistical graphs, bar charts, line graphs, area charts, and histograms. In his work,
Statistical Breviary, he is credited with introducing the first pie chart.[10][11][12]
Around 1820, modern geography was established by Carl Ritter.[13] His maps included shared
frames, agreed map legends, scales, repeatability, and fidelity. Such a map can be considered a
"supersign" which combines sign systems—as defined by Charles Sanders Peirce—consisting of
symbols, icons, indexes as representations.[14] Other examples can be seen in the works of
geographers Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt.[15]

In 1857, English nurse Florence Nightingale used information

graphics to persuade Queen Victoria to improve conditions in
military hospitals. The principal one she used was the Coxcomb
chart, a combination of stacked bar and pie charts, depicting the
number and causes of deaths during each month of the Crimean
War.
Polar area diagram by
1861 saw the release of an Florence Nightingale
illustrating causes of mortality
influential information graphic on
during the Crimean War
the subject of Napoleon's (1857).
disastrous march on Moscow.

Charles Minard's The graphic's creator, Charles

information graphic of Joseph Minard, captured four different changing variables that
Napoleon's invasion of contributed to Napoleon's downfall in a single two-dimensional
Russia.
image: the army's direction as they traveled, the location the
troops passed through, the size of the army as troops died from
hunger and wounds, and the freezing temperatures they experienced.

James Joseph Sylvester introduced the term "graph" in 1878 in the scientific magazine Nature and
published a set of diagrams showing the relationship between chemical bonds and mathematical
properties.[16] These were also some of the first mathematical graphs.

20th century [ edit ]

The Cologne Progressives developed an aesthetic approach to art which focused on

communicating information.[17] Gerd Arntz, Peter Alma and Augustin Tschinkel, all participants in
this movement were recruited by Otto Neurath for the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum,
where they developed the Vienna Method from 1926–1934. Here simple images were used to
represent data in a structured way. Following the victory of Austrofascism in the Austrian Civil War,
the team moved to the Netherlands where they continued their work rebranding it Isotypes
(International System of TYpographic Picture Education). The method was also applied by IZOSTAT
(ИЗОСТАТ) in the Soviet Union.

In 1942 Isidore Isou published the Lettrist manifesto, a document covering art, culture, poetry,
film, and political theory. The included works, also called metagraphics and hypergraphics, are a
synthesis of writing and visual art.

In 1958 Stephen Toulmin proposed a graphical argument model, called The Toulmin Model of
Argumentation. The diagram contained six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments,
and was considered Toulmin's most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric,
communication, and computer science. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation became influential in
argumentation theory and its applications.

In 1972 and 1973, respectively, the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft included on their
vessels the Pioneer Plaques, a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques, each featuring a pictorial
message. The pictorial messages included nude male and female figures as well as symbols that
were intended to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The images were designed
by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake and were unique in that their graphical meanings were to be
understandable to extraterrestrial beings, who would have no conception of human language.

A pioneer in data visualization, Edward Tufte, wrote a series of books – Visual Explanations, The
Visual Display of Quantitative Information, and Envisioning Information – on the subject of
information graphics.[18][19][20] Referred to by The New York Times as the “da Vinci of Data”, Tufte
began to give day-long lectures and workshops on the subject of infographics starting in 1993. As
of 2012, Tufte still gives these lectures.[21] To Tufte, good data visualizations represent every data
point accurately and enable a viewer to see trends and patterns in the data. Tufte's contribution to
the field of data visualization and infographics is considered immense, and his design principles
can be seen in many websites, magazines, and newspapers today.[22]

The infographics created by Peter Sullivan for The Sunday Times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s
were some of the key factors in encouraging newspapers to use more infographics. Sullivan is also
one of the few authors who have written about information graphics in newspapers. Likewise the
staff artists at USA Today, the United States newspaper that debuted in 1982, established the
goal of using graphics to make information easier to comprehend. However, the paper has received
criticism for oversimplifying news stories and for creating infographics that some find emphasize
entertainment over content and data. Tufte coined the term chartjunk to refer to graphics that are
visually appealing to the point of losing the information contained within them.

With vector graphics and raster graphics becoming ubiquitous in computing in the 21st Century,
data visualizations have been applied to commonly used computer systems, including desktop
publishing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Closely related to the field of information graphics is information design, which is the creation of
infographics.

21st century [ edit ]

By the year 2000, Adobe Flash-based animations on the Internet had made use of many key
practices in creating infographics in order to create a variety of products and games.

Likewise, television began to incorporate infographics into the viewers' experiences in the early
2000s. One example of infographics usage in television and in pop culture is the 2002 music
video by the Norwegian musicians of Röyksopp, for their song "Remind Me." The video was
composed entirely of animated infographics.[23] Similarly, in 2004, a television commercial for the
French nuclear technology company Areva used animated infographics as an advertising tactic.
Both of these videos and the attention they received have conveyed to other fields the potential
value in using information graphics to describe complex information efficiently.

With the rise of alternatives to Adobe Flash, such as HTML 5 and CSS3, infographics are now
created in a variety of media with a number of software tools.[24]

The field of journalism has also incorporated and applied information graphics to news stories. For
stories that intend to include text, images, and graphics, the system called the maestro concept
allows entire newsrooms to collaborate and organize a story to successfully incorporate all
components. Across many newsrooms, this teamwork-integrated system is applied to improve time
management. The maestro system is designed to improve the presentation of stories for busy
readers of media. Many news based websites have also used interactive information graphics in
which the user can extract information on a subject as they explore the graphic.

Many businesses use infographics as a medium for communicating with and attracting potential
customers.[25] Information graphics are a form of content marketing[26] and have become a tool for
internet marketers and companies to create content that others will link to, thus possibly boosting
a company's reputation and online presence.[27]

Religious denominations have also started using infographics. For example, The Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints has made numerous infographics to help people learn about their faith,
missionaries, temples, lay ministry, and family history efforts.[28]

Infographics are finding a home in the classroom as well. Courses that teach students to create
their own infographics using a variety of tools may encourage engagement in the classroom and
may lead to a better understanding of the concepts they are mapping onto the
graphics.[citation needed]

With the popularity of social media, infographics have become popular, often as static images or
simple web interfaces, covering any number of topics. Such infographics are often shared between
users of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+ and Reddit. The hashtag
#infographic was tweeted 56,765 times in March 2012 and at its peak 3,365 times in a span of
24 hours.[citation needed]

Analysis [ edit ]

The three parts of all infographics are the visual, the

content, and the knowledge.[29] The visual consists of
colors and graphics. There are two different types of
graphics – theme, and reference. Theme graphics are
included in all infographics and represent the underlying
visual representation of the data. Reference graphics are
generally icons that can be used to point to certain data,
although they are not always found in infographics.
Statistics and facts usually serve as the content for
infographics and can be obtained from any number of A chart attempting to depict
sources, including census data and news reports. One of business expectations about emerging
the most important aspects of infographics is that they technologies as of July 2009.

contain some sort of insight into the data that they are
presenting – this is the knowledge.[29]

Infographics are effective because of their visual element. Humans receive input from all five of
their senses (sight, touch, hearing, smell, taste), but they receive significantly more information
from vision than any of the other four.[30] Fifty percent of the human brain is dedicated to visual
functions, and images are processed faster than text. The brain processes pictures all at once, but
processes text in a linear fashion, meaning it takes much longer to obtain information from text.[2]
Entire business processes or industry sectors can be made relevant to a new audience through a
guidance design technique that leads the eye. The page may link to a complete report, but the
infographic primes the reader making the subject-matter more accessible.[31] Online trends, such
as the increasingly short attention span of Internet users, has also contributed to the increasing
popularity and effectiveness of infographics.

When designing the visual aspect of an infographic, a number of considerations must be made to
optimize the effectiveness of the visualization. The six components of visual encoding are spatial,
marks, connection, enclosure, retinal properties, and temporal encoding.[4] Each of these can be
utilized in its own way to represent relationships between different types of data. However, studies
have shown that spatial position is the most effective way to represent numerical data and leads
to the fastest and easiest understanding by viewers.[3] Therefore, the designers often spatially
represent the most important relationship being depicted in an infographic.

There are also three basic provisions of communication that need to be assessed when designing
an infographic – appeal, comprehension, and retention.[32] "Appeal" is the idea that the
communication needs to engage its audience. Comprehension implies that the viewer should be
able to easily understand the information that is presented to them. And finally, "retention" means
that the viewer should remember the data presented by the infographic. The order of importance of
these provisions depends on the purpose of the infographic. If the infographic is meant to convey
information in an unbiased way, such as in the domains of academia or science, comprehension
should be considered first, then retention, and finally appeal. However, if the infographic is being
used for commercial purposes, then appeal becomes most important, followed by retention and
comprehension. When infographics are being used for editorial purposes, such as in a newspaper,
the appeal is again most important but is followed first by comprehension and then retention.[32]

However, the appeal and the retention can in practice be put together by the aid of a
comprehensible layout design. Recently, as an attempt to study the effect of the layout of an
infographic on the comprehension of the viewers, a new Neural Network based cognitive load
estimation method was applied on different types of common layouts for the infographic design.[33]
When the varieties of factors listed above are taken into consideration when designing
infographics, they can be a highly efficient and effective way to convey large amounts of
information in a visual manner.

Data visualization [ edit ]

Main article: Data visualization

Data visualizations are often used in infographics and may make up the entire infographic. There
are many types of visualizations that can be used to represent the same set of data. Therefore, it
is crucial to identify the appropriate visualization for the data set and infographic by taking into
consideration graphical features such as position, size, shape, and color. There are primarily five
types of visualization categories – time-series data, statistical distributions, maps, hierarchies,
and networking.[3]

Time-series [ edit ]

Time-series data is one of the most common forms

of data visualization. It documents sets of values
over time. Examples of graphics in this category
include index charts, stacked graphs, small
multiples, and horizon graphs. Index charts are ideal
to use when raw values are less important than
relative changes. It is an interactive line chart that
shows percentage changes for a collection of time-
series data based on a selected index point. For
A stacked graph showing the changing
example, stock investors could use this because they distribution of processor families in TOP500
are less concerned with the specific price and more supercomputers since 1996
concerned with the rate of growth. Stacked graphs
are area charts that are stacked on top of each
other, and depict aggregate patterns. They allow viewers to see overall patterns and individual
patterns. However, they do not support negative numbers and make it difficult to accurately
interpret trends. An alternative to stacked graphs is small multiples. Instead of stacking each area
chart, each series is individually shown so the overall trends of each sector are more easily
interpreted. Horizon graphs are a space efficient method to increase the data density of a time-
series while preserving resolution.[3]

Statistical [ edit ]

Statistical distributions reveal trends based on how

numbers are distributed. Common examples include
histograms and box-and-whisker plots, which convey
statistical features such as mean, median, and outliers.
A histogram graph showing the
In addition to these common infographics, alternatives numerical distribution of petal
include stem-and-leaf plots, Q-Q plots, scatter plot lengths(cm) recorded from Iris flower
matrices (SPLOM) and parallel coordinates. For assessing data set

a collection of numbers and focusing on frequency

distribution, stem-and-leaf plots can be helpful. The numbers are binned based on the first
significant digit, and within each stack binned again based on the second significant digit. On the
other hand, Q-Q plots compare two probability distributions by graphing quantiles against each
other. This allows the viewer to see if the plot values are similar and if the two are linearly related.
SPLOM is a technique that represents the relationships among multiple variables. It uses multiple
scatter plots to represent a pairwise relation among variables. Another statistical distribution
approach to visualize multivariate data is parallel coordinates. Rather than graphing every pair of
variables in two dimensions, the data is repeatedly plotted on a parallel axis and corresponding
points are then connected with a line. The advantage of parallel coordinates is that they are
relatively compact, allowing many variables to be shown simultaneously.[3]

Maps [ edit ]

Maps are a natural way to represent geographical

data. Time and space can be depicted through the
use of flow maps. Line strokes are used with various
widths and colors to help encode information.
Choropleth maps, which encode data through color
and geographical region, are also commonly used.
A cartogram showing the final electoral Graduated symbol maps are another method to
results of the 2008 US presidential election
represent geographical data. They are an alternative
to choropleth map and use symbols, such as pie
charts for each area, over a map. This map allows for more dimensions to be represented using
various shapes, size, and color. Cartograms, on the other hand, completely distort the shape of a
region and directly encode a data variable. Instead of using a geographic map, regions are redrawn
proportionally to the data. For example, each region can be represented by a circle and the
size/color is directly proportional to other information, such as population size.[3]

Hierarchies [ edit ]

Many data sets, such as spatial entities of countries or common structures for governments, can
be organized into natural hierarchies. Node-link diagrams, adjacency diagrams, and enclosure
diagrams are all types of infographics that effectively communicate hierarchical data. Node-link
diagrams are a popular method due to the tidy and space-efficient results. A node-link diagram is
similar to a tree, where each node branches off into multiple sub-sections. An alternative is
adjacency diagrams, which is a space-filling variant of
the node-link diagram. Instead of drawing a link
between hierarchies, nodes are drawn as solid areas
with sub-sections inside of each section. This
method allows for size to be easily represented than
in the node-link diagrams. Enclosure diagrams are
also a space-filling visualization method. However,
they uses containment rather than adjacency to
represent the hierarchy. Similar to the adjacency
diagram, the size of the node is easily represented in
A treemap showing the exports of Uganda
this model.[3]

Networ
[ edit ]

Arc diagram representing the

mathematical Farey sequence

Network visualization explores relationships, such as

friendships and cliques. Three common types are
A social network visualization.[34]
force-directed layout, arc diagrams, and matrix view.
Force-directed layouts are a common and intuitive
approach to network layout. In this system, nodes are similar to charged particles, which repel
each other. Links are used to pull related nodes together. Arc diagrams are one-dimensional
layouts of nodes with circular arcs linking each node. When used properly, with good order in
nodes, cliques and bridges are easily identified in this layout. Alternatively, mathematicians and
computer scientists more often use matrix views. Each value has an (x,y) value in the matrix that
corresponds to a node. By using color and saturation instead of text, values associated with the
links can be perceived rapidly. While this method makes it hard to view the path of the nodes,there
are no line crossings, which in a large and highly connected network can quickly become too
cluttered.[3]

While all of these visualizations can be effectively used on their own, many modern infographics
combine multiple types into one graphic, along with other features, such as illustrations and text.
Some modern infographics do not even contain data visualization, and instead are simply a colorful
and succinct ways to present knowledge. Fifty-three percent of the 30 most-viewed infographics on
the infographic sharing site visual.ly did not contain actual data.[35]

Tools [ edit ]

Infographics can be created by hand using simple everyday tools such as graph paper, pencils,
markers, and rulers. However, today they are more often created using computer software, which is
often both faster and easier. They can be created with general illustration software.

Diagrams can be manually created and drawn using software, which can be downloaded for the
desktop or used online. Templates can be used to get users started on their diagrams.
Additionally, the software allows users to collaborate on diagrams in real time over the Internet.

There are also numerous tools to create very specific types of visualizations, such as creating a
visualization based on embedded data in the photos on a user's smartphone. Users can create an
infographic of their resume or a “picture of their digital life.”[36]

See also [ edit ]

A picture is worth a thousand words List of information graphics software

Argument map Scientific visualization
Charts Statistical graphics
Digital dashboard Technical illustration
Data Presentation Architecture Isotype (picture language)
Data visualization Timeline
Edugraphic Visualization (graphic)
Graphic design News Illustrated
Graphic image development Maestro Concept
Graphic organizers Family tree
Information design

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Doug Newsom and Jim Haynes (2004). Public Relations Writing: Form and Style. p.236.
2. ^ a b c Smiciklas, Mark (2012). The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and
Connect with Your Audiences . ISBN 9780789749499.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Heer, Jeffrey; Bostock, Michael; Ogievetsky, Vadim (2010). "A tour through the
visualization zoo" . Communications of the ACM. 53 (6): 59–67.
doi:10.1145/1743546.1743567 .
4. ^ a b Card, S. (2009). Information visualization. In A. Sears & J. A. Jacko (Eds.), Human-Computer
Interaction: Design Issues, Solutions, and Applications (pp. 510-543). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
5. ^ Zaman, Jazib (2019-05-31). "Infographics; a form of visual content" . TechEngage. TechEngage.
Retrieved 2019-06-14.
6. ^ "The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with your audience" .
Mark Smiciklas. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
7. ^ "USA TODAY Snapshots – USATODAY.com" . usatoday30.usatoday.com.
8. ^ Tufte, Edward (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Cheshire, Connecticut:
Graphics Press. p. 13 . ISBN 978-0-9613921-4-7.
9. ^ "Conserving a Classic Book on Sunspots" . The Huntington. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
10. ^ Funkhouser, H. Gray (1937). "Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Statistical
Data". Osiris. 3: 269–404. doi:10.1086/368480 . JSTOR 301591 .
11. ^ Playfair, William; Wainer, Howard; Spence, Ian (2005). Playfair's Commercial and Political Atlas and
Statistical Breviary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85554-9.
12. ^ Tufte, Edward (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Cheshire, Connecticut:
Graphics Press. p. 13 . ISBN 978-0-9613921-4-7.
13. ^ "The Profession of Geography: Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter" . Archived from the
original on 2012-10-06.
14. ^ Benking, Heiner, “Using Maps and Models, SuperSigns and SuperStructures”, 2005. [1]
15. ^ 1st Berlin Symposium on Internet and Society, “Learnings from Alexander von Humboldt and Carl
Ritter towards the Grand Global Modern Communication Challenges”.
16. ^ Biggs, Norman; Lloyd, E. Keith; Wilson, Robin J. (1998). Graph Theory, 1736-1936 . Clarendon
Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780198539162.
 17. ^ Roth, Lynette (2008). Painting as a weapon : progressive Cologne 1920–1933 : Siewert, Hoerle,
Arntz (translation, Uta Hoffman ed.). Köln: Walther König. ISBN 978-3-86560-398-2.
18. ^ Tufte, Edward R. (1990). Envisioning Information . ISBN 978-0-9613921-1-6.
19. ^ Tufte, Edward R. (2001) [1st Pub. 1983]. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-9613921-4-7.
20. ^ Tufte, Edward R. (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative .
ISBN 978-0-9613921-2-3.
21. ^ Freymann-Weyr, Jeffrey, “Edward Tufte, Offering 'Beautiful Evidence'”, NPR.org, August 20, 2006.
[2]
22. ^ Romano, Andrew, “How Master Information Designer Edward Tufte Can Help Obama Govern”,
thedailybeast.com, March 9, 2010. [3] Archived 2015-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
23. ^ Röyksopp (19 November 2008). "Remind Me" – via Vimeo.
24. ^ "Why you should build your infographics in HTML5 and CSS3.". Paul Rouget. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
25. ^ Khazan, Olga, “How can businesses use infographics?”, washingtonpost.com, April 8, 2012. [4]
26. ^ "The Anatomy of Creating Great Infographics" . Venture Harbour. 2013-05-31. Retrieved
2013-10-27.
27. ^ "SEO Guide to Creating Viral Linkbait and Infographics" . Distilled. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
28. ^ "Infographics" , Newsroom [MormonNewsroom.org], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, 2012-10-16, retrieved 17 April 2014
29. ^ a b "The Anatomy Of An Infographic: 5 Steps To Create A Powerful Visual – SpyreStudios" . 18
November 2009.
30. ^ "The beauty of data visualization" .
31. ^ Turnbull, Dominic. "EPRA real economy infographic" .
www.epra.com/media/Real_estate_in_the_real_economy_-
_EPRA_INREV_report_1353577808132.PDF. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012.
Retrieved 6 December 2012.
32. ^ a b Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). Infographics: The Power of Visual Storytelling
33. ^ Majooni, Azam; Masood, Mona; Akhavan, Amir (2017-04-03). "An eye-tracking study on the effect of
infographic structures on viewer's comprehension and cognitive load". Information Visualization. 17
(3): 257–266. doi:10.1177/1473871617701971 .
34. ^ Grandjean, Martin (2014). "La connaissance est un réseau" . Les Cahiers du Numérique. 10 (3):
37–54. doi:10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54 .
35. ^ Van Slembrouck, Paul, “Analyzing the Top 30 Infographics on Visually”, June 2012. [5]
36. ^ Aparicio, Manuela; Costa, Carlos J. (2015). "Data visualization". Communication Design Quarterly
Review. 3: 7–11. doi:10.1145/2721882.2721883 .

Further reading [ edit ]

Heiner Benking (1981–1988) Requisite inquiry and time-line: computer graphics-infographics

http://benking.de/infographics/ see there: Computer Graphics in the Environmental Sector –
Possibilities and Limitations of Data-visualisation this citation in chapter 3: technical
possibilities and human potentials and capacities, "a picture is more than 10.000 words", and
"10.000 miles equal 10.000 books".
Sullivan, Peter. (1987) Newspaper Graphics. IFRA, Darmstadt.
Jacques Bertin (1983). Semiology of Graphics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Translation by William Berg of Semiologie Graphique. Paris: Mouton/Gauthier-Villars, 1967.
William S. Cleveland (1985). The Elements of Graphing Data. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press.
ISBN 978-1-58465-512-1
Heiner Benking (1993), Visual Access Strategies for Multi-Dimensional Objects and Issues /
"Our View of Life is too Flat ", WFSF, Turku, FAW Report TR-93019
 William S. Cleveland (1993). Visualizing Data. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. ISBN 978-0-
9634884-0-4
Sullivan, Peter. (1993) Information Graphics in Colour. IFRA, Darmstadt.
John Emerson (2008). Visualizing Information for Advocacy: An Introduction to Information
Design . New York: OSI.
Paul Lewi (2006). "Speaking of Graphics" .
Hankins, Thomas L. (1999). "Blood, Dirt, and Nomograms: A Particular History of Graphs". Isis.
90 (1): 50–80. doi:10.1086/384241 . JSTOR 237474 .
Robert L. Harris (1999). Information Graphics: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. Oxford
University Press.
Eric K. Meyer (1997). Designing Infographics. Hayden Books.
Edward R. Tufte (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Edition, Cheshire, CT:
Graphics Press.
Edward R. Tufte (1990). Envisioning Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Edward R. Tufte (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative.
Cheshire,
Edward R. Tufte (2006). Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire. CT: Graphics Press.
John Wilder Tukey (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley.
Veszelszki, Ágnes (2014). Information visualization: Infographics from a linguistic point of
view. In: Benedek, András − Nyíri, Kristóf (eds.): The Power of the Image Series Visual
Learning, vol. 4. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 99−109.
Sandra Rendgen, Julius Wiedemann (2012). Information Graphics. Taschen Publishing.
ISBN 978-3-8365-2879-5
Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). Infographics: The Power of Visual
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External links [ edit ]

Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Wikimedia Commons has

Statistical Graphics and Data Visualization media related to Information
graphics.
Visual Display of Quantitative Information

V·T·E Visualization of technical information [hide]

Biological data visualization · Chemical imaging · Crime mapping · Data visualization ·

Educational visualization · Flow visualization · Geovisualization · Information visualization ·
Fields Mathematical visualization · Medical imaging · Molecular graphics · Product visualization ·
Scientific visualization · Software visualization · Technical drawing · User interface design ·
Visual culture · Volume visualization
Chart · Diagram · Engineering drawing · Graph of a function · Ideogram · Map · Photograph ·
Image types Pictogram · Plot · Sankey diagram · Schematic · Skeletal formula · Statistical graphics ·
Table · Technical drawings · Technical illustration
People Jacques Bertin · Cynthia Brewer · Stuart Card · Sheelagh Carpendale · Thomas A. DeFanti ·
Borden Dent · Michael Friendly · George Furnas · Pat Hanrahan · Nigel Holmes ·
Christopher R. Johnson · Gordon Kindlmann · August Kekulé · Manuel Lima ·
Alan MacEachren · Jock D. Mackinlay · Michael Maltz · Bruce H. McCormick · Miriah Meyer ·
Charles Joseph Minard · Rudolf Modley · Gaspard Monge · Tamara Munzner · Otto Neurath
· Florence Nightingale · Hanspeter Pfister · Clifford A. Pickover · Catherine Plaisant ·
William Playfair · Karl Wilhelm Pohlke · Adolphe Quetelet · George G. Robertson ·
 Arthur H. Robinson · Lawrence J. Rosenblum · Ben Shneiderman · Claudio Silva ·
Fraser Stoddart · Edward Tufte · Fernanda Viégas · Ade Olufeko · Howard Wainer ·
Martin Wattenberg · Bang Wong
Cartography · Chartjunk · Computer graphics (in computer science) · Graph drawing ·
Graphic design · Graphic organizer · Imaging science · Information graphics ·
Related topics Information science · Misleading graph · Neuroimaging · Patent drawing ·
Scientific modelling · Spatial analysis · Visual analytics · Visual perception ·
Volume cartography · Volume rendering

Categories: Illustration Graphic design Infographics News design

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