Ray Optics [1]

When image is formed at  [relaxed eye or normal

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
adjustment) v   u  u

 Eye (Natural optical instrument)  u  f e  D / u  D / f e or M  D / fe

 Near point of normal strained eye = 25 cm
 Large magnification  small focal length.
 Far point of normal relaxed eye = 
Common defects of human eye : Compound Microscope :

eyepiece
A. Short sightedness (myopia)
objective
 Near point is normal & far point is abnormal v0

 Due to decrease in focal length of eye lens h

h 
image is formed infront of ratina.
u0
 Diverging lens is used to removed it.
ue
B. Long sighted ness (Hypermetropia) ve

 Near point is abnormal, far point is normal. h/ue h D v0 D

Magnifying power = /0    
 Due to increase in focal length of eye lens h / D h ue u0 ue
image is formed behind retina. (i) For the image at the least distance of distinct
 Converging lens is used to remove it. vision. Length of microscope L  v0  u e
C. Old sightedness or Presbiopia
 Both near and far points are abnormal 1  1 1 D D
v  D; u  ue      or  1
 Bifocal lens is used to remove it. D  ue  fe ue fe
D. Astigmatism
 D
(i) Two mutually perpendicular lines appear of  M  v0 / u0 1  
different thickness  fe 
(ii) Cylindrical lens is used to remove it. (ii) For normal adjustment v  

Simple Microscope v0 D
 ue  f e  M  and L  v0  fe
u0 f e
 Magnifying power of a simple microscope (M) = It is
the ratio of visual angle with instrument to that of Incase of microscope f0 is small and object is
maximum visual angle for un aided eye i.e., close to the object hence u  f 0 . Also as
intermediate image is infront of eye lens which
 h/u has very short focal length.
M    h/ D  D/u
0
 L  v0  ue  v0
B
B LD
 M
h f0 fe  If ‘L’ inc. M. increase
 
A A D
(relaxed eye) T ELESCOPE
u
u (A) Astronomical Telescope
When image is formed a least distance of distinct
vision v = –D; u = –u using (i) L–f0

1 1 1 1  1  1
     
v u fe D  u  f e  i 
ue ue
D D D f0
or, 1  M 1 L
u fe fe
[2] Physics–XII–Unit-VII

  i / f0 Here eye lens is concave and object lens is convex.

  i / ue Magnifying power M  f 0 / fe
 f Length  f 0  f e
M  0
 L  f0
for image at least distance of distinct vision ve   D

1  1 1
    
 D  ue   f e
f 0 f0 f 0 fe
  f0
ue D f e
(D) Reflecting Telescope :
f0  fe 
M 1  D  If in an astronomical telescope field lens is replaced
fe  
by converging mirror it becomes a reflecting telescope.
L  f0  ue
(ii) objective eyepiece


 i 
M  f0 / fe
fe f0  R / 2
f0
fe
i f0
 LENS CAMERA  If I is the intensity of light, S is the
f0
light transmitting area of the lens and t is exposure
i
 time during which shutter was opened then
fe I  S t  constt. for proper exposure or I D 2 t  constt
 f0 where D = diam. of aperture. If intensity I is kept
M  fixed then D 2  t  constt
 fe
For normal Adjustment 1 1
u 0  ; v0  f 0 ; ve    ue  f e  L  f 0  f e t  2
or t  2
( Aperture ) D
 fe must be small for better magnification
The ratio of focal length to the aperture of lens is
(B) Terrestrial Telescope:
called f. no. of Camera. If diameter is constant then t
With the help of three convex lenses image infinally is independent of focal length
formed errect w.r.t. object.
1
f - Number = f/D i.e. f. no. 
D
1
  f. No 
2
 t 2
 D
PIN HOLE CAMERA : If is based on rectilinear
L propagation of light
f0 2f 2f fe
Magnifying powers  Same as astronomical d2
h h d1
telescope 
d1 y y d2
L  f0  f e  4 f

(C) Galilian Telescope :

Ray Optics [3]

d1 y1
(a) d2
y2 
y1 d2 y2
d1
When 2 object of same size are placed at different
distance.
(b) If their image size is sample

h2
 Stops cut paraxial or marginal rays bringing the rest
h1 d1 practically to one focus.
h1
y

d1 h2 d2  In case of plano convex lens spherical abberation is
d2 minimised if its curved surface faces the incident light.
RESOLVING-POWER : Ability of an instrument to see Using two thin lenses separated by a distance f2–f1.

1
two close objects distinctly R.P.  where  = limit Example 1 :

of resolution. Limit of resolution for – A simple microscope consists of a convex lens of power
(a) Human eye    / D {D = diameter of pupil} +25 D and a concave lens of power –20D in contact.
Find the magnifying power when final image is formed
for normal eye  = 1¢
(a) at infinity (b) at least distance of distinct vision.
(b) Telescope   1.22  / D {D = diameter of lens}
Solution :

(c) Microscope   {m“sin i” is called Here P1 = +25D, P2 = –20 D, least distance for distinct
2 sin i
numerical aperture of the microscope. For normal vision, D = 25 cm
viewing i = 90º Since lenses are in contact, so power of the
combination
 CHROMATIC ABBERATION : The image of a
P = P1 + P2 = 25 – 20 = +5D
white object in white light formed by a lens is usually
Hence, focal length of the combination,
coloured and blurred. This defect is called chromatic
Abberation. It’s because focal length of a lens is 100 100
f    20cm
different for different colours. Combination of lenses P 5
is used to remove it. When final image is formed at  , Magnifying power
(M.P.) is
1 2
Condition of Achromatism :  0 or D 25
f1 f2 M.P.  f  20 = 1.25
1 (1  1)  2  2  1  0 or 11  2  2  0  M.P. when final image is formed at a distance of
  1 A1    2 A2  0 where 1 , 2 are dispersive distinct vision,
powers. Incase of thin lenses separated by a distance D 25
M.P. 1 1 11.25 = 2.25
‘d’ condition for Achromatic doublet is f 20
d  1 f1  2 f 2  / 1  2  Example 2 :
and if 1  2 d   f1  f 2  / 2 A compound microscope has angular magnification
equal to 10. If the object subtends an angle of 0.6° at
 Spherical Abberation : The inability of a lens to the eye, what will be the angle subtended by the image
form a point image of an axial point of is due to at the eye?
spherical nature of lens. It can be minimised by–using
stops, using lenses whose (focal length f) is large as. Solution :
Spherical Abberation in mirrors is obtained by using Here, M.P. = 10,  = 0.6°
1
spherical abberation  
Using, M.P.  , we get
( f )3 
  M.P.    10  0.6  6
Therefore, the angle subtended by the image at the
[4] Physics–XII–Unit-VII

eye is 6°.
TEST YOUR SELF
Example 3 : 1. The focal length of the objective and eye piece of a
A compound microscope has a magnification of 30. microscope are respectively 1 cm and 2 cm. The
The focal length of its eye-piece is 5 cm. Assume distance between them is 12 cm, Where an object
that the final image is formed at the least distance of should be placed in order to view it at the least distant
distinct vision (D=25 cm). Calculate the magnification of distinct vision.
produced by the objective. Ans. 1.11 cm
2. The distance between the objective and the eye piece
Solution :
of a microscope are 16 cm and their focal length are
Here M.P. = 30, fe = 5 cm respectively 0.4 cm and 0.5 cm. Calculate its
M.P. = mo × me magnifying power if the final image is formed at infinity.
where mo is magnification produced by the objective Ans. 2000
and me is magnifying power of eye piece 3. The least distance of distinct vision for a defective
 D eye is 75 cm. What should be the focal length and
But me  1   power of lens which will be used to real a book
 fe 
clearly at 25 cm ?
 D  25  Ans. Convex lens of the focal length 37.5 cm, + 2.66
 M.P. = m0 1  f   30  m0 1    6m0
 e   5  diopter.
 m0 = 5 4. A point object is placed on the principal axis of a
convex lens (f = 15 cm) at a distance of 30 cm
Example 4:
from it. A glass plate (µ = 1.50) of thickness 1 cm
The magnifying power of a telescope is found to be 9 is placed on the other side of the lens perpendicular
and the separation between the lenses is 20 cm for to the axis. Locate the image of the point object.
relaxed eye. What are the focal lengths of the Ans. 30.33 cm from the lens
component lenses used in the telescope?
5. An object is to be seen through a simple microscope of
Solution : focal length 12 cm. Where should the object be placed
so as to produce maximum angular magnification?
Here M.P. = 9, tube length L = 20 cm
The least distance for clear vision is 25 cm.
 fo + fe = 20 cm
Ans. 8.1 cm from the lens
fo 6. A compound microscope consists of an objective of
As  9 , therefore solving,  fo = 18 cm
fe focal length 1 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5
and fe = 2 cm cm. An object is placed at a distance of 0.5 cm from
the objective. What should be the separation between
Example 5 : the lenses so that the microscope projects an inverted
The objective of an astronomical telescope has a real image of the object on a screen 30 cm behind
diameter of 150 mm and a focal length of 4.0 m. The the eyepiece ?
eyepiece has a focal length of 25.0 mm. (a) Calculate Ans. (a) 5 cm
the magnifying power of the telescope. (b) What is 7. The eyepiece of an astronomical telescope has a
the distance between the objective and the eyepiece? focal length of 10 cm. The telescope is focussed for
normal vision of distant objects when the tube length
Solution : is 1.0 m. Find the focal length of the objective and
(a) Here, fo = 4 m the magnifying power of the telescope.
fe = 25 mm = 25 × 10–3 m Ans. 90 cm, 9
 Magnifying power of telescope, 8. An astronomical telescope is to be designed to have
a magnifying power of 50 in normal adjustment. If
fo 4 the length of the tube is 102 cm, find the powers of
M.P.   160
fe 25103 the objective and the eyepiece.
(b) Distance between objective and eye-piece Ans. 1 D, 50 D
= fo + fe = 4m + 25 × 10–3m = 4.025 m