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Abstract. The paper describes an analytical approach to the issue of skin effect on current or current density
distribution over the cross-section of the tube type conductors. The same cross-section can analogously be taken
for any multi-layer conductor of different construction designs. Due to the skin effect, the current flows towards
the conductor surface, the result being an uneven current distribution over the conductor cross-section. A
mathematical algorithm is given enabling determination of the current density distribution over the tube type
conductor cross-section. It is computed with the Maxwell’s equations from the theory of electromagnetic fields
and by using Bessel’s functions of the first and second order. With thus implemented model the authors developed
an algorithm for the current density determination with consideration of the skin effect in a multi-layer optic cable
of the OPGW type. Results are shown of the current density distribution and temperature variations as detected in
individual layers of such conductor during heating at the short-circuit current of 15.4 kA and in the duration of 1 s.
Key words: overhead transmission lines, conductors, optical cables, skin effect, current density distribution, short
circuit, adiabatic heating
Povzetek. Članek obravnava analitičen pristop vpliva kožnega effect that drives the current towards the conductor sur-
učinka na porazdelitev toka oziroma tokovne gostote po pre- face, individual layers inside multi-layer type conductors
rezu cevastega vodnika, ki ga je mogoče analogno prevesti
tudi na poljubne večplastne vodnike različnih konstrukcijskih are unevenly heated. The general practice is that when
izvedb. Zaradi kožnega učinka je tok izrinjen proti površini calculating the temperature state, an even current distri-
vodnika, pri čemer je porazdelitev toka po prerezu vodnika bution over the conductor cross-section is taken into ac-
neenakomerna. Podan je matematični algoritem za določitev
porazdelitve tokovne gostote po prerezu cevastega vodnika na count paying no regard to the skin effect or any other
podlagi Maxwellovih enačb iz teorije elektromagnetnih polj in z effect, such as for instance the vicinity effect or similar.
uporabo Besselovih funkcij prve in druge vrste. Na podlagi tega In overtemperature calculations developed for adiabatic
modela je bil razvit algoritem določitve porazdelitve tokovne
gostote z upoštevanjem kožnega učinka na večplastnem svet- heating, a simplified approach is taken assuming that all
lovodnem kablu tipa OPGW. Podani so rezultati porazdelitve the generated Joule heat is used for the conductor temper-
tokovne gostote in temperaturnih sprememb ob segrevanju pri ature rise [1, 2]. During the short-circuit process, the heat
toku kratkega stika 15.4 kA in času 1 s po posameznih slojih
takšnega vodnika. outlet is hereby neglected and so is also the skin effect.
Laboratory investigations, providing for appropriate heat-
Ključne besede: daljnovod, vodniki, svetlovodni kabel, kožni
pojav, porazdelitev tokovne gostote, kratek stik, adiabatsko seg- ing measurement results under conditions in which these
revanje effects are taken into account, are very helpful and useful
because they enable comparisons of results [3].
k 2 = −jωµγ
3 √ (5)
k = j 2 k ⇒ k = ωµγ
J ef = γ · E ef (6)
rz
I ef = 2π J ef r dr (7)
rn
= J = 1 E
rot H =γE
(1)
ρ
and
∂H
= −µ
rot E (2)
∂t
Due to the rotational symmetry, the electric field
strength E z pursues only the current direction, whereas
the magnetic field strength H ϕ takes the tangential posi-
tion onto magnetic forces.
The final expression for the changed electric field
strength can be obtained in the below differential form
Figure 2. OPGW cable of the OPTOFLEX ASB 1.2.3s (Ay/ACS
2
151/29-15.3) type:
1 ∂ ∂E ef ∂ E ef 1 ∂E ef 1. 3 pieces of stainless steel tubes of ◦
/ = 3.0 mm of 16 fibers
jωµγE ef = r = 2
+ (3) each
r ∂r ∂r ∂r r ∂r
2. Alumoweld wire core of ◦ / = 3.05 mm
3. 3 Alumoweld wires of ◦ / = 3.05 mm
from which the known Bessel’s differential equation is 4. Aldrey hollow wire made of segments of ◦ / = 9.15/12.0 mm
now obtained 5. 15 Aldrey wires of ◦
/ = 3.0 mm
Skin effect impact on current density distribution in OPGW cables 19
7 st
1 layer [Ay]
x 10
9.85
9.84
]
9.83
2
J [A/m
9.82
9.81
9.8
6 6.5 7 r[mm] 7.5 8 8.5
7 nd
2 layer [Ay]
x 10
9.81
9.805
9.8
]
2
J [A/m
9.795
9.79
9.785
4.5 5 r[mm] 5.5 6
7 rd
3 layer [ACS]
x 10
8
6
]
2
4
J [A/m
0
0 0.5 7 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
r[mm]
Figure 4. Development of the current density over the cable sections computed with the presented algorithm for the optic OPGW
cable of the OPTOFLEX 1.2.3s (Ay/ACS 151/29-15.3) type at the short-circuit current Isc =15.4 kAeff in the duration of 1 s
5 References
[1] V. T. Morgan, “Thermal Behaviour of Electrical Conduc-
tors; Steady, Dynamic and Fault Current Rating”, RSP-
Research Study Press LTD., Taunton, Somerset, England,
1991.
[2] J. S. Barrett, O. Nigol, C. J. Fehervari, R. D. Findlay, “A
New Model of AC Resistance in ACSR Conductors”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery PWRD-1, pp. 198-208,
1986.
[3] F. Jakl, “Problems of Bare Overhead Line Conductors and
Ground Wires”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maribor, Slove-
nia, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science
and Information Technology, Maribor, 1992.
Figure 5. Development of the temperature rise curve as a [4] J. Zaborszky, J. W. Rittenhouse, “Electric Power Transmis-
function of the radius computed for the OPGW cable at the sion”, New York, 1954.
short-circuit current of Isc =15.4 kAeff in the duration of 1 s
[5] F. Jakl, “Raziskave induktivnosti daljnovodov s pomočjo
zamenskih geometrijskih veličin” (Research in Overhead
Transmission Line Inductance by Using Replaceable Ge-
vidual layers of optic cables made of optic fibres, whose ometric Magnitudes), Diploma Thesis No 806/62, Faculty
usage is widely spread in Slovenia and elsewhere in the of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1962.
world. Results of some other similar domestic research
[6] M. Žunec, “Modeliranje segrevanja vodnikov in OPGW
approaches to the issue of overhead transmission line con- kablov pri nadzemnih vodih” (Heating Modelling for Over-
ductor heating under short-circuit conditions have yielded head Transmission Line Conductors and OPGW Cables),
M. Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Franc Jakl (IEEE Member) was born at Ormož, Slovenia in
Science and Information Technology, University of Mari- 1936. He received his B. Sc.E.E. and M. Sc.E.E. degrees from
bor, 2001. the University of Ljubljana, in 1962 and 1976, respectively, and
his Ph. D. from the University of Maribor in 1992. After work-
[7] O. Biro, K. R. Ricter, “CAD in Electromagnetism”, Insti- ing from 1962 to 1965 at the Public Electricity Transmission
tute for Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineer- Enterprise in Ljubljana, he was working between 1974-1990 as
ing, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria, 1996. Manager for development and investment at the Drava Hydro
Power Utility in Maribor, and from 1991 till 2002 at the ELES-
[8] NOKIA Kabel GmbH Köln & FGH Forschungsgemein- ELEKTRO SLOVENIJA. His current interest is in research, de-
schaft für Hochspannungs und Hochstromtechnik E.V. velopment and construction of power transmission networks and
Mannheim-Rheinau, Test Report Nr. LV 97093/2E, Ger- transmission lines. Since 1977 he has been a Visiting Professor
many, Mannheim, July 9 1997. at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Sciences and
Information Technology, University of Maribor. He is a Mem-
ber of IEEE/PES, Member of IEEE/PES WG15.11.06 (Ther-
Miro Žunec was born in Maribor, Slovenia in 1973. He re- mal Aspects of Conductors and Accessories), Member of CI-
ceived his B. Sc. and M. Sc. degrees in electrical engineer- GRE Paris, where he is the Member of SC22 (Overhead Lines),
ing from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Member of WG22.12 (Electrical Aspects of Overhead Lines),
Science, University of Maribor, in 1997 and 2002, respectively. Member of WG22.15 (Live Cycle Assessment and Environmen-
Since 1998 he has been first employed with a distribution com- tal Concerns) and Member of WG22.16 (Meteorology for Over-
pany ELEKTRO MARIBOR and later with a transmission com- head Lines). He is also a Member of the Slovenian National
pany ELES-ELEKTRO SLOVENIJA. His main research inter- CIGRE Committee, where he is a Chairman of SC22 (Overhead
ests include conductor heating under short circuit conditions and Lines). He is also a Member of the Austrian Electrical Associ-
operation states in distribution and transmission networks. ation, a Member of the Slovenian Nationl Committee WEC and
Slovenian Electrotechnical Society.