Course Outline • Introduction • Reasoning and Knowledge Representation • Problem Solving by Searching • Constraint Satisfaction Problems • Adversarial Search • Learning • Uncertainty handling • Recent trends in AI and applications of AI algorithms Amna Iftikhar Fall ' 2019 3 Text Book and Reference Books Text Book • S. Russell, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Prentice Hall, (3rd edition)
Reference books • Ben Coppin, “Artificial Intelligence Illuminated”, Jones and Bartlett illuminated Series • Richard O. Duda, Hart, David Stork, “Pattern Classification”, 2nd Edition • Steven Rabin, AI Game Programming Wisdom
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Marks Distribution
Quizzes 10% Assignments (Theoretical) 20% Midterm Examination 20% Final Examination 50% Total 100%
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
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How would a pacman agent be intelligent?
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Basic Questions (Taken from http://www-formal.stanford.edu) • What is artificial intelligence? • It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. • Yes, but what is intelligence? • Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world OR “Ability to make the right decisions given set of inputs and a variety of possible actions.” • Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines. • Isn't there a solid definition of intelligence that doesn't depend on relating it to human intelligence? • Not yet. The problem is that we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others.
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Basic Questions(contd) • Isn't AI about simulating human intelligence? • Sometimes but not always or even usually. On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. AI researchers are free to use methods that are not observed in people or that involve much more computing than people can do. • Does AI aim at human-level intelligence? • Yes. The ultimate effort is to make computer programs that can solve problems and achieve goals in the world as well as humans. However, many people involved in particular research areas are much less ambitious.
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What is Intelligence ? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence) • How to define intelligence is controversial.
• As stated by "Mainstream Science on
Intelligence" (1994), an editorial statement by fifty-two researchers: “A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings—"catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do.”
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Intelligence
• Intelligent behavior exhibit some or all of the
following characteristics: – Problem Solving – Reasoning – Planning – Decision making – Inference – Learning
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Strong vs. Weak AI
• Strong AI refers to the field of research that is
interested in making computers think at a level equal to humans
• Weak AI represents the wider domain of AI
technologies. Weak AI features can be added to systems to give them intelligent qualities.
• The course focuses on weak AI.
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Strong vs. Weak AI
• The followers of strong AI believe that by giving a computer
program sufficient processing power, and by providing it with enough intelligence, one can create a computer that can literally think and is conscious in the same way that a human is conscious.
• Many philosophers and Artificial Intelligence researchers
consider this view to be false, and even ludicrous.
• Weak AI, in contrast, is simply the view that intelligent
behavior can be modeled and used by computers to solve complex problems.
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Philosophical vs. Practical AI
• Philosophical: – Can machines think, in principle? – Will machine thought be different from human thought? • Practical – Collection of techniques to automatically solve particular problems that require “intelligence” (whatever that is)
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Philosophical vs. Practical AI
• Philosophical AI Questions – Can we make something that is as intelligent as a human? – Can we make something that is as intelligent as a bee? – Can we get something that is really evolutionary and self- improving and autonomous and flexible….? • Practical AI Questions – Can we save this plant $20 million a year by improved pattern recognition? – Can we save this bank $50 million a year by auto fraud detection? – Can we start a new industry of handwriting recognition / automated negotiation / helpdesks/ …..?
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Big Milestones • On May 11, 1997, an IBM computer called IBM ®Deep Blue® beat the world chess champion after a six-game match: two wins for IBM, one for the champion and three draws. The match lasted several days and received massive media coverage around the world. It was the classic plot line of man vs. machine. Amna Iftikhar Fall ' 2019 16 Big Milestones
• DARPA Urban Challenge
• The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for driverless cars. • The 2007 Challenge was held in California. – 96 KM course – 6 hours time duration – Rules included obeying all traffic regulations while negotiating with other traffic and obstacles and merging into traffic. – The $2 million winner was Tartan Racing, a collaborative effort by CMU and GM.
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Amna Iftikhar Fall ' 2019 18 AI Competitions • ROBOCUP • The official goal of the project: "By the middle of the 21st century, a team of fully autonomous humanoid robot soccer players shall win a soccer game, complying with the official rules of FIFA, against the winner of the most recent World Cup.“
RoboCup • SAVIOUR, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology • Karachi Koalas - Institute of Business Administration, Pakistan • NUST SMME - National University of Sciences and Technology
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DARPA Challenge • DARPA Challenges • The DARPA Robotics Challenge Held from 2012 to 2015 • aimed to develop semi-autonomous ground robots that could do “complex tasks in dangerous, degraded, human-engineered environments”
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Angry Birds Challenge • The long term goal is to build AI agents that can play new levels better than the best human players • http://aibirds.org/ (IJCAI 2018)
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GOOGLE AI Challenge • Google.org issued an open call to organizations around the world to submit their ideas for how they could use AI to help address societal challenges.
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AI Competitions • PAKDD Datamining competition (Pacific Asia Know..) – “Auto ML” • In this challenge you are asked to provide code for solving real world classification problems without any human intervention. • And many more
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History of AI • 1950s –The Birth of AI – 1950: Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." – 1956: John McCarthy coins the term, "Artificial Intelligence" at a Dartmouth computer conference. – 1958: John McCarthy invents the Lisp language, an AI programming language, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). • 1960s –The Rise of AI – 1965: Joseph Weizenbaum builds ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English on any topic (MIT). – Arthur’s Clark book titled “2001: A Space Odyssey” –HAL, an intelligent computer onboard a Jupiter-bound spacecraft, murdered most of the crew out of paranoia over its own survival. – Knowledge representation was a strong theme during the 1960s, as strong AI continued to be a primary theme in AI research.
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History of AI • Overwhelming Optimism – I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to program computers…to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning. Alan Turing, Computing machinery and intelligence, 1950.
– Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing
any work a man can do Herbert Simon, 1956
– In from three to eight years, we'll have a machine with the
general intelligence of an average human being. Marvin Minsky to Life magazine, 1970
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History of AI • 1970s – The Fall of AI – AI Winter – 1969: Excitement of neural networks came to an end in 1969 with the publication of the mongraph titled “Perceptrons.” – The 1970s represented the fall of AI after an inability to meet irrational expectations. – End of fundings – The First AI winter 1974-1980
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History of AI • 1980 - 1987 – AI Rises Again – Advancement in probabilistic reasoning, machine learning, intelligence agents, and computational intelligence systems. – Expert Systems – Knowledge Representation – Return of Funding
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History of AI • 1988 - 1993 – Second AI Winters – The first indication of a change in weather was the sudden collapse of the market for specialized AI hardware in 1987. Desktop computers from Apple and IBM had been steadily gaining speed and power and in 1987 they became more powerful than the more expensive Lisp machines made by Symbolics and others. There was no longer a good reason to buy them. An entire industry worth half a billion dollars was demolished overnight. – Unreal Expectations
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History of AI • 1993 to date – 1997: IBM computer Deep Blue beats world champion Garry Kasparov in chess match. – Deep Learning – Big Data – AI behind the scenes
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Turing Test • Alan Turing, in his famous paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950), suggested that instead of asking whether machines can think, we should ask whether machines can pass a behavioral intelligence test, which has come to be called the Turing Test. – The test is for a program to have a conversation (via online typed messages) with an interrogator for five minutes. – The interrogator then has to guess if the conversation is with a program or a person – The program passes the test if it fools the interrogator 30% of the time. • Turing conjectured that, by the year 2000, a computer with a storage of 10^9 units could be programmed well enough to pass the test. He was wrong—programs have yet to fool a sophisticated judge.
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Loebner Prize https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebner_Prize • The Loebner Prize is an annual competition in artificial intelligence that awards prizes to the computer programs considered by the judges to be the most human-like.
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Critiques on Turing Test
• It is widely believed today that even if a computer could
pass the Turing test, it would still not truly be conscious or intelligent in the way that humans are. • It is more important to study the underlying principle of intelligence than to duplicate an exemplar. • Aeronautical engineering tests do not define the goal of their field as making “machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they can fool even other pigeons”. • The quest for ‘artificial flight’ succeeded when the Wright brothers and others stopped imitating birds and started using wind tunnels and learning about aerodynamics.
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Intelligence in machines vs. humans What has happened over the last 40-50 years - to the disappointment of all those who made breathless predictions about where AI would go - is that things such as playing chess have turned out to be incredibly easy for computers, whereas learning to walk and learning to get around in the world without falling over has proved to be unbelievably difficult. Amna Iftikhar Fall ' 2019 35 Applications of AI • Although many of these fields are intermingled, but applications of AI can be broadly classified among the following: – Industry/ Robotics – Medical and Health – Online and Telephone customer service – Transportation – Telecommunication – Toys and games – News, publishing, and writing – Natural Language Processing (NLP) – Marketing , Finance, Fraud detection, Money Laundering etc. Amna Iftikhar Fall ' 2019 36 Industry/ Robotics • Assembly line automation – Baxter • Warehouse automation – Amazon using 45,000 Kiva robots in their warehouses. – Alibaba using Quicktrons instead • Resource optimization • Robotics – Firefighting – Search and rescue – Disaster management – Robotic surgery
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Medical and Health • BioMind: – Chinese AI beats 15 doctors in tumor diagnosis competition (July 2018)
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Online/ Customer service • Recommendation systems – Netflix – Facebook – Twitter – Linkedin – MySpace • Customer service representatives: – Telephone – Email – Chat – Social media • A lot of customer support inquiries can simply be prevented by knowing what customers need before customers turn to support – a win-win for everyone. • Companies are combining both AI with a human touch to help customer service reps prioritize responses and respond both faster and better.
Toys and Games • AI pets • Board Games – Chess, Go, Checkers, Poker, Bridge • Modern Video Games: – Path finding, strategy design, navigation • Combat AI: – Action, first person shooter, adventure • Cheating AI: – Common variations include giving AIs higher speeds in racing games to catch up to the player or spawning them in advantageous positions in first person shooters. – The use of cheating in AI shows the limitations of the "intelligence" achievable artificially; generally speaking, in games where strategic creativity is important, humans could easily beat the AI after a minimum of trial and error if it were not for this advantage.
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News, publishing and writing • AP, Fox, and Yahoo! all use AI to write simple stories like financial summaries, sports recaps, and fantasy sports reports. • AI isn’t writing in-depth investigative articles, but it has no problem with very simple articles that don’t require a lot of synthesis. • “Dante” Pakistan introduces first business robot journalist (20th January 2019) – “TheRoboJournalist writes the report after taking into account the related fundamental analytics, technical information (like graphs and charts) and gauging prevailing sentiments. It also takes into account the development taking place on social media, irrespective of whether the development is true or not to gauge the sentiment,”
Natural language processing • Spam filtering • Information retrieval: rank web pages based on relevance to query • Machine translation: Google Translate handles more than 100 languages (37 via photo, 32 via voice) • Speech recognition: personal assistants (Siri, Google Now)
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Chinese Social Credit System • In 2020, China will fully roll out its controversial social credit score. Under the system, both financial behaviors like “frivolous spending” and bad behaviors like lighting up in smoke-free zones can result in stiff consequences. • Penalties include loss of employment and educational opportunities, as well as transportation restrictions. • Those with high scores get perks, like discounts on utility bills and faster application processes to travel abroad.
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