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Technical note
Abstract
Experimental and analytical approaches are studied via the ®rst-ply failure strength on symmetrically laminated composite
pressure vessels with various material properties, radius-to-thickness ratios, and dierent numbers of layers subjected to uniform
internal pressure loads. Optimal angle-ply orientations of generally laminated symmetric h= ÿ h= . . .S shells designed for maximum
stiness were investigated. A hand lay-up technique was used to laminate composite pressure vessels by the stacking of pieces of
prepreg in the desired orientations and subsequent curing. The ®rst-ply failure pressure loads of the laminated composite pressure
vessels are determined using the acoustic emission AMS3 (AE) system. The experimental results have been proved to be ecient and
eective in the theoretical prediction of ®rst-ply failure strengths of laminated composite pressure vessels. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Experimental and analytical approaches; First-ply failure strength; Laminated composite pressure vessels
0263-8223/00/$ - see front matter Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 2 6 3 - 8 2 2 3 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 1 3 3 - 6
238 R.R. Chang / Composite Structures 49 (2000) 237±243
(MPa)
78.78
as HTA-Q-1115 commonly seen in sporting goods, such
T
as a tennis racket, golf shaft, etc. The short ®ber, also
±
known as bulk-molding compound (BMC) is blended by
mixing carbon ®ber composite and resin with certain
(MPa)
78.78
proportions and this can be seen in products such as a
±
golf club head.
(MPa)
61.28
2.1. Optimal design of ply orientations
±
The objective in the optimal design of a laminated
(MPa)
206.8
composite pressure vessel is the selection of the lami-
YC
nation arrangement, which can give a maximum vessel
±
stiness. The NASTRAN ®nite element program [11]
was applied to the numerical analysis of clamped cy-
(MPa)
41.3
lindrical shell constructed with n ply groups of equal
YT
±
thickness (hi h=n) layers subjected to a uniform in-
ternal pressure load. The material properties used in the
2457.0
(MPa)
following optimum design are given in Table 1. It is
XC
assumed that G13 G12 ; m12 m13 and density q 1:0.
±
Optimal angle-ply orientations of laminated symmetric
h= ÿ h= . . .S shells designed for maximum stiness were
2193.5
(MPa)
investigated. The relationship between displacement
XT
and lamination angle of symmetric angle-ply shells
±
h= ÿ h=h= ÿ hS of radius of curvature R 50 mm, side-
length L 300 mm with various geometry and loading
(MPa)
0.25
conditions was studied. Plots of central displacement
0.3
m23
versus lamination angle for the clamped cylindrical shell
under uniform internal pressure load are given in Fig. 1.
0.016691
SeT TeT
(MPa)
ReT
E3
XeC
E2
0.015393
Lamina
Table 1
BMC
Fig. 4. Con®gurations of (a) the upper portion of the vessel and (b) its
development drawing (12: upper portion; 16: long ®ber composite re-
Fig. 3. A detailed diagram of the adapter (110: metal adapter; 111: inforcement; 121: out; 122: radius of base).
metal thread; 112: outer longitudinal slot; 113: peripheral slot).
Fig. 5. Con®gurations of (a) the middle body of the vessel and (b) its development drawing (13: middle body; 131: taper; a and b: side lengths).
Fig. 6. Con®gurations of (a) the lower portion of the vessel and (b) its
development drawing (14: lower portion). using the interfacing ring structure with the help of ad-
hesive. As shown in Fig. 7, the dividing pressure vessel is
not attached to metal ring (123) at one opening and
pressure, radius of curvature, and thickness of the metal ring (132) at the counter part. With the help of
pressure vessel, respectively. Using interfacing rings, the male and female threads, the pressure vessel can be
volume of the vessel can be varied by adding or re- tightened together as a whole. By a similar method,
moving engaged sections without seriously sacri®cing more sections can be added to increase the volume of the
the strength. Since the axial stress (r1 P R=2t) and vessel.
the hoop stress (r2 P R=t) are independent of the The graphite/epoxy material used in all the imple-
length L, the stress state would not be changed due to mented examples of this study, the curing pressure was
the variation of vessel length. By using similar technique set about 12±16 kgf/cm2 and the temperature was 150±
as the metal adapter, the pressure vessel is separated by 170°C for 60 min.
242 R.R. Chang / Composite Structures 49 (2000) 237±243
4. Experimental results
Table 2
Theoretical and experimental predictions of ®rst-ply failure pressure load for a [54°/)54°/54°/)54°]S laminated composite pressure vessel
Failure criterion R/h Theoretical failure Experimental failure Dierence j
P ÿ F =P j%
pressure load P (MPa) pressure load F (MPa)
Maximum strain 7.05 23.5
Homan 50 5.29 5.39 1.9
Hill 5.38 0.2
Tsai-Wu 5.26 2.5
Table 3
Theoretical and experimental predictions of ®rst-ply failure pressure load for a [54°/)54°/54°/)54°/54°/)54°]S laminated composite pressure vessel
Failure criterion R/h Theoretical failure Experimental failure Dierence j
P ÿ F =P j%
pressure load P (MPa) pressure load F (MPa)
Maximum strain 9.31 18.4
Homan 33 7.32 7.60 3.8
Hill 7.51 1.2
Tsai-Wu 7.28 4.4
R.R. Chang / Composite Structures 49 (2000) 237±243 243
Table 4
Theoretical and experimental predictions of ®rst-ply failure pressure load for a [54°/)54°/54°/)54°/54°/)54°°/54°/)54°]S laminated composite
pressure vessel
Failure criterion R/h Theoretical failure Experimental failure Dierence j
P ÿ F =P j%
pressure load P (MPa) pressure load F (MPa)
Maximum strain 11.45 16.1
Homan 25 9.23 9.61 4.1
Hill 9.52 0.9
Tsai-Wu 9.22 4.2
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