This column is aimed at Class XI students so that they can prepare for competitive exams such as JEE Main/Advanced,

etc. and
be also in command of what is being covered in their school as part of NCERT syllabus. The problems here are a happy blend
of the straight and the twisted, the simple and the difficult and the easy and the challenging.
*ALOK KUMAR, B.Tech, IIT Kanpur

MEASURE OF ANGLES DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A TRIGONOMETRICAL

There are three system for measuring angles FUNCTION
1. Sexagesimal or English system : Trigonom- Domain Range
1 right angle = 90 degree(= 90°) etrical
1° = 60 minutes (= 60′) Function
1′ = 60 seconds (= 60′′) sinx R [–1, 1]
2. Centesimal or French system : cosx R [–1, 1]
1 right angle = 100 grades (= 100g) tanx R
⎧ π ⎫
1 grade = 100 minutes (= 100′) R − ⎨(2n + 1) , n ∈ I ⎬
1 minute = 100 seconds (= 100′′) ⎩ 2 ⎭
3. Circular system : The measure of an angle
cosecx R – {nπ, n ∈ I} R – {x : –1 < x < 1}
subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of
secx ⎧ π ⎫ R–{x : –1<x<1}
length equal to the radius of the circle. R − ⎨(2n + 1) , n ∈ I ⎬
 1 radian = 57°17′44.8′′ ≈ 57°17′45′′. ⎩ 2 ⎭
 If s is the length of an arc of a circle of radius r, then cotx R – {nπ, n ∈ I} R
the angle θ (in radians) subtended by this arc at the
centre of the circle is given by TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ALLIED
 ANGLES
s 
θ= or s = rθ Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or
r    difference is either zero or a multiple of 90°.

i.e., Length of arc
= radius × angle in radians Allied angles sinθ cosθ tanθ
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREE, GRADE
AND RADIAN Trigo. Ratio
180° = 200g = π radian = 2 Right angles. (–θ) –sinθ cosθ –tanθ
g c ⎛π ⎞ cosθ sinθ cotθ
⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎜⎝ − θ ⎟⎠
i.e. 1° = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ and 1c = 57° 17′44.8′′
⎝9⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ 2
= 63g 66′20′′
* Alok Kumar is a winner of INDIAN NATIONAL MATHEMATICS OLYMPIAD (INMO-91).
He trains IIT and Olympiad aspirants.

8 MATHEMATICS TODAY | NOVEMBER‘16

 cosθ –sinθ –cotθ t
UBO A + B + C)
⎛π ⎞
⎜⎝ + θ ⎟⎠ tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
2 =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
(π – θ) sinθ –cosθ –tanθ
t
DPU A + B + C)
(π + θ) –sinθ –cosθ tanθ
–cosθ –sinθ cotθ cot A cot B cot C − cot A − cot B − cot C
⎛ 3π ⎞ =
⎜⎝ 2 − θ ⎟⎠ cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A − 1
In general :
⎛ 3π ⎞ –cosθ sinθ –cotθ
⎜⎝ 2 + θ ⎟⎠ t
TJO A1 + A2 + ... + An)
= cosA1cosA2 ... cosAn(S1 – S3 + S5 – S7 + ...)
(2π – θ) –sinθ cosθ –tanθ t
DPT A1 + A2 + ... + An) = cosA1cosA2 ... cosAn(1 – S2
(2π + θ) sinθ cosθ tanθ + S4 – S6 + ...)
S − S + S − S + ...
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS FOR VARIOUS t
tan( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) = 1 3 5 7
ANGLES 1 − S2 + S4 − S6 + ...
where,S1 = tanA1 + tanA2 + .... + tanAn = The sum of
θ 0° π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π the tangents of the separate angles.
S2 = tanA1tanA2 + tanA1tanA3 + ... + tanAn–1tanAn
sinθ 0 1/2 1/ 2 3/2 1 0 –1 0 = The sum of the tangent angles taken two at a time.
S 3 = tanA 1 tanA 2 tanA 3 + tanA 2 tanA 3 tanA 4 + ...
cosθ 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0 1
= Sum of tangent angles taken three at a time, and so on.
tanθ 0 1/ 3 1 3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0 If A1 = A2 = ... = An = A, then S1 = ntanA,
S2 = nC2tan2 A, S3 = nC3tan3A,...
SUM AND DIFFERENCES OF TWO ANGLES t
TJOnA = cosnA(nC1tanA – nC3tan3A + nC5tan5A – ...)
t
TJO A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB t
DPTnA = cosnA(1 – nC2tan2A + nC4tan4 A – ...)
t
TJO A – B) = sinAcosB – cosAsinB n
C1 tan A −nC3 tan3 A +nC5 tan5 A − ....
t
DPT A + B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB t
tan nA =
t
DPT A – B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB 1 −nC2 tan2 A +nC4 tan 4 A −nC6 tan6 A + ...
tan A + tan B t
TJO α) + sin(α + β) + sin(α + 2β) + .... +
t
tan( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B sin{α + (n − 1)(β / 2)} ⋅ sin(nβ / 2)
sin(α + (n – 1)β) =
tan A − tan B sin(β / 2)
t
tan( A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B t cos(α) + cos(α + β) + cos(α + 2β) + ... +
cot A cot B − 1 ⎧
t
cot( A + B) = ⎛ β ⎞⎫ ⎧ ⎛ β ⎞⎫
cot A + cot B cos ⎨α + (n − 1) ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ ⋅ sin ⎨n ⎜ ⎟ ⎬
⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
cot A cot B + 1 cos(α + (n – 1)β) =
t
cot( A − B) = ⎛β ⎞
cot B − cot A sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
t
TJO A + B)sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE
t
DPT A + B)cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A t
TJOAcosB= sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
SUM AND DIFFERENCES OF THREE ANGLES t
DPTAsinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
t
TJO A + B + C) = sinAcosBcosC + cosAsinBcosC t
DPTAcosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)
+ cosAcosB sinC –sinAsinBsinC t
TJOAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
= cosAcosBcosC(tanA + tanB + tanC
SUM AND DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCTS
– tanA· tanB · tanC)
C+D C−D
t
DPT A + B + C) = cosAcosBcosC – sinAsinBcosC t
sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
– sinAcosBsinC – cosAsinBsinC 2 2
= cosAcosBcosC(1 – tanAtanB – C+D C−D
t
sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
tanBtanC – tanCtanA) 2 2

10 MATHEMATICS TODAY | NOVEMBER‘16

 C+D C−D C ON DI T IONA L T R IG ONOM ET R IC A L
t cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos IDENTITIES
2 2
C+D D −C 1. If A + B + C = π, then
t
cos C − cos D = 2 sin sin .
t
TJOA + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
2 2
C+D C−D
t
TJOA + sin2B – sin2C = 4cosA cosB sinC
= −2 sin sin
t
TJO B + C – A) + sin(C + A – B)
2 2
sin( A ± B) ⎛ π ⎞ + sin(A + B – C) = 4sinA sinB sinC
t
tan A ± tan B = , ⎜ A ≠ nπ + , B ≠ mπ ⎟
t
DPTA + cos2B + cos2C = –1 – 4cosA cosB cosC
cos A. cos B ⎝ 2 ⎠
sin(B ± A) ⎛ π⎞
t
DPTA + cos2B – cos2C = –1 – 4sinA sinB cosC
t
cot A ± cot B = , ⎜ A ≠ nπ, B ≠ mπ + ⎟ A B C
sin A sin B ⎝ 2⎠
t
sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF MULTIPLE OF AN
ANGLE A B C

t
sin A + sin B − sin C = 4 sin sin cos
2 tan A 2 2 2
t
sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A =
1 + tan2 A A B C
t
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
t
DPTA = 2cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2A 2 2 2
1 − tan2 A π A B C
= cos2 A − sin2 A = ; where A ≠ (2n + 1) t
cos A + cos B − cos C = −1 + 4 cos cos sin
2 2 2 2
1 + tan A 4
2 tan A cos A cos B cos C
tan 2 A =
t
+ + =2
t
2 sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B
1 − tan A
t
TJOA = 3sinA – 4sin3A
t
TJO2A + sin2B – sin2C = 2sinA sinB cosC
t
DPTA = 4cos3A – 3cosA
t
DPT2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 – 2cosA cosB cosC
3 tan A − tan3 A
t
TJO2A + sin2B + sin2C = 1 – 2sinA sinB cosC
t
tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan2 A A B C A B C
t
TJOA = 4sinA · cos3A – 4cosAsin3A
t
sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 1 − 2 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
t
DPTA = 8cos4 A – 8cos2A + 1
A B C A B C
4 tan A − 4 tan3 A
t
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 2 + 2 sin sin sin
t
tan 4 A = 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 − 6 tan2 A + tan 4 A
A B C A B C
t
TJOA = 16sin5A – 20sin3A + 5sinA t
sin2 + sin2 − sin2 = 1 − 2 cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
t
DPTA = 16cos5A – 20cos3A + 5cosA
A B C A B C
M A X I M U M A N D M I N I M U M VA L U E O F
t
cos2 + cos2 − cos2 = 2 cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
a sinθ + b cosθ
Let a = rcosα ...(i) and b = rsinα ...(ii)
t
UBOA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), then a2 + b2 = r2 or,
t
DPUB cotC + cotC cotA + cotA cotB = 1

r = a 2 + b2 B C C A A B

t
tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
∴ asinθ + bcosθ = r(sinθ cosα + cosθ sinα) 2 2 2 2 2 2
= rsin(θ + α) A B C A B C
t
cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
Since, –1 ≤ sin(θ + α) ≤ 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Then –r ≤ rsin(θ + α) ≤ r π
2. If A + B + C = , then
2 2 2 2 2
Hence, − a + b ≤ a sin θ + b cos θ ≤ a +b
t
TJO A + sin B + sin2C = 1 – 2sinA sinB sinC
2 2
Then the greatest and least values of asinθ + bcosθ are

t

DPT2A + cos2B + cos2C = 2 + 2sinA sinB sinC
a2 + b2 and − a2 + b2 respectively.
t
TJOA + sin2B + sin2C = 4cosA cosB cosC

12 MATHEMATICS TODAY | NOVEMBER‘16

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF 2m
SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES (c) tan θ = (d) None of these
m2 + 1
3 −1 5. If sinx + siny = 3(cosy – cosx), then the value of

t
sin15° =
2 2 sin 3x
is
3 +1 sin 3 y

t
DPT¡
= (a) 1 (b) –1
2 2
(c) 0 (d) None of these

t
tan15° = 2 − 3 = cot 75° 6. If tanθ + secθ = ex, then cosθ equals
x −x
(a) (e + e )
2

t
DPU¡



3 = tan75° (b)
2 (e + e − x )
x
5 −1

t
sin18° = = cos 72° (e x − e − x ) (e x − e − x )
4 (c) (d)
2 (e x + e − x )
10 + 2 5

t
cos18° = = sin 72° 1 1
4 7. If x + = 2 cos α, then x n + =
x xn
10 − 2 5 (a) 2ncosα (b) 2ncosnα

t
sin 36° = = cos 54° (c) 2isinnα (d) 2cosnα
4
1 + sin A − cos A
5 +1 8. =

t
cos 36° = = sin 54° 1 + sin A + cos A
4 A A A A
(a) sin (b) cos (c) tan (d) cot
NA P OL IA N OR NA P I E R’ S A NA L O G Y OR 2 2 2 2
TANGENTS LAW 9. If 2ycosθ = xsinθ and 2xsecθ – y cosecθ = 3, then
⎛ A− B ⎞ a −b C x2 + 4y2 =
t
UBO ⎜ ⎟ = cot  (a) 4 (b) –4
⎝ 2 ⎠ a +b 2
(c) 0 (d) None of these

⎛ B −C ⎞ b−c A  10. If x = secφ – tanφ, y = cosecφ + cotφ, then
t
UBO ⎜ ⎟ = cot
⎝ 2 ⎠ b+c 2 y +1 y −1
 (a) x = (b) x =
⎛C − A⎞ c −a B  y −1 y +1
t
UBO ⎜ ⎟ = cot 
⎝ 2 ⎠ c+a 2 1− x
(c) y = (d) None of these
1+ x
PROBLEMS x sin φ y sin θ
11. If tan θ = and tan φ = , then
Single Correct Answer Type x 1 − x cos φ 1 − y cos θ
=
1. Which of the following relation is correct ? y
(a) sin1 < sin1° (b) sin1 > sin1° sin φ sin θ
π (a) (b)
φ
(c) sin1 = sin1° (d) sin1 = sin1° sin θ sin
180 sin φ sin θ
2. If sinθ + cosecθ = 2, the value of sin10θ + cosec10 is (c) (d)
1− cos φ
1− cos θ
(a) 10 (b) 210 (c) 29 (d) 2
−4 12. If tanθ + sinθ = m and tanθ – sinθ = n, then
3. If sin θ = and θ lies in the third quadrant, then (a) m2 – n2 = 4mn (b) m2 + n2 = 4mn
θ 5
cos = (c) m2 – n2 = m2 + n2 (d) m2 − n2 = 4 mn
2
1 1 2 13. If cotθ + tanθ = m and secθ – cosθ = n, then which
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − 2
5 5 5 5 of the following is correct
(a) m(mn2)1/3 – n(nm2)1/3 = 1
4. (m + 2)sinθ + (2m – 1)cosθ = 2m + 1,if (b) m(m2n)1/3 – n(mn2)1/3 = 1
3 4 (c) n(mn2)1/3 – m(nm2)1/3 = 1
(a) tan θ = (b) tan θ =
4 3 (d) n(m2n)1/3 – m(mn2)1/3 = 1

MATHEMATICS TODAY | NOVEMBER‘16 13