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i I
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E

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E F P (E ) P (F )

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 # '8
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2 R 4 , 2 R 6 ,3 R 3 ,3 R 6,3 R 9 : !
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. a=1.a ) 3 :R C

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m = m " =1
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)
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. 2 R 4 2 4 R 2 CA 9 O ! : !2

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: R13 7
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U

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H9 2 C #

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8= = a E /! H9 2 /# !
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0 = {t = 3k , k } , 1 = {t = 3k +1, k } , 2 = {t = 3k + 2, k }
.a = {a,1 a} ! J A A #9 U

20
 :12 3 0 "* 4 5
(a a ) a .1
a =b aR b .2
a Ib a R b .3
U a = E .4
a E
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9J #9 O! % 2 ! :! 2 , C R " !:0
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, C
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., C #
:(@% , (3 ,
, C < 8 = 2
M" R C (9 # 9 ' E /! 2 2 (3 , " !:
bR a aR b
.(@% 1;! ! 2, 2

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1
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Y #9 ! ) ) 2 (bornée) '8= " !U U

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a
1 b
(1) 2 c ( f
3 d

g
a
1 b
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3 d

f : ,, f
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:& 4 5
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: (\ f " !:0
x1,x 2 E : f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 ) x1 = x 2

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[ x1,x 2 E : x1 x2 f (x 1 ) f (x 2 ) ] F
: A2) C f (x ) = y :! 2 ]! f( 2 : 5J M2 3 0
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f
1 a
(1) b
2 c
3 d ]! f

f : ,,
(2)
n ,, n + 5
:1!) f
n,m : f (n ) = f (m ) n +5= m +5
n =m
f : ,,
(3)
x ,, x 2
x 1 = 2 , x 2 = 2 =" ]CA 1!) ]! f
. 4 = f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 ) 2 x 1 x2 !
1/ / = /! 2 :69 2 $( # A #9 : 7 8
. A2)

: <
.] f : E ,, F 2
:( 0f " !
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24
 : ) *

f
1 a
(1) b
2 c
3 d

[ 0 f
g
1 '
(2) 2 (
3
/
4

0( g

f : ,,
(3)
n ,, n + 5
: [ 0 f
. #9 C f (n ) = n + 5 = 1 CA y = 1 ="

(4)
f : {1} ,, {1}
x
x ,,
x 1

{1} - y : L !
x
f (x ) = y ., =y
x 1
., x = xy y
., xy x =y
., x ( y1) = y
y
., x =
y 1
. 0 f 1! = x " O C!

25
 (5)
f : {2} ,,
x +1
x ,,
x 2

. -y 2
x +1
f (x ) = y ., =y
x 2
., x + 1 = xy 2y
., xy x = 2y +1
., x ( y 1) = 2 y + 1
2y +1
., x =
y 1
f (x ) = 1 " " y = 1 " M" $ = 0 x ?9 y = 1 =" 1!" O C!
.[ 0 f 1! .]

:- #
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f
1 a
(1) 2 b
3 c

f : ,,
(2)
n ,, n + 5
.( CA y = 0 ) [ 0 1\!) C f

26
 f : + ,, +
(3)
x ,, x 2
x 2 = y ., f (x ) = y , y + ) f
.x = y : [ C

: N "
.E 0 A 2 f : E ,, F 2
:; 9 F 8= = f( (9 A '8= < D < / # !
f (A ) = {f (x ) / x A}
= {y F/ x A : y = f (x )}

: N " 4 5
.f ( ) = ."
A1 A2 f (A1 ) f (A 2 ) .,
f (A1 1 A 2 ) = f (A1 ) 1 f (A 2 ) .V
: 3 "
:; 9 E 8= = f( (9 F 0 B '8= 2 < / # !
f 1
( B ) = {x E / f (x ) B }
# 2 ( 1 C 8 2 < / #9 f 1
: 7 8
.]C f 2
: 3 " 4 5
f 1
( )= .1
f 1
(F ) = E .2
f 1
(B 1 1 B 2 ) = f 1
(B1 ) 1 f 1
(B 2 ) .3
f 1
(B 1 2 B 2 ) = f 1
(B1 ) 2 f 1
(B 2 ) .4

27
 # '8 9

F = {3,4,8,10,11} W E = {1,2,5} ! .1
x E y F : xR y y x: ; R C
.R C

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A, B P ( E ) : A R B A = CE B
.R C 3 7

:S !A C ! $E = = .3
2
( a, b) : aSb a 3 b3 = 3(a b)
.H9 2 C S " : A" ."
. - a H9 2 / A 1 $0 .,

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) .4
(a, b) R1 (c, d ) ., ad = bc
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. ( a, b) */ (1,2) $ (3,3) .,

: C ! E= 2
.5
(a, b) R2 (c, d ) ., a c b d
., C R2 " ."
.#\2 , .,

28
 . F = {0,1, 2,3} W E = {a, b, c} 2 .6
f : P ( E ) ,, F :( ^ !
A ,, f ( A) = Card A (A / ! )
B B 0B f

f : 2
,, 2 .7
x y
( x, y ) ,,
2
B B 0B (

f : ,, , g: {1} ,,
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x ,, x 2 x ,, x + 2
x 1
B 0B f ."
.g ; ! ) *! .,
.9 :! 2 f 3g $ g 3f .V

f : ,, 2 .9
x ,, x + 3
x 1
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. f : D f ,, U
. ^ B 0B f U
.f 1
< ^ N #9 B [ 0 f 2 / = 7 ,= 2U

:@ ! ( " *! .10
*
g: ,,
x ,, x + 3
x 1

29
 + , $ *

+&,& - + *

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:( & /A
.( C ( s: ,, ( =
.n ( C s n < /# !

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:B
:J 8= = A 2
A -0
n :n A s (n ) A
.A = < % !

: (2 B 0 A
:; #9 @ =
2
(i ) (m , n ) :m +0=m
(ii ) m + s (n ) = s (m + n )s (m + n )

30
 . #9 7 @= : "5
: #9 : A m =" @%! : 9 >
E = {n / m + n ����� } = {n / m + n }

. -m . m +0=m ) E -0 ! 7 0E
. [% " E - s (n ) E -n 2
: *
-n +m E -n
. - s (n + m ) 1!
. m + s (n ) = s ( n + m )
. E - s (n ) " M"
. #9 # 7 @ = " M" $ E
m s (m ) = m + 1 : 7 8
: #9 (ii) , : *
m + s (0) = s (m + 0)
m + s (0) = s (m )
: s (0) ; 1 ; !8 \!2
s (m ) = m + 1
:J 8= = E 2 : L / @= 7R O C ,
(i ) 0 E
(ii ) n E , n + 1 E
.E !

: ./ 012
. = = /7 P 2
. - n $ % P (n )

31
 :B 9> * A
. -n 2 =" / P (n ) : ?9 / n : P (n ) P (n + 1) / P (0) 2

. = P (n ) / 7 ( / : A? " . : 7 8
.@= 1! /7 ( n =0 " 2R ! U
.@= % 9 ! . -n =" / P (n ) " + *! U
/7 2 # .n +1 n 1! . / P (n + 1) " : A! U
. #9 / P (n )

: (2 , 0 A
:; #9 , %
(m , n ) : (i ) m 5 0 = 0
(ii ) m 5 (n + 1) = m 5 n + m
. #9 7 , % : "5
.: A -m 2 *
: !
A = {n / m .n ���� }
= {n / m .n }
. m .0 = 0 ) A -0 : U
. A - n +1 " ! A -n " + *! U
. - m .n A -n
: !
m 5 (n + 1) = m 5 n + m
1! - mn + m ?9 #9 7 @= " !" !2 -m - m 5n "
. A - (n + 1)
.A = : ! @= ,

32
 :B 4 5A
. = U:@=
. */ M /! U
. 8 7C /! 2U
m,n, p :m + p =n + p m =n ,
(m , n ) 2
:m +n =0 m =n =0 U

:, 4 5A
:3 7 , % @
.# = # , % U
n : n 51 = n M /! 1 U
. 8 7C /! *
/! 2U
2 *
(m , n ) ; p : mp = np m =n
: @ = S8 , % U
m (n + p ) = mn + mp
(n + p ) 5 m = nm + pm
:( A
: ; n! ^ !
0! = 1
n * , n ! = n (n 1)!
n ! = n (n 1)(n 2)L × 2 × 1 1!
: ' B2 A
: ; mn
2 m 0 =1
(m , y ) :
m n +1 = m n 5 m

33
 :4 5
m,n, p : m p 5 m n = m p +n
(m n ) p = m np
(m 5 n ) p = m p 5 n p
n 1 = n , 1n = 1
0n = 0 , n /

. 00 = 1 . /!

:4 5

m 5 n =1 m = n =1
m 5n = 0 m =0 n =0
:, '8 A
: @%! - n,m 2 =" :0
m n p :m + p =n
.( m n m n) m < n , 2!
:4 5
. #9 # 2 , C " " C
m,n :m <n m +1 n m n 1
.( /! ) #9 /! L/" */

. /! L/" 7 0 8= = 2:9
. 7 0 = 0A 2 :-
. ! = mA
( x A : 0 x ) ( mA - 0 )) mA
. mA
.( a + 1 > a : )) mA a + 1 ?9 A - a 2 =" 1!)

34
. mA - b + 1 J mA - b = 1! .(6 7 mA - n + 1 mA - n : 8 )
.' < b +1 J A - ' = 1!?9 A ; !" [ b +1 "
.b ' :( 9A; !" b 2
.b = ' 8 b ' < b +1 : !
.A #9 /! L/" 1! .A ; !" A -b

. /! 2R @ 7 0 8= = 2: "5
. : 9>

: 'F #
. - m ,n 2 :0
:( (n ; % m " ") m n " !
k : m = nq
. n / m , 2!
.# 8= , C # "/" C : "5
. : 9>

. (m , n ) × *
2 : 'F # 0
:J 2
- (q , r ) < !A =
m = nq + r r n 1
.n m P (q , r ) / # !
.# r$ / q$ n$ m

35
 .B 9> - : 7 8
: ! `/< @= "
.(@= #9 /) L / 7 ) L/
. - n0 2
/ P (n 0 ) + *!
n n 0 : P (n ) P (n + 1)
. n n0 : / P (n ) !

"

n +x =m : x = : : #
:9 2D N A .m n 2 ] #9 n $m J
= :' = ! .] : N 9 ./ = = < %
.H9 2 C = N '! ! . / )
:; E S C ! .E = × 2
(a,b ) S (c , d ) a +d =b +c
:
.E H9 2 C S C
.H9 2 !/" E S C .

36
 (a,b ) = {(x , y ) E : (x , y ) S (a ,b )}
= {(x , y ) E : x + b = y + a}
= {(x , y ) E : x y = a b}
(a,b ) = {(x , x a +b) , x x a +b 0}
: CA 9
(0,0) = {(x , x 0 + 0) , x }
= {(x , x ) / x }
(1,1) (0,0) , (3, +2) (0,0)
(1,2) = {(x , x 1 + 2) , x }
= {(x , x + 1) / x }

: "
: !R +
!
+
{
= (a ,b ) / a > b }
. - x $ (x , x ) H9 2 / 1!R 0 ^ !
:; " = ^ !
{
= (a ,b ) / a < b }
: " @ 3
.E = 2
- (a ,b ) 2
: !
a = b ,, (a ,b ) = (b , a ) 0
a < b ,, a + m = b , m : (a ,b ) ., m
a > b ,, a = b + m , m : (a ,b ) ., m
.H9 2 */ !" H 2 / )

37
 : CA
(1,2) 1
(3,1) 2 (5,3) (a + 2, a ) , a
2 (2, 4) (1,3) (a , a + 2) , a
: 4 5
" " C 2
r s s =r +k ,k
: 9 % $3 7 *! 9 , % @= # ^
:@= ! [ O! /! 2: "5
p , x = p : p +x =0

: H 5 4 5 6
. b = ka : J -k = b 0 a . / !: #
:
. a :a = ( a ) 5 ( 1) = a 5 1 !
.a # 1, 1 1!
. Dp = {±1, p } # 1 = :! 2 " -p " :0

. #9 ] (a,b ) *
× @ x = : ax = b
N D = < % - . #9 2x = 1 CA
. = ' D! 29 .:

38
 : E
: C ! × *
=
(a,b ) S (c , d ) ad = bc
:
. × *
H9 2 C # S C

.S C (9 H9 2 */ = !" !:0
{
= (a ,b ) / (a ,b ) × *
}
:& @ 3
: , 2!
a
(a ,b )
b

: (2 , B
a c ad + bc
+ =
b d bd
a c ac
5 =
b d bd
: 9% $ 2 3 7 2 @

b a
.r" = , % ! O! {0} = *
-r = 2: "5
a b
:, '8
." " C 2
.: 5 * : /7
. px > y J 7
-p = *
+ - x, y 2 ="

39
 s *
x= s, m, t , n +
m
t
y= sn 1
n
s 6
px > y p5 >
m n
8 psn > t 5 m
2 sn > 1 ?9 sn 1 "
.������� ���� p �� p = 2mt ��� ���� ����
: 7 8
: : = #9 : O 3 ! M * " :! =
.x 2 = r S ! : @ #9 : O 2 D " $( )
N 8 = = M O! ' ! - #9 C x2 =2 CA 9
. ) = : O ! $ 2D
.( 7 O! ) a > 9 3 7 "+ *

- 9

m, n J . s (m + s (n)) = s (m) + s (n) .1

m, n J . s ( m) + s ( n) = s ( m + n) + 1 / .2

m, n J . s ( m) 5 s ( n) = s ( m 5 n) + m + n .3

m, n : / .4
m=n s ( k ) 5 m > n, k a)
m=n s ( k ) 5 m > n, k b)

40
 : = #9 = @= " ^ .5
m, n, p : m + (n + p ) = (m + n) + p

: #9 @ = S8 , % " ^ .6
(n + p ) 5 m = nm + pm , n, m, p

: ?9 n > m @ - n $m =" : " : A .7

p :m+ p<n+ p
. 2
1
: / .8
m p 5 mq = m p+q
m n m 2 + n 2 > 2m 5 n
: @= .9
1
1 + 2 + L + n = n(n + 1)
2
1
12 + 22 + L + n 2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
1
13 + 23 + 33 + L + n3 = n 2 (n + 1)2
4
.a b @ - a, b 2 .10
n : ..................... a+b "

: !A C = .11
xR y x y = 3k , k
.H9 2 C R " 2R
.2 $1 $0
.t = H9 2 */ = A
3

41
 : E < 7) = ! .12
x +& y = x + y , x ×& y = xy
.E #9 # = 6D!"
a a a
. - y $x J " ^9 W : 2 .13
(bx + cy ) c b
a
.b a " 9 b 0 : 2 .14
b

2 )3 " 5.15
. x<z< y J z( ! = x< y J yW x ! M" 1!" : A"

a, b +
a<b a 2 < ab < b 2 .16
. a, b #9 : = ,2 A

42
 + %, - + *

:
. #9 ] x 2 +1= 0 A : " #9 [ 2D *! #
]!2 : N 9./ D < = = !

: 0
. × = !" = !
. !A M 2
2
-z (a ,b )
. 9 @% 9
. (a ,0) !A 1 a# !
a (a ,0)
. '8=2 H . N

:
: = !
(a ,b ) + (a",b ") = (a + a",b + b ") :@=
(a,b ) 5 (a",b ") = (aa" bb " , ab " + ba") :, %
:4 5
(0,0) M /! 1 $# = $# :@= U
. ( a, b ) O! (a,b ) /! 2
. (1,0) M /! 1 $# = $# , % U
: ( [ ) [ O! - 9 (0,0) (a ,b ) 2 ="
9 a b :
; 2 2
, 2 2 <
= a +b a +b >
.@ = O% , % U

43
 ::# @ 3
. i = (0,1) @%!
. i 2 = ( 1,0) 1 .1
: ?9 z = (a ,b ) 2 .2
z = (a ,b ) = (a ,0) + (0,b )
= (a ,0) + b 5 (0,1)
a + ib
.M 3
: "
- z = (a ,b ) = a + ib
a = Re(z ) $ z # '8= a
b = Im(z ) $ z # 7 '8= b
. ]9 / [ 7 z # !a 0 2
. z " = x " + iy " $ z = x + iy =" : 7 8
:# 2, % @= ./
z + z " = (x + x ") + i ( y + y ")
z 5 z " = (xx " yy ") + i (xy " + yx ")

z =z" x =x" y = y"

:i:# H '
i2 = 1 : " !"
1
= i : 1!
i
i3 = i :#
i 4 =1
: 1!
i 4 k = 1 , i 4 k +1 = i , i 4 k + 2 = 1 , i 4 k +3 = i

44
 ::# &2
. - z = x + iy 2
.z = x iy M $z (9 # !

:4 5
(i ) z = z , z 1 + z 2 = z 1 + z 2 , z 1z 2 = z 1 5 z 2
(ii ) z + z = 2 Re(z ) , z z = 2i 5 Im(z )
::#
. - z = x + iy 2
.z = x2+y2 $zM # !
: " O C! : 7 8
2
z 5z = z z
1 z
z 0, = 2
z z

: - z , z " =" :4 5
(i ) z 0, z =0 z =0
(ii ) zz " = z z "
z
(iii ) z = ,z" 0
z" z"
(iv ) z + z " z + z"

::#
.? # 2 =" :%
. e i ? = cos ? + i sin ? @%!

45
 :4 5
a) ? : ei? = 1
b) (', () 2
: ei' ei( = ei ( '+()
c) z : z =1 , ? : e i? = z
d) ? : e i? = 1 ? = 2k , k
e) ei' = ei( ' ( = 2k , k
1 i'
f ) i' = e = cos ' i sin ' = ei'
e
: +

e
i
2 =i ,e i
= 1,e
( )=
i 3
2
i

: (Euler) * '8 (Moivre) P '8

:( P '8 ) :
n , ? : (e i ? ) n = e in ?
? , n : (cos ? + i sin ?) n = cos n ? + i sin n ? M"

: * '8 :
ei? +e i?
? : cos ? =
2
i?
e ei?
sin ? =
2i
::# () ) -3N
.z *
2
z = z ei? : J (2 ) -? =
arg(z ) = ?[ 2 ] : , 2! z ?# !

. [' , ' + 2 [ = 2 #9 [ ]! - M < : 7 8

.< # [ , [ = #9 7R

46
 2D , 2 *
-z M 2:
z = r e i ? , r > 0, ?
.1 arg z = ? $z r=z
.#A A 2D 2 z = r e i ? = r cos ? + ir sin ? 2

: #
::#
. =- *
-z M 2
z = a + ib @%!
u2 = z J u = x + iy J !

2 x2 y 2 =a
u =z
2xy = b
x2 y 2 =a
xy = b
2
x2+y2= z

z +a z +a
x2= x =@
2 2
z a z a
y2= y = @"
2 2 ��
xy = b @ , @" { 1,1}
2
b ����� �� @@" ������

47
 a , b ,c .a 0 C (2 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ...(I) -
. #9 (I)
=b2 4ac > 0 : #9 * 7 C ."
=0 : #9 % # .,
<0 : #9 C .V

:#
b+ b
x1 = , x2 = (")
2a 2a
b
x1 = x 2 = (,)
2a
b +i " b i "
x1 = , x2 = 1! $ ">0 @ = i 2 " @%! (V)
2a 2a
::# H
. (O ,e1 ,e 2 ) != > 8!
.M (x , y )M ! z = x + iy M 2
.M z " "z < /M# !
: 7 8
.M ! " 9 d (O , M ) # z
. / * ; ; Ox J; $ (Ox ,OM ) 8 : " # arg z
. M 2 (z 2 ) M 1 (z 1 ) ! ="
.M 2 M1 ! 9 z1 z 2 A
.OM 1NM 2 SC%) M8 #9 @ " A # N ! z1 + z 2

48
 : '8 ( 4 5 6
.r /! A (a ) 82 : < # ! M (z ) !
a z =r d (A , M ) = r
. z =1 J z ) /# < <
a,b , z $ A (a ), B (b ), M (z ) ! 2
: 9 AB !M
a z =b z
c
d (A , M ) = d (b , M )

: &2 '8 ( 4 5 6
.M > ! M (z ) 2
. / * ! M ! < O! # M "(z )
." ! M ! < O! # M ""( z )
., ! M ! < O! # N "( z )

: '8 >4 5
." * 7 ! B (z 2 ) A (z 1 ) 2
arg(z 1 ) arg(z 2 )[ ] *! O ,A ,B !
- k $ arg z 1 = arg z 2 + k : M"

::# H 8
. ! :
OM 1 DM , ! f
z ,, z +a , a
1
(i)
.( M M (a ) ) a < /
. / * ! O! f
z ,, z2
(ii)

49
 ., ! O! f
z ,, 3
z (iii)
.? 1 8 0" N82 M z ,, e i ? 5 z (iv)

. 1 8 0" N82 M z ,, iz (v)

2
: H 5* > #
.d $c $b $a # * 7 ! @ " A (a ) , B (b ) , C (c ) , D (d ) 2
: % '
: # ( AC , AD ) 8
d a
arg(d a ) arg(c a ) = arg + 2k
c a
: # / N
*! A (a ) , B (b ) , C (c ) !
arg(b a ) = arg(c a ) + k
b a
(b a )(c a )
c a

: N
AB , AC D

arg(b a ) = arg(c a ) + +k ,k
2
b a
/# 7
c a
: @ ! E / N
< *! @ A , B ,C , D
d a d b
arg = arg +k ,k
c a c b
(d a )(c b )(c a )(d b )
SC%) JA H A , B ,C !
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ab + bc + ca

50
 ::#
.u n = z J uM $z [! [ =# !. *
-z 2
: ! u = re i ' @%! z = Ae i ? : 9
un = z
c
r ne in ' = Ae i ?
r=nA
rn = A
u =z
n
? + 2k
n ' = ? + 2k 'k = , k = 0,1, 2,K , n 1
n
: 7 8
. */ M M ! ! = S =
. ( 1) n +1 5 z M zM ! ! = ' =

.u 3 = 1 ! .< 2 = : -)
u = rei' @%!
1 = 15e i ? !
: 1!
r = 3 1 =1
' k = 0 + 2k , k = 0,1,2
3
2 4
' 0 = 0 , '1 = , '2 =
3 3
:# = 1!

u =1 , u2 = e
( ) ,u
i 2
3
=e
( )
i 4
3
2

.M 1! u 2 = j
2 i 1+ i 3 1 3
j =e 3 = = +i 5
2 2 2

51
 : [ !
k 0 , j 3k = 1
1+ j + j 2 = 0

# - 9
: ) C2 M = 2D , 2 .1
1 2 1 5+i 1
, , , , i + , in , n
i 1 + i 3 4i 2 + i 2
: ) C2 (9 .2
1 1
3+i , ,
1 + i 2i
r , jr , j 2 r # JCA = ?9 ( r 3 = a ; r) a [2 [ =r 2 .3
1+ i 3
.< # 2 = = j J
2
: :C [ ! / .4
z ,, z
z ,, zi

: ) < ^ .5
. z1 = 1 + i , z2 = 1 + i , z3 = 1 + i 3

: 2 z = a (cos ' + i sin ' ) #A A 2D , 2 .6

z1 = 1(cos ? + i sin ?)
z2 = (cos ? + i sin ?) + (cos ?" + i sin ?")
z3 = i (cos ? + i sin ?)
: b = .7
a = 1 + ib = 1 i 3 ,c = 3 + 2i

52
 1
.' [ 0, ] J z+ = 2cos ' .8
z

1+ z
.i : ?9 z / z 1 , z =1 : 2 1!" ^ .9
1 z

: != M M #9 : [ ! \A .10
(i ) z 2 = 3,(ii ) 2z 1+ i = 4
iz 2 z i
(iii ) = 1,(iv ) =1
z +3 z +i

. -u = 2 2 +i 2+ 2 2 .11
. u W arg (u ) K ! A $ u4 W u2 ,

:J -z ^ .12
z = Re(z ) + Im(z )

z1 + z2
: " ^ 9 z1 = z2 = 1 , z1 z2 1 2 .13
1 + z1z2

53
( -/ / ' ( & Q :-
! % U
( ! ) % , U
% U
.#% U

:( )
: = : U
.# 2 ' = . 8= = U
. L * – 8= * U

# '8 :R )
= C U
/ 7 !A C U
H9 2 !/" – H9 2 C U
, C U
– L – –( 3 7. ( U
. 2 < / .< D < / U

54
 :B
/ 7 IN = U
/ 7 Z = U
. / 7 Q = U

# : 5
.C = U
< – – (9 : ) 3 7U
" C – C U
M #A A 2D U
::
M = U
!A = U
! : + U
,2 ! ! = U

55