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Rotating Magnetic Field

• Balanced three phase windings,


i.e. mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other, fed
by balanced three phase source
• A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is
produced, rotating with a speed
120 f e
nsync  rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency
and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is
called the synchronous speed in
rpm (revolutions per minute)
Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
Theory
1. Three-phase induction motor is the most
popular type of a. c. motor.
2. It is very commonly used for induction
drives since it is cheap, robust, efficient
and reliable.
3. It has good speed regulation and high
starting torque.
4. It requires little maintenance.
5. It has a reasonable overload capacity.
The basic principle of operation is
‘induction’ and hence the name
‘Induction Motor’.
Induction is a phenomenon of an
induced voltage in a coil due to
changing flux.
This flux is established by either
another coil (as a general case) or
the same coil.
IM consists of: 1. stator 2. rotor.

Slot
Tooth

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core
or Stamping
IM consists of: 1. stator 2. rotor.
The stator is the stationary part.
and the rotor is a rotating part. Slot
Tooth

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core
or Stamping
The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel
laminations (cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel sheets)
to reduce eddy current losses.

Rotor
Shaft
The laminations are slotted on the inner periphery
and are insulated from each other.
The insulated stator conductors are placed in these slots.

Rotor
Shaft
The stator conductors are connected to form a three-phase
winding.
The phase winding may be either star or delta connected.

Rotor
Shaft
The clearance between the stator and the rotor is called an
air gap.
The air gap is kept as small as possible to
a) Reduce leakage reactance & no load current and
b) Improve the power factor.

Rotor
Shaft
The rotor is built up of thin laminations of the same material
as that of stator.
The laminated cylindrical core is mounted directly on the
shaft or a spider carried by the shaft.

Rotor
Shaft
The laminations are slotted on their outer periphery
to house the rotor conductors or rotor bars.

Rotor
Shaft
The stator laminations are supported in a stator frame of
cast-iron or fabricated steel plate.
Stator frame is connected to coverings.
The coverings are rested on bearings which are mounted on
shaft.

Rotor
Shaft
Common constructional features for
ALL rotating electrical machines

Stator Core STATOR

Air Gap
Rotor Core Brushes
Φ
Shaft Slip rings

ROTOR Rotor wdg


Bearings

Stator Frame Stator wdg


STATOR

Base
There are TWO types of induction motor depending
on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor (SRIM).

Rotor Bars
Rotor Bars End Rings
(Slightly skewed)
(Slightly skewed)
Fig. 1. Cage Rotor

The slots nearly parallel to the shaft axis or skewed .


Each slot contains an uninsulated bar conductor of
aluminium or copper.
There are TWO types of induction motor depending
on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).

Rotor Bars
Rotor Bars End Rings
(Slightly skewed)
(Slightly skewed)
Fig. 1. Cage Rotor

At each end of the rotor, the rotor bar


conductors are short circuited by heavy end ring
of the same material.
There are TWO types of induction motor depending
on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor (SRIM).

Rotor Bars
Rotor Bars End Rings
(Slightly skewed)
(Slightly skewed)
Fig. 1. Cage Rotor
The conductors and the end rings look like a ‘cage’ of a bird
or form a cage of the type which was once commonly used for
keeping squirrel;

Hence this rotor is known as the squirrel cage rotor.


The important features of this squirrel cage rotor are:
1. The skewed bar reduces harmonics.
2. This gives uniform torque and less noise.
3. The locking tendency is reduced.
4. It has a compact and rugged construction.
5. The end rings can be projected for fanning action for
cooling.
6. It requires no slip rings.
7. It has less loss and more efficiency as compared to SRIM

8. It is not possible to add extra rotor resistance to change


the torque and speed. This is the only disadvantage.
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor
(SRIM).
ROTOR Brushes

SHAFT

OR

Start Run
Rotor winding Max Min
In delta or Star Slip Rings
Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor
The wound rotor consists of a slotted armature.
Insulated conductors are put in the slots and connected to
form a three phase distributed double layer winding
similar to the stator winding.
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor
(SRIM).
ROTOR Brushes

SHAFT

OR

Start Run
Rotor winding Max Min
In delta or Star Slip Rings
Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor
The rotor windings are connected in star or in delta.
The three ends of rotor windings are brought outside the
rotor and connected to three insulated slip rings.
The slip rings are mounted on the shaft with
brushes resting on them.
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor
(SRIM).
ROTOR Brushes

SHAFT

OR

Start Run
Rotor winding Max Min
In delta or Star Slip Rings
Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor
The resistors enable to increase each rotor
phase resistance to serve the following purposes:
1. to increase the starting torque.
2. to decrease the starting current.
3. to improve the starting power factor.
4. to decrease the speed of the motor.
B
Principle of Operation

R Y B

Y
B

R Y B

Y
B

R Y B

Y
Φb

Φr

Φr Φy Φb

Φy

0 60 120 180 240 300 360


Φb

Φr

Φr Φy Φb

Φy

0 60 120 180 240 300 360


Φ0=(3/2)Φm Consider an angle 0o S
Φb -Φy0 R2
Φb0 Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
Φr Φy Φb
N
Φy
Φb0={(√3)/(2)Φm
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φy0={(√3)/(2)}Φm B1=+ & B2 = –


Y1= – & Y2 =+
R1= 0 & R2 =0
At an angle 60o
-Φy0 Φ60=(3/2)Φm
Φb R2 S
Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
Φr60 R1
N
Φr Φy Φb

Φy
Φr60={(√3)/(2)Φm
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

R1=+ & R2 = –
-Φy60={(√3)/(2)}Φm Y1= – & Y2 =+
B1= 0 & B2 =0
At an angle 120o
Φb N R2
Y1 B1
Φr120
Φr
B2 Y2
Φ120=(3/2)Φm R1
S
-Φb120
Φy Φr120={(√3)/(2)Φm

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φb120={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1=+ & R2 = –


Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= – & B2 =+
At an angle 180o N
Φb R2
Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
ΦY180 -Φb180

Φy
S
Φy180={(√3)/(2)Φm

Φ180=(3/2)Φm
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φb180={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1=0 & R2 = 0


Y1= + & Y2 = –
B1= – & B2 =+
At an angle 240o
Φb R2 N
Y1 B1
-Φr240
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
S
ΦY240
Φy Φy240={(√3)/(2)Φm

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φr240={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1= – & R2 = +


Y1= + & Y2 = –
B1= 0 & B2 = 0
Φb At an angle 300o
Φb300
S R2
Φ300=(3/2)Φm Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
-Φr300 R1
N

Φy Φb300={(√3)/(2)Φm

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φr300={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1= – & R2 = +


Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= + & B2 = –
Φ360=(3/2)Φm At an angle 360o S
Φb
-Φy360 R2
Φb360 Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
Φb360={(√3)/(2) }Φm
N
Φy

Phasor is
same as 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
that of
angle 0o R1= 0 & R2 =0
-Φy360={(√3)/(2)}Φm Y1= – & Y2 =+
B1=+ & B2 = –
S
B
R2
Y1 B1

R B2 Y2
R1
R Y B
N
Y

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

For Clockwise RYB, Flux rotate Clockwise,


Poles rotate Clockwise,
S
Y
R2
B1 Y1

R Y2 B2
R1
R Y B
N
B
Now change the
phase sequence
of motor to RBY 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
With same
supply phase
sequence
For anticlockwise phase sequence, Flux rotate anticlockwise,
Poles rotate anticlockwise,
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD Rotor Conductor
STATOR

ROTOR R

Y
Three Phase Supply is given
Flux is set up in the stator and passes from
stator to rotor
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD
STATOR

ROTOR R

Y
Three Phase Supply is given
Flux is set up in the stator and passes from
stator to rotor
Flux rotates Clockwise at Synchronous Speed Ns
A magnetic field moving clockwise has the same effect as a
conductor moving anticlockwise in a stationary field.
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field Flux R
Direction

Y
By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, a voltage will
be induced in the conductor.
Since the rotor is complete, either through the end rings or
an external resistance, the induced voltage causes a current
to flow in the rotor conductor.
By right-hand rule we can determine the direction of induced
current in the conductor.
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field Flux R
Direction

Y of the induced current is outwards,


By this rule the direction
represented by dot.
The current in the rotor conductor produces its own
magnetic field which is opposite to stator field on right hand
side and addition of flux on left hand side.
This flux opposes the cause of it and cause is stator rotating
magnetic field. (Lenz’s Law)
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field Flux R
Direction

Y of the induced current is outwards,


By this rule the direction
represented by dot.
The current in the rotor conductor produces its own
magnetic field which is opposite to stator field on right hand
side and addition of flux on left hand side.
This flux opposes the cause of it and cause is stator rotating
magnetic field. (Lenz’s Law)
So rotor condr or rotor moves in the same dirn of stator field.
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD

Y of the induced current is outwards,


By this rule the direction
represented by dot.
The current in the rotor conductor produces its own
magnetic field which is opposite to stator field on right hand
side and addition of flux on left hand side.
This flux opposes the cause of it and cause is stator rotating
magnetic field.
So rotor condr or rotor moves in the same dirn of stator field.
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD

Y
If rotor moves in opposite direction then the speed
difference between rotor and stator rotating magnetic field
increases.
This increases the opposition. (Not opposing the cause of it)
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST B
METHOD

Y
If rotor moves in same direction then the speed difference
between rotor and stator rotating magnetic field decreases.
This decreases the opposition. (opposing the cause of it)
Rotation of Rotor
B SECOND
More Less METHOD
Flux Flux

Y
The current in the rotor conductor produces its own magnetic
field which is opposite to stator field on right hand side and
addition of flux on left hand side.
Rotor conductor moves towards right due to tension action of
flux. (Catapult)
It is seen that the force acting on the conductor is in the
same direction as the direction of the rotating magnetic field.
Rotation of Rotor
THIRD B
METHOD Direction of Force on Conductor
Current

Flux R
Direction

Y
When a conductor carrying current is put in a magnetic field a
force is produced on it. The direction of force can be found by
left hand Rule.
It is seen that the force acting on the conductor is in the
same direction as the direction of the rotating magnetic field.
Rotation of Rotor S
FOURTH R2
METHOD Y1 B1
Flux S N S
N

Motion B2 Y2
R1
N
3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for
clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor, Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor, Attraction
So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction
Rotation of Rotor S
FOURTH R2
METHOD Y1 B1
Flux S N S
N

Motion B2 Y2
R1
N
3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for
clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor, Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor, Attraction
So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction
Rotation of Rotor S
FOURTH R2
METHOD Y1 B1
Flux S N S
N

Motion B2 Y2
R1
N
3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for
clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor, Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor, Attraction
So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction
Rotation of Rotor S
FOURTH R2
METHOD Y1 B1

N S

B2 Y2
R1
N
3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for
clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor, Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor, Attraction
So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction
Torque
B

Y
Since the rotor conductor is in a slot on the circumference of
the rotor, this force acts in a tangential direction to the rotor
and develops a torque on the rotor.
Similar torques are produced on all the rotor conductors.
Torque
B

Y
Since the rotor conductor is in a slot on the circumference of
the rotor, this force acts in a tangential direction to the rotor
and develops a torque on the rotor.
Similar torques are produced on all the rotor conductors.
Hence rotor rotates and thus
Three-phase induction motor is self starting.
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator B Ns
Flux

Nr
R

s=(Ns-Nr)/Ns=0.04
sf=0.04x50=2Hz
Y
Stator Current, f=50Hz, t=20msec
Rotor Current, f=2Hz, t=500msec

fr=sf
Rotor Current
t=500msec
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator B Ns
Flux

Nr
R
B Ns
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between Rotor Nr
and Rotating Magnetic Field. R
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;

I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.


Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator B Ns
Flux

Nr
R
B Ns
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between Rotor Nr
and Rotating Magnetic Field. R
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
No Rotor Flux.
No torque. Speed decreases. Y

I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.


Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator B Ns
Flux

Nr
R
B Ns
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between Rotor Nr
and Rotating Magnetic Field. R
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
No Rotor Flux.
No torque. Speed decreases. Y
As soon as speed decreases, rotor current flows and
Torque is producedI.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator B Ns
Flux

Nr
R
B Ns
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between Rotor Nr
and Rotating Magnetic Field. R
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
No Rotor Flux.
No torque. Speed decreases. Y
As soon as speed decreases, rotor current flows and
Torque is producedI.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator B Ns
Flux

Nr
R

Y
An induction motor cannot run at synchronous speed.

Therefore the rotor speed is slightly less than the


synchronous speed.

Since the operation of this motor depends on the induced


voltage in its rotor conductors, it is called an induction motor.
I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
An induction motor may also be called as ‘asynchronous
motor’ as it does not run at synchronous speed.

The difference between the synchronous speed and the


actual rotor speed is called slip speed Ns-Nr.

The slip is defined as the ratio of slip speed to the


synchronous speed, s =(Ns-Nr)/Ns.

The slip at full load varies from 2 to 5%.


Frequency of rotor emf = f2
P  relative speed betn rotating flux & rotor

P  Ns  Nr 120

120
P  sN s
  sf1
120
Speed of rotor 120 f 2 120  sf1
   sN s
flux w r t itself P P
Rotor itself rotates at a speed Nr = (1-s) Ns, wrt stator
 Speed of rotor flux wrt stator = sNs + Nr
=Ns
Thus stator and rotor flux rotate at synchronous speed wrt
stator
Speed of rotor 120 f 2 120  sf1
   sN s
flux w r t itself P P
Rotor itself rotates at a speed Nr = (1-s) Ns, wrt stator
 Speed of rotor flux wrt stator = sNs + Nr
=Ns
Thus stator and rotor flux rotate at synchronous speed wrt
stator S Ns wrt stator

Ns wrt stator
N S

Nr wrt stator

N
Speed of rotor 120 f 2 120  sf1
   sN s
flux w r t itself P P
Rotor itself rotates at a speed Nr = (1-s) Ns, wrt stator
 Speed of rotor flux wrt stator = sNs + Nr
=Ns
Thus stator and rotor flux rotate at synchronous speed wrt
stator
Relative speed is zero. MMF are stationary wrt each other
This produces uniform torque
The rotor freq quantity acts at stator freq when referred to
stator

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