Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Speaking ............................................................................................................. 2
Read Aloud .................................................................................................................................. 2
Repeat Sentence ......................................................................................................................... 5
Describe Image .......................................................................................................................... 12
Retell Lecture ............................................................................................................................ 32
Answer Short Questions............................................................................................................ 41
Writing ............................................................................................................. 41
Summarize Written Text ........................................................................................................... 46
Essay Writing ............................................................................................................................. 51
Reading............................................................................................................. 51
Re-Order Paragraphs ................................................................................................................. 53
Fill in the Blanks (Drop-Down) .................................................................................................. 53
Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop) ................................................................................................. 59
Listening ........................................................................................................... 77
Summarize Spoken Text ............................................................................................................ 77
Fill in The Blanks ........................................................................................................................ 90
Write from Dictation ................................................................................................................. 94
ALFA’s Prediction File (topics only) | November 2019
Speaking
Read Aloud
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the full version of this prediction
file for complete content.
44. Weakness
2
Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last month,
but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the board,
according to government figures released Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers
were also advised higher.
45. Father
Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning, made us all breakfast and
read the newspaper. After that, he would go to work. He worked as a writer. It was a long time
before I realize he did this for a living.
Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part
the result of a realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring
several years’ work experience. Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business
school instead opted for a law or policy degree because they were intimidated by the
expectation of work experience.
49. Shrimp
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move
them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and
dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery
ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been surprisingly positive. They're using
the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
51. Bookkeepers
A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has
uncovered 65 instances of theft in more than five years, with more than $31 million stolen. Of
the cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men.
However, male bookkeepers who defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the
amount that women stole.
prone DC generator designs. The new generator designs were a vast improvement over Edison’s
originals. Upon completing the job Tesla went to Edison to collect the $50,000 promised for the
task. 'Tesla,’ Edison replied, ‘you don’t understand our American humor.’ And Tesla was never
paid.
Repeat Sentence
1. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow.
2. I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all.
3. The sports team members often practice on weekdays and play games on weekends.
4. As a student union member, we can influence the change of the university.
5. It seems that language appeared from nowhere.
6. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
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7. You can change your courses on the website during the registration period.
8. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
9. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results.
10. We would like a first draft of the assignment by Monday.
11. You are required to submit the assignment before Friday.
110. You can only choose one subject from biology and chemistry.
111. Please do not bring food into the classroom.
112. Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
113. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.
114. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances.
115. I will need to make sure the school principal knows about the changes.
116. We will need to make sure the school principal knows about the changes.
117. Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay Agreement.
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118. The timetable will be posted on the website before the class starts.
119. The program depends entirely on private funding.
120. I can give you a hand if you need help.
121. If you want to sell your book, it must have a bibliography.
122. It is now acknowledged that his work is groundbreaking.
146. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
147. The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman seminar.
148. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
149. The Psychology Department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects.
150. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.
Describe Image
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Retell Lecture
Engineering Structure
13. Government Blogging 14. Superman & 15. The Increasing
Superpower Productivity
16. Low birth rate 17. Australian export 18. Darkness between
galaxies
19. Aging 20. High LG and Low LG 21. Napoleon Paris
Renovation
40. The Best Rice 41. Underwater Fish 42. Internal and External
Detectors Factors
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the full version of this prediction
file for complete content.
people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense and certainly some of them like TS Eliot
and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people, but
this was a world before the division between the brows or between elite or whatever had
established itself as part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful
effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life and innovative literature that
would equal the great cultures of Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were
there he was not a product of a narrow American Studies kind of training at all. He joined a
high artistic standard with an openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as
much a part of life for everyone as conversation. He thought that Proust and Joyce and Yeats
and Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson
was a very various man over a period of almost 50 years. He was a dedicated a literary
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• There are two phases, one is before the industrial revolution, and the other one is after
that.
• During this time, countries such as China and Africa have developed significantly.
• But there are still some difficulties and problems.
• But actually, kids will get confused when each of their parents uses different language to
describe the same content.
• But if one parent uses stick to one language, and the other one uses another language,
their children will not be confused any more.
• There are two phases, one is before the industrial revolution, and the other one is after
that.
• During this time, countries such as China and Africa have developed significantly.
• But there are still some difficulties and problems.
• There are two types of standard. One is compulsory, and the other one is elective.
• Under the compulsory standard, the products cannot come into the market unless they meet
the requirements. Otherwise, without the Kitemark license, these products will be seen as
illegal.
• This is for the purpose of safety. Take matchboxes as an example.
• The lecture introduced what the cloud is and how the cloud is formed.
• Clouds may contain pollutant particles and is one of the precipitation process.
• Clouds are formed from ocean/sea and air pollution. (Read out the words listed in the
PowerPoint Slides.)
• The impact of clouds include … pollution and high level of … (Read out the words listed in
• Labor practice can also help with experience because through practice you can identify the
weakness so that you can put most of your effort on that weakness. For example, if you
are learning mathematics, you may find your weakness in geometry, and then you can just
focus on geometry.
• Even for those talents with international recognition, they have practiced repeatedly for
years before they have any achievement.
59. Frogs
• A research on frogs with wrong number of limbs has found ______(pie chart)_____ in
North America.
• There are large numbers of frogs with limb deformities or wrong numbers of limbs.
• UK spent 1.04% of its GDP on education institutions, which was insufficient in comparison
to other European countries including Italy, Denmark and Spain.
• The expenditure of Italy and France is close to that of UK.
• By contrast, Denmark and Finland spent much more than the rest of the European
countries
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When they calculate the amount of energy, they’re going to calculate it in heat units which
would either be joules or calories. I want you to look inside the bomb calorimeter inside here
you can see that there’s a silver bucket, water goes all in here and this is actually the bomb is
the smaller silver cylinder what you do is put your fuel sample in there then. These two
electrodes are connected to the bomb these provide the spark that will ignite your sample
when your sample burns or combust that gives off energy so how is the energy collected or
how did how does a scientist figure out how much energy is being given off. Well it’s a closed
system there’s a lid here that goes on top of this calorimeter and what’s in here in the lid is a
stir the stir is going to stir the water that’s in this big pool here so that the heat given off from
the sample is going to warm the water in a uniform way this is the temperature probe this
goes down in the water off so and measures the change in temperature because as the sample
is burned it will give off heat and the temperature of the water will increase so the lid goes on
the sample is prepared the last thing that you need to make a combustion reaction happen is
oxygen and at some point during the process some oxygen is added by a tank that’s connected
to the calorimeter here so we are going to burn a sample of the bio-diesel that you’ve prepared
and get some feedback on the energy content of it you’ll be able to use this to compare it to
petroleum-based fuels like octane.
39
6. What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you where to find
specific information? - Index
7. What is the book that you cannot borrow from the library? - Reserve collection
8. When your company’s assets have increased by triple, how many times does it increase?
– Three times.
9. Whose job is to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a hospital? - Doctor
54. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which commonly starts
a week? - Monday.
55. The job title for someone who cooks food in a kitchen - Chef.
56. What is the opposite of ‘positive’? - Negative.
57. In which direction does the Sun arise from? - East.
71. When you use Microsoft Word, what does “Times New Roman” mean? – Font
72. Which organ is the blood pumped from? – Heart.
73. Under which circumstance would you describe the economy as a good one, the ne with
high unemployment or low unemployment? – Low unemployment.
74. What term is used for the amount of money we owe, asset or debt? – Debt
75. Apart from addition, subtraction, and multiplication, what is the other mathematical
calculation method? – Division
76. Which one is not mythological animal? Unicorn, giraffe, dragon or mermaid? - Giraffe
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94. The name of the building where you can borrow books? - Library.
95. Does a scapegoat receive or give a crime? - Receive
96. How many years are there in a decade? - 10 years
97. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? - Extinct
98. What natural resource is used by a carpenter? - Wood.
99. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? - Pilot
100. Why are bees important for agriculture? - Pollination
101. What books cannot be borrowed from a library? - Reserve Collection
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102. What clothes are used for hiking and for keeping dry? - Outdoor jacket. / Jacket.
103. What are the people who study history and historical evidence? – Historian.
104. How many days are in a leap year? - 366
105. What does a Sundial measure? - Time
106. What publication reports daily news? - Newspaper
45
Writing
Summarize Written Text
10. The Rosetta Stone 11. American English 12. Parents Born Order
13. Technology Prediction 14. Malaysian Tourism 15. Vividness of TV and
Newspaper
16. World Wide Web 17. Overqualified 18. To predict volcano
(WWW) employees eruptions
19. Ecology and 20. High Fat Intake Diet 21. Intelligence difference
Climatology
22. Frog amber 23. Nobel Peace Prize 24. Online teaching &
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the full version of this prediction
file for complete content.
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions - as we do today. While India may
have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India
or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in
part because of such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United
States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively
easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that
Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the
past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and more innovation.
For some disability groups, information in electronic format (whether computer-based or web-
based) can be more accessible than printed information. For example, people who have
limited mobility or limited manual skills can find it difficult to obtain or hold printed material;
visually impaired people can find it difficult or impossible to read print, but both these groups
can be enabled to use a computer and, therefore, access the information electronically.
Online communication can enable disabled students to communicate with their peers on an
equal basis. For example, a deaf student or a student with Asperger’s syndrome may find it
difficult to interact in a face-to-face tutorial but may have less difficulty interacting when using
a text conferencing system in which everyone types and reads text. In addition, people’s
disabilities are not necessarily visible in online communication systems; so disabled people do
not have to declare their disability and are not perceived as being different.
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the new language comes in the form of classroom instruction in lexicogrammar. Yet they too
achieve a measure of communicative proficiency, and certain of these learners become highly
proficient as well. What we can infer from this is that humans are amazingly versatile learners
and that some people have a natural aptitude for acquiring languages and will succeed no
matter what the circumstances.
As language teachers have alternated between favoring teaching approaches that focus
primarily on language use and those that focus on language forms or analysis, some learners
can pick up enough language to satisfy their communication needs in a new country without
workshops, talking to students about issues including shoplifting, offensive behavior, graffiti
and drugs and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis,
began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at Alexandria Park Community
School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he
now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings
Cross. Constable Purvis said the full-time position would see him working on the broader
issues of crime prevention. "I am not a security guard," he said. "I am not there to patrol the
school.
safety."
Parents' groups responded to the program positively but said it may spark a range of
community reactions. "It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some
positive benefits," Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer.
Essay Writing
1. Some universities deduct students’ marks if work is given late. What is your opinion and
recommend some alternative actions for this problem?
2. In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a student
to combine learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the other. Is it
realistic to combine them at the same time? Support your opinion with examples.
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3. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is the
problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?
4. Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and other
5. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do
you think is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and give
the solution?
6. Some people think that the design of buildings has affect, either positively or negatively, on where
people work and live. To what extent you agree or disagree.
7. Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more
effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea? Support
your opinion with reasons and/or your personal experience
8. In less developed countries, are the disadvantages from tourism as great as the advantages?
51
9. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you think this is
a good or bad change?
10. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become obsolete.
Universities should only procure digital media rather than constantly updating textbooks. Discuss
both the advantages and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
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11. As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better
networks of public transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads for
vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion? Give some examples or experience to support.
12. There are more and more situations using credit cards instead of cash. It seems that cashless
13. The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think it
is a curse or a blessing?
14. Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work well in formal
education. However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think
experiential learning can work well in high schools or colleges?
15. Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you agree with this
opinion? Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.
52
Reading
Re-Order Paragraphs
Takeover Speaker
10. Language 11. Human worship Gods 12. Foreign aid
13. Objectivity of 14. Indian IT 15. Copernicanism
Journalists
16. New Venture 17. Engineers for green 18. Scientific Dishonesty
technologies
19. Memory and habits 20. Glow Worms 21. Jet Stream
22. International Date 23. Animal Exploratory 24. Fiber for clothing
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the full version of this prediction
file for complete content.
c. When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy
from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
d. Another example of an endothermic reaction is the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries.
e. This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured
part of your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
56. Superpower
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a. The ‘superpower’ has international text, which means having control over resources … political
power.
b. In terms of superpower, it included …
c. ... ‘green superpower’, …
d. In addition to green energy superpower, company should meet the above global average …
emissions … and …
57. Bankruptcy
a. Early in 1938, Mário de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a four-
member Folklore Research Mission to the north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
b. His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching
influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
c. They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys,
beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
d. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
c. A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north and south between Africa and the
two Americas. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
d. Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are rugged as mountainous
regions of the continents.
e. Use of the recently perfected method of echo sounding is rapidly enlarging our knowledge of
submarine topography.
f. During World War II great strides were made in mapping submarine surfaces, particularly in many
parts of the vast pacific basin.”
13. Bees Food 14. Dark Energy 15. The horned desert
viper
16. Kimbell 17. The new book on 18. Teens Writing
Kiwi
19. Headless Horseman 20. Language Deficit 21. DNA is a Molecule
22. The Lumiere Brothers 23. UBC expeditions to 24. Serving on a jury
58. What makes you 59. EE & AVG 60. Sales Representatives
happy?
76. Good looks win votes 77. Two sentiments 78. Paris is very old
Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French
Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put out of use
shortly after its introduction.
84. Interior design
A new interdisciplinary center for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest
subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas
at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the university's departments of
Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that concerns them both “This center will
bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap--in the physics of the very
early universe,” said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations
have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our
knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies
so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their
laboratory Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called
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the Centre's advent movement a very exciting development “for that department.
86. Foreign policy
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an
exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its
neighbors, at least in the formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy,
especially when there are no settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend
English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us,
these changes are fine as long as they’re well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be
curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but
we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our
noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not dying
at least being progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment.
60
Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a
fixed time. But teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can
influence.
90. SpaceX Dragon Capsule
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445
EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later.
The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-
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day carry both crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising
development for the US human space flight program,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a
webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk,
said he would consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “ Even if we prove
out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said.
“It’s a great day if both stages work correctly.”
The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and,
normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping
basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you
can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor.
Over the past few days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential
urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to
neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. With its capacity for bringing down
governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in Indian politics.
This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the
attention of the governing elite.
92. Poverty
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across
extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank
has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power
61
Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and services between
countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed countries, primarily
African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East Asia
and Latin America.
93. Wind moving
Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an
hour Winds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat
from your body faster when it is windy Weather forecasters need to know the speed and
direction of the wind. the strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind
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force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is
called hurricane force.
94. Estee Lauder
Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought
she "was growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of
the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries
The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these
marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km long
coral formation off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex
living communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy,
however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively
62
shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make
most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.
In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading
ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early
1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the
active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over
1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it
was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life - giant tube
worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived around the hot springs.
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David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he
was sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University
and foundation head of the University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in education began as
a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal
positions before entering higher education. David’s research interests predominate in teacher
education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not noticeably
better or cheaper. The greater benefit, proponents argue, is that genetic engineering will play
a crucial role in feeding the world's burgeoning population. Opponents disagree, asserting
that the world already grows more food per person than ever before – more, even, than
we can consume.
98. Farming
In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the
government seemed to be encouraging an exploitative farming binge. He went directly after
the Department of Agriculture for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were
working against nature, he thundered in speeches.
99. How does outer space affect the human body?
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment
such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) ---result in loss of bone density and
damage to the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited at six
months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/30 vision
faded/deteriorated after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they
returned to Earth.
63
S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern
Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora
Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had
been born three years earlier in 1895.
Lewis's early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was
not yet plagued by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home,
called Little Lea, was a large, gabled house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown
garden, which Warnie and Jack played in and explored together. There was also a library that
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was crammed with books - two of Jack's favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis
Stevenson and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett
This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died
of cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to
go to boarding school in England.
Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he
What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners
from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My
observations of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude
can be a drawback. At critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith
than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require decisiveness and absolute
conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A
computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That journey
involves too many unknowns, too much luck - and too much sheer intuition, rather than the
Infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes
worth a scientist’s brains” - entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been
considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been blinded too often
by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to stand back
64
from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues-and decide how
you feel about the opportunity.
102. Joseph Engelberger
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked “I can't define a robot but
I know one when I see one” If you consider all the different machines people call robots, you
can see that it's nearly impossible to come up with a comprehensive definition. Everybody has
a different idea of what constitutes a robot.
103. Dictatorship
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the
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Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to individual
dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The intention was that the dictatorship would be
temporary and that it would make it POSSIBLE to take swift and effective action to deal with
an emergency. There is some disagreement as to how the term should be applied today.
Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers?
Or can it now be applied in a much broader sense-as common usage suggests?
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the
water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth _ produced 200 tons
of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of
electricity powers the factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch
materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and
a massive carbon footprint.
“Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term,” says Shreyaskar
Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore,
India.
With something of an “if you build it, they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered
Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production. Under his direction,
Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find
enough organic farms growing cotton in central India to supply its factories. To meet
production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to
change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a
guarantee of fair- trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic
cotton growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and
responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility
capabilities and to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and
punishment.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance, it
would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely
seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
106. Language comes naturally
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Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift
it is. All over the world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and
squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because
we like the sounds but because details of the sounds contain information about the intentions
of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a means of sharing our ideas, in all
their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the
subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that
influence the subspecies’ genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in
northern spotted owls, several landscape features were important in structuring genetic
variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains
restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a
“genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly over
this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for long-
distance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and genetic
structure.
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for
the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser,
we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then
progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable
browsers. It's very productive development practice. instead of spending hours working out
how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement
it in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers won’t know
what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among
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developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer,
you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let go
of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.
Painters
13. University Science 14. Sportswomen 15. Ikebana
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the full version of this prediction
file for complete content.
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the
region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study
from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes
have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of
biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is
the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is a
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melting pot for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the
study. “Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes
Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand
Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major
role.”
40. Health professionals
People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population, because
illness increases with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited
complementary health therapists was highest between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower
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rates for people aged 65 years and over contrasted with the rate of visits to other health
professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this difference
might include lower levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people.
Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people
because their health on average is worse while their incomes are generally lower.
41. Psychology
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend
later. Those in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because
the sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as
people get richer.
43. Plagiarism
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within
students work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work
through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software compares students work
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against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within previously submitted work(from
LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it finds.
44. Plates
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the
Greek root “to build.” putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics,
which refers to how the Earth’s surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states
that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or larger and small plates that are
moving relative to one another.
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45. Climate
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry
climate, because there is very little rain, The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters
are, overall, mild and summers, generally don't get too hot.
46. Gun violence
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is less individual and more
completely molded by his society than civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler
societies are more uniform, in the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far
smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the more complex and advanced
societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary product of modern advanced
society and runs through all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious error
to set up an antithesis between this process of individualization and the growing strength and
cohesion of society.
48. Most Respected Companies
Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times. Who are the
most respected companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather predictably they
are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft. Neither has achieved their
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world class status through playing nice. Weich is still remembered for the brutal downsizing
he led his business through and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions
Microsoft has had one of the highest profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent
times- and Gates has been able to achieve the financial status where he can choose to give
lots of money away by being ruthless in business.
An exhibit that brings together for the first-time landscapes painted by French impressionist
Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June.
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The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia
Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private
collections
50. Sociology
Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies. In this respect, it is usually
classed as one of the social sciences (along with subjects like psychology) and was established
Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter on the translation of the
theory into educational practice. Often, this translation is not clear. Therefore, when a
program does not succeed, it is not clear whether the lack of success was due to the
inadequacy of the theory or the inadequacy of the implementation of the theory. A set of basic
principles for translating a theory into practice can help clarify just what an educational
implementation should (and should not) look like. This article presents 12 principles for
translating a triarchic theory of successful intelligence into educational practice.
52. Ice Storm
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Ice storm is a type of __A__ // __B__ rainfall down into the cold air // from water into__C__
ice storm.
A. weather
B. cold
C. ice
Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross-
cultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs
in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence
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of childhood, but the company has gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls,
apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks and each other.
54. Child-Centric Mother
The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values loaded
to the child by the child-centric mother’s attitude and the effect of 5-6-year-old nursery school
children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a high socio-economic class. The
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study
lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be
distracting. Distractions can build up, and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out
of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.
56. Symbiosis
Symbiosis is a general term for interspecific interactions in which two species live together in
a long-term, intimate association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to
mean a relationship that benefits both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a
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broader concept and can include close, lasting relationships with a variety of positive or
negative effects on the participants.
57. People need exercise
One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their ordinary routines. All of
the advances of modern technology — from electric can openers to power steering — have
made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically demanding. Yet our bodies need
activity, especially if they are carrying around too much fat. Satisfying this need requires a
definite plan, and a commitment.
58. Agrarian parties
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Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more
broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they
even exist, depends mainly on two factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the
urban population. The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be
important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the
For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society
ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil
society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the developing world.
It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue Initiated by the
Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the institutions of society - and
not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU,
like other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to accommodate the
frequently divergent interests of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is
increasing recognition that international and national governments have to open up to civil
society institutions.
The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors, especially your age. Newborns sleep
between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours.
Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to
eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people" enough
sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep.
As you get older, your sleeping patterns change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and
awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including
medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But there’s no evidence that older
adults need less sleep than younger adults.
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Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your immune system,
which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system
to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs
memory and physical performance.
So how many hours of sleep are enough for You? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during
the day — even during boring activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of
Number and form, they reveal, are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to
the pulses of the market, from the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces.
Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing geniuses from
Alcibiades, the enfant terrible of Athens, to Gauss, the Mozart of numbers, this inspiring book
makes the mysteries of math’s accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.
62. Clones
Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew
to double the biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says
Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in
Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues
report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air,
but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from
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urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that this
hang around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July
10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas
pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
female volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus
esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces. On the other side they applied a similar liquid
without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment,
photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive.
After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced
by approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company,
is unlikely to be published in a scientific journal. It’s hard to even find studies that show the
active ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without
notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of Washington and the
student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the appropriate academic
unit or adviser for more current or specific information.
65. Biological system
Since biological systems with signs of COMPLEX engineering are unlikely to have arisen from
accidents or coincidences, their ORGANIZATION must come from natural selection, and hence
should have FUNCTIONS useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in which
humans evolved.
66. Fingerprint
Fingerprints, referred to as "fingermarks" in forensics, are formed when residue from the
ridged skin of the fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression.
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Fingermarks are often made of sweat and colorless contaminating materials such as soap,
moisturizer and grease. These fmgermarks are described as "latent" as they are generally
invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them at a crime scene can be
challenging.
67. Under-nutrition
Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and 18 million people a year, the
majority are children. At least 500 million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of
massive suffering amid global plenty traces in part to widespread poverty, which denies access
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The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force the
resultant of two forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined.
If two forces pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found by
subtracting one force from the other. If the forces are equal, they balance each other.
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is less individual and more
completely molded by his society than civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler
societies are more uniform, in the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far
smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the more complex and advanced
societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary product of modern advanced
society and runs through all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious error
to set up an antithesis between this process of individualization and the growing strength and
cohesion of society.
70. National Portrait Gallery
The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's core
functions, the long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make them accessible now and
in future. The Collection dates from the 8th century to the present day, and consists of
portraits in a variety of media, so the gallery employs Conservators with expertise in a range
of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and Photography.
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Listening
Summarize Spoken Text
1. Biological Forgetting 2. Happy Home 3. Studying law at
university
4. Brain Hemisphere & 5. Shakespeare’s work 6. Forgetting cards in
Intuition ATM
7. Instinct and reflex 8. The Big Bang Theory 9. New Zealand
diversity
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10. Diet in Stone Age 11. Wildlife as Food and 12. Judgement in a short
Income time
13. Poverty Control in 14. The Role of Women 15. Digital Information
China World
16. The History of 17. Shakespeare's works 18. Ocean Environment
Clothing
19. Fusion of 20. History course in 21. Music and the Brain
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the full version of this prediction
file for complete content.
Why should we read the Republic? I image lots of students asked this question to me when
they're given it as a set book at the beginning of their university course, but in fact there are
many good reasons to read the Republic. And first one 1 would pick on is just that it is
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immensely readable. It's not Plato did not write philosophy like a dry textbook. He wrote it like
a living conversation. The whole of the Republic which is fairly fat book is a living conversation
written in short almost sound bite type answers, but nevertheless, developing some very
important ideas so my first answer then we should read the Republic just because it is
readable. It is readable. It was written by a genius and WA worth reading. It's easy to read. It's
not difficult but then there's also obviously the thoughts, the content of the book and he's
asking this absolutely fundamental question why should we bother to be good, what's in it for
us effectively. It seems when we look at the world, it looks as though injustice pays. It looks as
56. Einstein
For thousands of years, people believed that the universe was absolutely fixed and
unchangeable. This view was transformed by Einstein who suggested that stars and planets
are constantly changing, and the universe is under continuously dynamic change all the time.
However, Einstein was not the first person who proposed the relativity theory, but Edwin
Hubble, the astronomer in the 1920s.
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity, and whole communities and
nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through their bleakest times. On August
13, 1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin wall. For nearly 30 years,
until it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated – especially among those living in the east.
Laughing was all that was left.
It was a way of humanizing the tragedy of an ideology that had divided families and a nation.
Wags would ask, “when does a good border guard fire the warning shot?” And answer with
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chilling wit; “at the end of the second clip of ammunition” – thereby making light of the
German democratic republic’s command to its border guards to “shoot to kill” anyone trying
to cross the wall.
Jokes about those who rule you – and sometimes those who tyrannize you – are a form of
folklore that has existed in societies as seemingly different as communist eastern Europe,
Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12-century Persia, and modern-day Iran. Humor can also be
wonderfully subversive. It can protect self-respect and identity.
Laughing is one of the greatest therapies in combatting adversity. For example, the Berlin Wall
was created in 1961 and then wall jokes had proliferated for nearly 30 years especially among
East European countries. It was a way of humanizing the tragedy of the ideology. Jokes about
those who rule you are a form of folklore in eastern Europe. Humor can also be subversive and
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The lecture of risk analysis focus on the definition of risk and safety. There are two literary
definitions of the word ‘risk’ in dictionaries. One means the possibility of loss or injury while
the other means consequences of some kinds of danger. Moreover, the definition of ‘safe’ or
‘safety’, though involve a circular argument, is free from harm, which is an absolute notion
There are two different systems of memory: implicit and explicit. Implicit memory is called
procedural memory, including using language naturally or driving automatically. Implicit
memory is about cultural and sociological norms, which is hard to explain how and why.
Explicit memory is also called episodic memory, including remembering birthdays and multiple
choices questions. Explicit memory is highly personalized and is related to time and space.
31 obese women volunteered a Canadian experiment that tested on body fat changes. They
followed strict daily diet requirements and did exercise as instructed every day. After six
months, some of them lost weight, while others stayed the same and some even gained
weight. There are two explanations: some of them may have cheated on the diet, or some of
them consciously or unconsciously did less exercise.
This speech talks about the relationship between faults plane and earthquakes. Faults are
breaks and discontinued structure in the crust, and earthquakes happen when faults are
largely extended. In the fault plane, you can identify the location of earthquake called focus.
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The earthquakes happen mainly because the rupture plane entirely covered the fault plane
over the focus. The epicenter is vertically over the focus on the surface of the earth.
the origin of their town’s name is, or whether their baby’s name means anything; they are
certainly prepared to infinitum; and language games are often found on radio and television
– but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness to take on board
the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment, is not something
that happens much.
Language death is not mainstream because it is so far outside the mindsets of most people.
However, we must change these mindsets and get people to think about language more
Consumers are extremely smart, and they can make smart purchasing decisions in just a
second on the performance and the value of the product. Therefore, the brand is essential to
business because people are willing to pay more for a brand that has better performance and
consumer value. However, there are fundamental engineering contradictions, such as
materials that are both light and strong, or toilet paper both soft and strong.
Leftover drugs at home can be dangerous because they may be wrongly ingested by children,
so drugs should be enclosed and stored properly at home. If drugs are taken at wrong dosage,
drug resistance may develop. The misuse of drugs with incorrect prescriptions may also cause
allergies. So physicians should give correct instructions and prescriptions, and patients should
follow the instructions and finish the whole course of treatment.
Human rights in the UK are enriching and controversial. Legal documents including the
European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act played a significant role in
human rights protection. Human rights consist of positive and negative rights such as freedom
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of religion and workforce and freedom expression. In conclusion, these legislations provide
the baseline and the minimum protection for human rights.
Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15
years. During that period, the mortgage rate was half, so everyone can afford to borrow money
from banks to buy a house. However, the increasing immigration and the falling size of
household average led to a higher demand for accommodation, and the additional purchasing
power pushes Australian house price up significantly.
67. HTML
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The 1990s came around and normal people got online, thanks to the UK and Tim Berners-Lee
who invented HTML. During the first decade, there were extraordinary creativity as people
created webpages, learning resources and other online contents. They did it without profitable
models, religious factors, advertisements, skepticism, fears, and traditional or motivational
factors. People did it because they enjoy it. It simply happened, and it was a good idea.
Absolutism refers to the claim that there exists a universally valid moral system, which applies
to everyone whether they realize it or not, and it contains rules, guidelines and principles
which are universal. It is like a road map to guide individual and social behavior. Some
principles of absolutism cannot be violated or betrayed, and they have wide acceptance
without assumptions and interpretations.
There are thousands of trips and too many travelers every day in Paris. The transportation
network in Paris provides thousands of network services and links them together. People can
carefully plan their journeys in advance by looking at the routes of the network, which can
reduce the density of people in the same journey at the same time.
71. Identity Theory
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Then in the 1950s, philosophers had this novel idea that perhaps the mind is identical with the
brain. Okay, and this hadn't occurred to philosophers before. And it's so happened that it
happened around the same time the first departments of neuroscience started forming like at
MIT and Stanford and so for. But basically, there were a couple of philosophers both educated
here at Oxford place and smart, and they made the claim that the mind just IS the brain. So
that is the Identity Theory. And with identity, identity in logic is the strongest relation. When
you have identity between A and B, you don't have two things You have one thing. Alright. So
now when you talk about mental events, you're talking about brain events. When you talk
about brain events, you're talking about mental events. Okay. So that's the Identity Theory.
And it's very popular. A In the 1950s, philosophers proposed a new idea that perhaps the mind
is identical with the brain, which is the popular theory - Identity Theory. Identity in logic is the
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strongest relation. Identity theory means that when you have identity between A and B, you
have actually one thing instead of two things. So, in identity theory, mental events are identical
with brain events.
The speaker thinks the architectures in West London are ugly. Bad buildings have serious
impacts on people’s lives for hundred years because architectures can last long. According to
People previously believed a nation’s wealth is how much money people can pile up, but now
a nation’s wealth is the nation’s ability to produce outputs. After the Industrial Revolution,
with the development of industrialization, Adam Smith introduced that the manufacture
should be included in a nation’s wealth. The national wealth is equal to income since the
national income is equal to the national output.
The notions of pragmatism and democracy had succeeded in tempering market economy in
developed countries. The industrial revolution had negative effects on the living standards of
the working class. So, legislations about working conditions were passed and then regulations
on better environmental conditions were put, which reversed some damages and helped the
market economy. Nowadays, the benefits we shared are far more widely than 100 years ago.
The main problem of time traveling/traveling is that people need to understand what time is,
but nobody can explain it. People know what time means when they talk about it, but no one
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can explain it in specific. Talking about what is time has been a popular topic in modern society.
However, time is not a new subject because it actually started around 600 years ago.
It is hard to know how people recognize human faces. People now can get visual information
from faces through the technology of configuration and put a name on it. Face is an identity
so we can get lots of information from face, including age, gender, work, health condition,
politics and friends through facial recognition.
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality of global climate
change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing emission of so-called
'greenhouse' gasses – primarily carbon dioxide - into the atmosphere.
As these effects become increasingly more obvious worldwide, so commercial interests,
groups of concerned individuals and national governments have been gripped by what
amounts to mass panic about what to do about it.
I want to write a very short introduction to children's literature because although here in
Britain one of the longest and most distinguished traditions of creating books for children,
perhaps the longest and most distinguished in the world. We often take them for granted and
we don't pay enough attention to what a remarkable cultural resource they are for adults and
kind of cultural work they do for children and the way that they have served writers and
illustrators as a cultural space for creativity subversion and opportunities to experiment with
new ideas.
So, what kind of cultural work the children's books do? Well, at the level of individual child,
this is one of the places where children learn the vocabularies, get the vicarious experiences,
and see the images of the world that help them think about how the world works and where
they fit into it.
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Because children's books are first places that children encounter these things, they are often
very direct, as a source of information about what a particular period thinks including what it
thinks a child is, what a child needs to know, what childhood looks like, sometimes when we
looked at children's books from the past, that’s very important to notice these children who
aren't there, for instance, so that is one of the things that we have in children's books.
Although Britain has the longest tradition of creating children’s literature, people often take it
for granted and failed to realize that children’s literature is a remarkable cultural resource for
adults, and that it can do lots of cultural work for children. For individual children, books are
Long time ago people began to study therapeutic environment. They found fresh air and sun
light can have positive impacts on patients’ recovery, and architecture has the same positive
impact, too. Viewing hospital yards can help people rest well and sleep well and can also help
release their stress and pain easily. 90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that designed hospital
environment links to patients’ recovery.
UK Arts Festival is about the secret life of the plants, but this session will show the audience
how plants interact through interactive lectures and live experiments. It will show you how
plants talk to each other and to other species. So, audience can judge by themselves to see
whether it’s true or not.
81. Need
There are several ways to use and interpret the word ‘need’. When you say, ‘I need a holiday’,
it is an expression of a strong desire but not a basic need. When you say, ‘the plant needs
water’, it is an objective statement because it is the truth. Also, there is the psychological use
of ‘need’ when someone lack of something.
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The speaker wrote a book introducing 12 incorrect scientific phenomena. He said the real
science may not be what people thought it would be. The real science might be boring.
The world is a global village with instant communications through the internet. The world is
also shrinking due to the distance and speed. Globalization has brought detraditionalization
because of the erosion of traditional culture and conventional ways of doing things, as young
people are rejecting the culture in which they grew up, and keen on imitating the Hollywood
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models.
Well an historical linguist compares languages at several levels. You start out looking for basic
vocabulary. All languages of the world, natural languages at least, have words for eye and head
and nose and ear and for sky and earth and for water, sand and for sibling, mother and father.
They may not have words for uncle and aunt. It becomes much vaguer because in one culture
The research shows that girls have a better level of English results than boys in the same class.
This is because boys and girls have different learning styles and their brains function in
different mechanisms. Boys are more simplified and teachers' teaching style normally suits
better for girls than boys. Therefore, teachers should look for different teaching methods for
both boys and girls.
There is a misconception that translators and interpreters do the same thing. The speaker
introduces similarities and differences of the two jobs. Firstly, translation and interpreting
refer to written and verbal communications, respectively. Secondly, translators need the skill
to write comprehensively to the target language while interpreters need speak both languages
professionally. Thirdly, both professions need years of training to acquire their qualifications
but the experience they learn is different.
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Being a multicultural country, Australia has migrations from all over the world, which makes it
the home to the world's oldest continuous cultures. According to the statistics, nearly a half
of the Australian population were born overseas or have a foreign-born parent. In addition,
migrants' contributions to Australia's economy are enormous as estimation shows over 10
billion dollars of fiscal benefit was provided in their first 10 years of settlement.
Crops can affect climate in two ways. A substantial amount of land surface is used for
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agricultural production, so the use of land affects the climate. If we deforest a land and plant
crops instead, the characters of the land surface will be altered, which will ultimately change
the original climate. This requires the cooperation between crop scientists and climate
scientists and the integration of two different models.
Design is relatively important to building due to the fact that they may not only impact its
The lecture talks about the utility of negative emotions when people are exposed to these
emotions. Human usually pay more attention to negative emotions such as fear, because these
emotions can help people to survive and evaluate. We experience positive emotions more
frequently, but the effects are very limiting, while negative emotions are less frequently but
very intensive and life threatening.
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they
look from above today. You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I
mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth
century B.C. Now this is interesting because what we know about the Romans is when they
were left to own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in
an ad hoc way. They structure it in a, in a very care, very methodical way. That was basically
based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the
world without obviously having a masterful military enterprise and everywhere they went on
their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and
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those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or
rectangular. So, when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal Roman city, they turn
to that so call Castrum or military camp design. Rome grew in an ad hoc way, which means it
wasn't planned all at once but grew over time since the 18th century. However, Romans
structured their cities in a very methodical way based on military strategy and planning. In this
way, they built camps that were laid out in a geometric plan, usually in square or rectangular.
That's why ideal Roman cities are called military camp design.
The book 'The Travels of Sir John Mandeville" was popular in the 1300s and 1400s. The book
is in the library as a guidance. The book describes his supposed travels to the Mid-East, Africa
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and Asia. This is book is valuable although its descriptions about foreign lands were not true.
It only shows how European people thought about foreign lands outside Europe as well as
their imagination of the unknown.
Mars is an interesting planet, which is the closest neighboring planet to the Earth. Mars and
Earth have similar geological features, with mountains and hills on surface. Since water was
95. Telescope
The aperture of a telescope is several times larger than the aperture of human eye so that the
objects that cannot be normally seen by unaided eye can be seen. Light- gathering power of a
telescope is proportional to the area of its aperture and hence depends on the square of the
radius of the mirror. Therefore, a 20 cm diameter telescope collects four times more photons
than a 10 cm diameter telescope. A telescope can be equipped to record light over a long
period of time, by using photographic film or electronic detectors such as photometers or CCD
detectors while the eye has no capability to store light. Along-exposure photograph taken
through a telescope reveals objects too faint to be seen with the eye, even by looking through
the same telescope. A third major advantage of large telescopes is that they have superior
resolution, the ability to discern fine detail. Small resolution is good. The resolution is directly
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proportional to the wavelength being observed and inversely proportional to the diameter of
the telescope.
During the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of modern food technology that
rules, you know, the way Americans eat today. That is there are a lot of canned foods were
being - coming onto the market at the time. And also, refrigerators were really becoming very,
very popular during the Great Depression, both in cities and in rural parts of the country.
Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances.
You know, farmers could buy appliances. And that meant frozen foods were becoming big.
And, you know, at that time, few people could afford to buy them during the early years of
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the Great Depression. But, you know, gradually, these things picked up. And so, this was, like,
the sort of beginning of the era when people were starting to think about supermarkets with
rows and rows of freezer cases and rows and rows of canned foods. During the Great
Depression, a lot of canned food came onto the market and refrigerators were becoming
extremely popular both in cities and in rural areas. Thanks to the Rural Electrification
Administration, farmers could buy appliances, which means frozen foods were becoming big.
This was when the modern food technology started and when Americans started to think
People are going to suffer from serious food crisis for the next 30 years until 2030. We must
double our production to cater for the future demand of food. This is an urgent matter and
people should elevate the food production now. Scientists have predicted an increase of food
production of 30% to 50% in the next three years.
A great idea should have several features. Firstly, a great idea should be novel. Secondly, a
great idea should be unique, which means no one has thought of it. Thirdly, a great idea should
be productive, which is essential to be transformative.
When we talk about different languages and cultures, vocabulary is one of the most interesting
characters, because different cultures may have different vocabularies. For example, in some
languages there is no "uncle" or "aunt" because they differ between mother's side and father's
side. Another example is that some languages don't have "snow" in their vocabularies because
people of those cultures live in tropical areas.
The lecture emphasizes on the importance of early study. It is important for children under 12
months to learn a language, even before they were born. When young children learn a
language, they normally don't care about grammar. Early language learning is more important
than you think it would be and is especially vital for children.
Some people speak words without connecting them to any meaning. Your words should be
understandable, and they must be clear, correct and detailed, which means precision is
important and required. For example, if I ask you "do you want to eat", you answer "yes". But
it's not clear because you didn't say what you want to eat.
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2. Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict
Pend lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, and also Salford
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and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts
of North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and
is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as
matchstick man. He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the
unpublished "marionette" works, which were only found after his death.
3. William Shakespeare
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards
4. Neo-Latin
Those of you who've never heard the term neo-Latin, may be forgiven for thinking it's a new
South American dance craze. If you're puzzled when I tell you it has something to do with the
language of Romans, take heart, over the years many classes who have confessed they are not
really sure what it is either. Some have assumed that they are so-called ‘Late-Latin', written at
the end of the Roman Empire. Others have supposed it must have something to do with the
middle ages. Or perhaps it's that pseudo-Latin which my five and seven-year-old boys seem to
have gleaned from the Harry Potter books, useful for spells and curses that they zip one another
with makeshift paper ash ones. No, in fact, neo-Latin is more or less the same as the Latin that
was written in the ancient world, classical Latin. So, what's so new about it?
5. Traffic jam
For the first time, Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how
some traffic jams appear for no apparent reason. They placed the 22 vehicles on a single track
and asked the drivers to cruise around at a constant speed of 30 kilometers an hour. At first,
traffic moves smoothly, but soon, the distance between cars started to vary, and vehicles
clumped together at one point on the track, but the jams spread backward around the track,
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like a shockwave at a rate of about 20 kilometers an hour. Real-life jams move backward at
about the same speed.
6. Integrated ticket
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have introduced a paper
ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so bus,
train and ferry, and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card,
and the Smart Card will enable people to store value so to put value on the card, and then to
use the card for traveling around the system.
7. William Shakespeare
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For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards
to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works,
and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally,
there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
8. Warmer ocean
The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published in the journal Nature. But
9. Water crisis
Now that story’s been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of
the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from water
academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had
been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South
Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast amount of its drinking water comes from
the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the State may not have quite realized.
Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?
Repeated ones:
3. Dawn, origin,
4. predicament, beleaguered
5. emit (for), spirit, oceanographer,
6. bored, five, twenty-six/26, irrelevant
7. ground, recognized, disappeared, sustainable
8. Convergence, spectrum, million, sales (forces)
9. Initially, technically, relationship
10. Premium, communities
11. provides, histories, existence, session/section
12. Insights, disciplines, inevitable (decline), complicated
13. single, constant, vary, spread
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7. Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language.
8. Aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.
9. Observers waited nervously and with bated breath for the concert.
10. Participants initially select from a range of foundation subjects.
11. Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.
27. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics.
28. The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.
29. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
30. The same issues featured both explanations of the problem.
31. The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide.
32. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
33. The evaluation forms will be reviewed by university personnel.
34. The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September.
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35. The library holds a substantial collection of materials on the economic history.
36. Control systems in manufacturing provide a high level of accuracy.
37. The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument.
38. The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade.
39. The paper challenged many previously accepted theories.
63. While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be addressed.
64. A good research paper delivers practical benefits for real people.
65. You can contact all your tutors by email.
66. You will need to purchase an academic gown for the commencement.
67. You are required to complete the research paper by Monday.
111. The digital camera has some advantages over traditional film.
112. Marine environment has been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.
113. A new collection of articles has been published.
114. The university provides legislations for students and staff.
115. History of economics is a trick subject of research.
116. Audition of the university choir will be held next week.
117. Urban planning emphasizes on the expansion of the community.
118. The government is funding research study of consequences of unemployment.
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119. Babies can distinguish between what is language and what is not.
120. The disease that was serious has now been eradicated.
121. Higher education treats plagiarism extremely serious.
122. This article covers architecture planning and construction.
123. Please return the books to the correct positions on the shelves.
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